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The Smithian–Spathian boundary in North Greenland: implications for extreme global climate changes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 July 2019

Sofie Lindström Open the ORCID record for Sofie Lindström [Opens in a new window] ,
Morten Bjerager Open the ORCID record for Morten Bjerager [Opens in a new window] ,
Peter Alsen Open the ORCID record for Peter Alsen [Opens in a new window] ,
Hamed Sanei Open the ORCID record for Hamed Sanei [Opens in a new window]  and
Jørgen Bojesen-Koefoed Open the ORCID record for Jørgen Bojesen-Koefoed [Opens in a new window]
Sofie Lindström*
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Morten Bjerager
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Peter Alsen
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
Hamed Sanei
Affiliation:
Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
Jørgen Bojesen-Koefoed
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
*
Author for correspondence: Sofie Lindström, Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

Smithian–lower Anisian strata in Peary Land, North Greenland, were deposited at ∼45° N on the northern margin of Pangaea in offshore to upper shoreface settings. The well-constrained succession (palynology and ammonite biostratigraphy) documents a remarkable shift from lycophyte spore-dominated assemblages in the upper Smithian to gymnosperm pollen-dominated ones in the lower Spathian in concert with a marked shift of +6 ‰ in δ13Corg. Correlation with other Smithian–Spathian boundary sections that record terrestrial floral changes indicates that the recovery of gymnosperms began earlier in the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. The lycophyte-dominated Late Smithian Thermal Maximum is here interpreted as reflecting dry and hot climatic conditions with only brief seasonal precipitation unable to sustain large areas of gymnosperm trees, but able to revive dehydrated lycophytes. This suggests that the Late Smithian Thermal Maximum was a time of widespread aridity, which is also supported by red bed deposition in many areas globally, even as far south as Antarctica. The shift to gymnosperm-dominated vegetation during the cooling across the Smithian–Spathian boundary reflects a change to seasonally more humid climatic conditions favouring gymnosperm recovery, and could have been initiated by increased albedo over land due to the widespread aridity during the Late Smithian Thermal Maximum. The recovery of gymnosperm vegetation would have helped to draw down CO2 from the atmosphere and exacerbate global cooling.

Keywords

TriassicC-isotopepalynologythermal maximumcooling
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 157 , Special Issue 10: Mesozoic of the Arctic , October 2020 , pp. 1547 - 1567
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019

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