Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T21:53:09.915Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A precise worldwide correlation of early Ordovician graptolite sequences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2009

R. A. Cooper  and
K. Lindholm
R. A. Cooper
Affiliation:
New Zealand Geological Survey, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
K. Lindholm
Affiliation:
Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 13, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Fourteen early Ordovician (Tremadoc-Llandeilo) graptolite sequences from around the world are precisely (infrazonally) correlated, based on the stratigraphic ranges of 130 species and species groups. The composite standard sequence (CSS) of graptolites has been determined from the six best regional sequences by a nonparametric graphic correlation. Two data sets were selected: one comprised first appearance events of 103 taxa, the other, first and last appearance events of 45 taxa. The results of the two runs accord well and reveal respectively 66 and 73 successive bioevents in early Ordovician time. Event spacing averages 0.7–0.8 Ma and enables fine subdivision, correlation and homotaxial testing for diachroneity. The strong correlation between each of the six regional sequences and the CSS indicates the high level of accordance among graptolite successions around the world.

Type
Articles
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 127 , Issue 6 , November 1990 , pp. 497 - 525
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Beckly, A. J. 1987. Basin development in North Wales during the Arenig. Geological Journal 22, 19–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckly, A. J. 1988. The stratigraphy of the Arenig Series in the Aberdaron to Sarn area, western Llŷn, north Wales. Geological Journal 23, 321–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergström, S. M. 1971. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle and Upper Ordovician of Europe and eastern North America. In Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy (eds Sweet, W. C. and Bergström, S. M.), pp. 83–161. Memoir of the Geological Society of America no.127.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M. 1978. Middle and Upper Ordovician conodont and graptolite biostratigraphy of the Marathon, Texas graptolite zone reference standard. Palaeontology 21, 723–58.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M. 1986. Biostratigraphic integration of Ordovician graptolite and conodont zones – a regional review. In Palaeoecologyand Biostratigraphy of Graptolites (eds Hughes, C. P. and Rickards, R. B.), pp. 61–78. Geological Society Special Publication no.20.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M. 1988. On Pander's Ordovician conodonts: distribution and significance of the Prioniodus elegans fauna in Baltoscandia. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 69, 217–51.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. 1960. Graptolite faunas of the Marathon Region, West Texas. Austin: University of Texas, Publication no. 6005, 179 pp.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. 1964. The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway, 16. Graptolites of the Ogygiocaris Series. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 44, 61–170.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. 1966. A discussion of some Victorian graptolites. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 79, 415–77.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B. N. 1968. British and North American Lower Ordoviciancorrelation, reply. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 79, 1265–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blake, D. H. 1962. A new Lower Ordovician graptolite fauna from the Trondheim region. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 42, 223–38.Google Scholar
Bouček, B. 1973. Lower Ordovician Graptolites of Bohemia. Prague: Academia. 185 pp.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, L. F. 1976. Graptolites from the Lower Ordovician Pogonip Group of western Utah. Special Paper of the Geological Society of America 166, 1–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, D. A., Crook, K. A. W. & Campbell, K. S. W. 1968. The Geological Evolution of Australia and New Zealand. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 409 pp.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1931. South American graptolites. Arkivför Zoologi 22A (3), 311–34.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1932 a. On the graptolites prepared by Holm 2–5. Arkiv for Zoologi 24A (9), 1–29, pls. 1–9.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1932 b. Certain ‘diprionidian’ graptolites and their development. Arkiv för Zoologi 24A (8), 1–46. pls. 1–9.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1950. Graptolites from the Dictyonema Shales of Quebec. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 106, 63–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1954. The graptoiite fauna of the Dictyonema Shales of the Oslo region. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 33, 1–40, pls. 1–8.Google Scholar
Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina, with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part V, 2nd ed. (ed. Teichert, C.), i–xxxii, VI–V163. Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Cas, R. A. F. & Vandenberg, A. H. M. 1988. Ordovician. In Geology of Victoria (eds Douglas, J. G. and Ferguson, J. A.), 63–102. Melbourne: Victorian Division, Geological Society of Australia Incorporated.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A. 1973. Taxonomy and evolution ofIsograptus Moberg in Australasia. Palaeontology 16, 45–115.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A. 1975. New Zealand and southeast Australia in the Early Paleozoic. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 18, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, R. A. 1979 a. Ordovician geology and graptoiite faunas of the Aorangi Mine area, north-west Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 47, 127 pp., 19 pls.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A. 1979 b. Sequence and correlation of Tremadocian graptoiite assemblages. Alcheringa 3, 17–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, R. A. 1979 c. Lower Paleozoic rocks of New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 9, 29–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, R. A. 1989. Early Paleozoic terranes of New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 19, 73–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, R. A. & Fortey, R. A. 1982. The Ordovician graptolites of Spitsbergen. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology Series 36, 157–302, pls. 1–6.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A., Fortey, R. A. & Lindholm, K. in press. Latitudinal and depth zonation of early Ordovician graptolites. Lethaia.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A. & Lindholm, K. 1985. The phylogenetic relationships of the graptolites Tetragraptus phyllograptoides and Pseudophyllograptus cor. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 106, 279–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, R. A. & McLaurin, A. N. 1974. Apiograptus gen. nov. and the origin of the biserial graptoloid rhabdo-some. Special Papers in Palaeontology 13, 75–85.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. A. & Ni, Yunan 1986. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and variability of Pseudisograptus Beavis. Palaeontology 29, 313–63.Google Scholar
Dewey, J. F., Rickards, R. B. & Skevington, D. 1970. New light on the age of Dalradian metamorphism in western Ireland. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 50, 19–44.Google Scholar
Edwards, L. E. 1979. Range charts and no-space graphs. Computers and Geosciences 4, 247–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, L. E. 1984. Insights on why graphic correlation (Shaw's method) works. Journal of Geology 92, 583–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekström, G. 1937. Upper Didymograptus Shale in Scania. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 403, 53 pp., 10 pls.Google Scholar
Elles, G. L. 1898. The graptoiite fauna of the Skiddaw Slates. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 59, 463–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elles, G. L. 1922. A new Azygograptus from North Wales. Geological Magazine 59, 299–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elles, G. L. 1933. The Lower Ordovician graptoiite faunas with special reference to the Skiddaw Slates. Geological Survey of Great Britain, Summary of Progress 1932, Part II, 94–111.Google Scholar
Elles, G. L. 1940. The stratigraphy and faunal succession in the Ordovician rocks of the Builth–Llandrindod inlier, Radnorshire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 95 [for 1939], 383–442, pls. 27–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elles, G. L. & Wood, E. M. R. 1901. A monograph of British graptolites. Palaeontographical Society Monograph, pp. 1–54, pls. 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdtmann, B.-D. 1965 a. Eine spät-tremadocische Graptolithenfauna von Töyen in Oslo. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 45, 97–112.Google Scholar
´rdtmann, B.-D. 1965 b. Outline stratigraphy of graptolite-bearing 3b (Lower Ordovician) strata in the Oslo region, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 45, 481–547.Google Scholar
Erdtmann, B.-D. 1982 a. Paleobiogeography and environments of planktic dictyonemid graptolites during the earliest Ordovician. In The Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary: sections, fossil distributions, and correlations (eds Bassett, M. G. and Dean, W. T.), 9–27. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales, Geological Series 3.Google Scholar
Erdtmann, B.-D. 1982 b. A reorganisation and proposed phylogenetic classification of planktic Tremadoc (early Ordovician) dendroid graptolites. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 62, 121–44.Google Scholar
Erdtmann, B.-D. 1986 a. Earliest Ordovician graptoiite-trilobite-conodont succession, Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland and graptolite-based correlation with coeval sequences at Dayangcha, China and Naersnes, Oslo, Norway. Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary Working Group Circular 22, Appendix 3, 11 pp., 3 figs.Google Scholar
Erdtmann, B.-D. 1986 b. Review of lithofacies and graptolite-based biofacies of three critical Cambrian–Ordovician boundary stratotype sections. Aspects of Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary in Dayangcha, China (ed. Chen, Jun-Yuan), 374–91. Beijing: China Prospect Publishing House.Google Scholar
Erdtmann, B.-D. 1988. The earliest Ordovician nematophorid graptolites: taxonomy and correlation. Geological Magazine 125, 327–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdtmann, B.-D., Maletz, J. & Gutierrez Marco, J. C. 1987. The new Early Ordovician (Hunneberg Stage) graptolite genus Paradelograptus (Fam. Kinnegraptidae), its phylogeny and biostratigraphy. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 61, 109–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdtmann, B.-D. & VandenBerg, A. H. M. 1985. Araneograptus gen. nov. and its two species from the late Tremadocian (Lancefieldian, La2) of Victoria. Alcheringa 9, 49–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finney, S. C. 1978. The affinities of Isograptus, Glossograptus, Cryptograptus, Corynoides, and allied graptolites. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 23, 481–95.Google Scholar
Finney, S. C. 1985. Nemagraptid graptolites from the Middle Ordovician Athens Shale, Alabama. Journal of Paleontology 59, 1100–37.Google Scholar
Finney, S. C. 1986. Graptolite biofacies and correlation of eustatic, subsidence, and tectonic events in the Middle to Upper Ordovician of North America. Palaios 1, 435–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finney, S. C. & Bergström, S. M. 1986. Biostratigraphy of the Ordovician Nemagraptus gracilis Zone. In Palaeoecology and Biostratigraphy of Graptolites (eds Hughes, C. P. and Rickards, R. B.), 47–59. Geological Society Special Publication no. 20.Google Scholar
Finney, S. C. & Chen, Xu 1984. Bergstroemograptus n. gen. crawfordi (Harris) from the Ordovician of western Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 21, 1194–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortey, R. A. 1976. Correlation of shelly and graptolitic Early Ordovician successions, based on the sequence in Spitsbergen. In The Ordovician System (ed. Bassett, M. G.), 263–80. Cardiff: University of Wales Press and National Museum of Wales.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. 1984. Global earlier Ordovician transgressions and regressions and their biological implications. In Aspects of the Ordovician System (ed. Bruton, D. L.),37–50. Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo no. 295. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. & Bruton, D. L. 1973. Cambrian-Ordovician rocks adjacent to Hinlopenstretet, north Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. Bulletinof the Geological Society of America 84, 2227–42.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortey, R. A., Landing, E. & Skevington, D. 1982.Cambrian–Ordovician boundary sections in the Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland. In The Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary: sections, fossil distributions, and correlations (eds Bassett, M. G. and Dean, W. T.), 95–129. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales, Geological Series 3.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. & Owens, R. M. 1987. The Arenig Series in South Wales: stratigraphy and palaeontology, I. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 41, 69–307.Google Scholar
Gale, N. H. 1985. Numerical calibration of the Palaeozic time-scale; Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian periods. In The Chronology of the Geological Record (ed. Snelling, N. J.), pp. 81–8. Geological Society Memoir 10. Oxford: Blackwells.Google Scholar
Hadding, A. 1913. Undre Dicellograptusskiffern i Skåne jämte några därmed ekvivalenta bildningar. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift N.S. 9 (2), no 15, 90 pp., 8 pls.Google Scholar
Harrington, H. J., Burns, K. L. & Thompson, B. R. 1973. The Gambier-Beaconsfield and Gambier-Sorrell fracture zones and the movement of plates in the Australia-Antarctica-New Zealand region. Nature 245, 109–12.Google Scholar
Harris, W. J. 1924. Victorian Graptolites (New Series). Part I. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 34, 92–106.Google Scholar
Harris, W. J. & Thomas, D. E. 1938. Victorian graptolites (new series) – Part V. Mining and Geological Journal 1, 70–81.Google Scholar
Hede, J. E. 1951. Boring through Middle Ordovician – Upper Cambrian strata in the Fågelsång district, Scania (Sweden). Lunds Universitets Årsskrift N.S. 46 (2), no. 7, 85 pp.Google Scholar
Holm, G. 1881. Tvenne nya slägten af familjen Dicho-graptidae Lapw. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-akademiens Förhandlingar 1881 (9), 45–51, pls. 12–13.Google Scholar
Hsü, S. C. 1934. The graptolites of the lower Yangtze Valley. National Research Institute of Geology, Monograph A4, 106 pp.Google Scholar
Hughes, R. A. 1989. Llandeilo and Caradoc graptolites of the Builth and Shelve inliers. Palaeontographical Society Monographs, 89 pp., 5 pls.Google Scholar
Hutt, J. 1974. The development of Clonograptus tenellus and Adelograptus hunnebergensis. Lethaia 7, 79–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaanusson, V. 1960. Graptoloids from the Ontikan and Viruan (Ordovician) limestones of Estonia and Sweden. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala 38, 289–366.Google Scholar
Jaanusson, V. 1973. Aspects of carbonate sedimentation in the Ordovician of Baltoscandia. Lethaia 6, 11–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaanusson, V. 1976. Faunal dynamics in the Middle Ordovician (Viruan) of Baltoscandia. In The Ordovician System (ed. Bassett, M. G.), 301–26. Cardiff: University of Wales Press and National Museum of Wales.Google Scholar
Jaanusson, V. 1982. Introduction to the Ordovician of Sweden. In Field Excursion Guide, IV International Symposium on the Ordovician System (eds Bruton, D. L. and Williams, S. H.), 1–10. Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo no. 279.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. E. 1962. Graptolite zones in the Skiddaw Group in Cumberland, England. Journal of Paleontology 36, 300–3.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. E. 1964. Observations on the sequence and correlation of Lower and Middle Ordovician graptolite faunas of North America. Bulletin ofthe Geological Society of America 75, 523–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, D. E. 1967. Psigraptus, a new graptolite genus from the Tremadocian of Yukon, Canada. Geological Magazine 104, 311–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, D. E. 1973. On the mode of branching in a new species of Clonograptus. Palaeontology 16, 707–11.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. E. 1974. Tremadoc graptolites from Yukon Territory, Canada. In Graptolite studies in honour of O. M. B. Bulman (eds Rickards, R. B. Jackson, D. E. and Hughes, C. P.), 35–58. Special Papers in Palaeontology 13.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. E. 1975. New data on Tremadoc graptolites from Yukon, Canada. Palaeontology 18, 883–87.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. E. 1978. The Skiddaw Group. In The Geology of the Lake District (ed. Moseley, F.), 79–98. Yorkshire Geological Society.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. E. 1979. A new assessment of the stratigraphy of the Skiddaw Group along the northern edge of the main Skiddaw inlier. Proceedings of the Cumberland Geological Society 4, 21–31.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. E. & Lenz, A. C. 1962. Zonation of Ordovician and Silurian graptolites of northern Yukon, Canada. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 46, 30–45.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. E., Steen, G. & Sykes, D. 1965. Stratigraphy and graptolite zonations of the Kechika and Sandpile Groups in northwestern British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 13, 139–54.Google Scholar
James, N. & Stevens, R. K. 1986. Stratigraphy and correlation of the Cambro-Ordovician Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 366, 1–143.Google Scholar
Jenkins, C. J. 1982. Isograptus gibberulus (Nicholson) and the isograptids of the Arenig Series (Ordovician) of England and Wales. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 44, 219–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, C. J. 1983. Ordovician graptolites from the Great Paxton Borehole, Cambridgeshire. Palaeontology 26, 641–53.Google Scholar
Jiao, Q. 1977. Kalpinograptus, a new graptolite from the Saergan Formation in Kalpin of Xinjiang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 16, 287–92.Google Scholar
Keble, R. A. & Benson, W. N. 1929. Ordovician graptolites of Northwest Nelson. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 59, 840–63.Google Scholar
Kitts, D. B. 1966. Geologic time. Journal of Geology 74, 127–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraft, J. 1975. The mode of occurrence of graptolites in the Klabava Formation (Arenigian) of the Ordovician of central Bohemia. Věstník Ústředního Ústavu Geologického 50, 169–72, 2 pls.Google Scholar
Kraft, J 1977. Graptolites from the Klabava Formation (Arenigian) of the Ordovician of Bohemia. Folia Musei Rerum Naturalium Bohemiae Occidentalis, Geologica 6, 3–28, pls. 1–12. Plzěn.Google Scholar
Kraft, J. & Mergl, M. 1979. New graptolite fauna from the Klabava Formation (Arenig) of the Ordovician of Bohemia. Věstník Ústředního Ustavu Geologického 54, 291–295, pls. 1–2.Google Scholar
Landing, E. 1988. Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in North America: revised Tremadocian correlations, unconformities and ‘glacioeustasy’. In The Canadian Paleontology and Biostratigraphy Seminar (ed. Landing, E.), pp. 48–58. New York State Museum Bulletin no. 462.Google Scholar
Lapworth, C. 1880. On new British graptolites. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 5, 5, 149–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, M. L. & Jackson, D. E. 1966. Biostratigraphy of the Glenogle Formation (Ordovician) near Glenogle, British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 14, 486–503.Google Scholar
Lenz, A. C. & Chen, Xu 1985. Middle to Upper Ordovician graptolite biostratigraphy of Peel River and other areas of the Northern Canadian Cordillera. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, 221–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenz, A. C. & Jackson, D. E. 1986. Arenig and Llanvirn graptolite biostratigraphy, Canadian Cordillera. In Palaeoecology and Biostratigraphy of Graptolites (eds Hughes, C. P. and Rickards, R. B.), 27–45. Geological Society Special Publication no. 20.Google Scholar
Lin, Yao-Kun 1981. New materials of graptodendroids with special reference to the classification of Graptodendroidea. Bulletin of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica 3, 241–62, pls. 1–4 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Lindholm, K. in press. Ordovician graptolites from the early Hunneberg of southern Scandinavia. Palaeontology.Google Scholar
Lindholm, K. & Maletz, J. 1989. Intraspecific variation and relationships of some Lower Ordovician species of the dichograptid, Clonograptus. Palaeontology 32, 711–43.Google Scholar
Lindström, M. & Vortisch, W. 1983. Indications of upwelling in the Lower Ordovician of Scandinavia. In Coastal Upwelling, Part B (eds Thiede, J. and Suess, E.), 535–51. Plenum.Google Scholar
McKerrow, W. S., Lambert, R. St. J. & Cocks, L. R. M. 1985. The Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian periods. In The Chronology of the Geological Record (ed. Snelling, N. J.), 73–80. Geological Society Memoir no. 10. Oxford: Blackwells.Google Scholar
Maletz, J. & Erdtmann, B.-D. 1987. Adelograptus tenellus (Linnarsson 1871): its astogenetic development and its stratigraphical and palaeogeographical distribution. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 35, 179–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, F. X. 1977. The graphic correlation method in biostratigraphy. In Concepts and Methods of Biostratigraphy (eds Kauffman, E. G. and Hazel, J. E.), pp. 165–86. Stroudsburg: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross Inc.Google Scholar
Miller, J. F. 1978. Upper Cambrian and lowest Ordovician conodont faunas of the House Range, Utah. In Upper Cambrian to Middle Ordovician conodont faunas of Western Utah (ed. Miller, J. F.), pp. 1–33. SW Missouri State University Geoscience Series 5.Google Scholar
Mitchell, C. E. 1987. Evolution and phylogenetic classification of the Diplograptacea. Palaeontology 30, 353–405.Google Scholar
Moberg, J. C. 1892. Om några nya graptoliter från Skånes Undre graptolitskiffer. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 14, 339–49, pl. 8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monsen, A. 1925. Über eine neue ordovicische Graptolithenfauna. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 8, 147–87, pls. 1–4.Google Scholar
Monsen, A. 1937. Die Graptolithenfauna im Unteren Didymograptusschiefer (Phyllograptusschiefer) Norwegens. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 16, 57–265, pls. 1–20.Google Scholar
Mu, A. T. 1974. Evolution, classification and distribution of Graptoloidea and graptodendroids. Scientia Sinica 17, 227–38.Google Scholar
Mu, Enzhi, Ge, Meiyu, Chen, Xu, Ni, Yunan & Lin, Yaokun 1979. [Lower Ordovician graptolites of Southwest China.]] Palaeontologia Sinica 156, new series B 13, 1–192, pls. 1–48 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Mu, A. T. & Lee, C. K. 1958. Scandent graptolites from the Ningkuo Shale of the Kiangshan-Changshan area, western Chekiang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 6, 391–428 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Mu, Enzhi, Li, Jijin, Ge, Meiyu, Ni, Yunan & Lin, Yaokun. 1980. Ordovician graptolite sequence and bio-geographic regions in China. Scientific papers on geology for international exchange. Prepared for the 26th International Geological Congress. 4: Stratigraphy and palaeontology, 35–42. Beijing: Publishing House of Geology.Google Scholar
Murphy, M. A. & Edwards, L. E. 1977. The Silurian-Devonian boundary in central Nevada. In Western North America: Devonian (eds Murphy, M. A. Berry, W. B. N. and Sandberg, C. A.), pp. 183–. University of California, Riverside Campus Museum Contribution no. 4.Google Scholar
Nilsson, R. 1977. A boring through Middle and Upper Ordovician strata at Koängen in western Scania, southern Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C733, 58 pp.Google Scholar
Nilsson, R. 1983. The Didymograptus hirundo and Akidograptus ascensus Zones of the Lovisefred core, NW Scania, south Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 105, 261–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obut, A. M. & Sobolevskaya, R. F. 1962. [Early Ordovician graptolites in Taimyr.] Trudy nauchnoissledo-vatelskogo instituta geologii arktiki 127, 65–85 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Obut, A. M. & Sobolevskaya, R. F. 1964. [Ordovician graptolites from Taimyr.] Moscow: Izdatelstvo ‘Nauka’, Moscow, 92 pp., 16 pls (in Russian).Google Scholar
Riva, J. 1974. A revision of some Ordovician graptolites of eastern North America. Palaeontology 17, 1–40.Google Scholar
Ross, R. J. Jr, & Naeser, C. W. 1984. The Ordovician time scale – new refinements. In Aspects of the Ordovician System (ed. Bruton, D. L.), pp. 5–10. Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo no. 295. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Ross, R. J. Jr, Naeser, C. W., Izett, G. A., Obradovich, J. D., Bassett, M. G., Hughes, C. P., Cocks, L. R. M., Dean, W. T., Ingham, J. K., Jenkins, C. J., Rickards, R. B., Sheldon, P. R., Toghill, P., Whittington, H. B. & Zalasiewicz, J. 1982. Fission-track dating of British Ordovician and Silurian stratotypes. Geological Magazine 119, 135–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruedemann, R. 1904. Graptolites of New York. Part 1. Graptolites of the lower beds. New York State Museum Memoir 7, 458–803.Google Scholar
Rushton, A. W. A. 1981. A polymorphic graptolite from concealed Tremadoc rocks of England. Geological Magazine 118, 615–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushton, A. W. A. 1982. The biostratigraphy and correlation of the Merioneth-Tremadoc Series boundary in North Wales. In The Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary: sections, fossil distributions, and correlations (eds Bassett, M. G. and Dean, W. T.), 41–59. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales, Geological Series 3.Google Scholar
Rushton, A. W. A. 1985. A Lancefieldian graptolite from the Lake District. Geological Magazine 122, 329–33.Google Scholar
Schmidt, O. 1984. The graptolitic facies of the Bogo Shale (Arenig-Llanvirn), Sør-Trøndelag, west central Norway. Geologica et Palaeontologica 18, 17–19.Google Scholar
Schmidt, O. 1987. Lower Ordovician graptolite fauna of the Bogo Shale (West Norway), and its palaeogeographical relationships. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 35, 209–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, G. H. 1985. Homotaxy and biostratigraphical theory. Palaeontology 28, 777–82.Google Scholar
Shaw, A. B. 1964. Time in Stratigraphy. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Sheng, Shen-Fu 1980. The Ordovician System in China, correlation charts and explanatory notes. International Union of Geological Sciences Publication 1, 1–7, 3 figs, 7 tables.Google Scholar
Skevington, D. 1963 a. A correlation of Ordovician graptolite-bearing sequences. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 85, 298–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skevington, D. 1963 b. A note on the age of the Bogo Shale. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 43, 257–60.Google Scholar
Skevington, D. 1970. A Lower Llanvirn graptolite fauna from the Skiddaw Slates, Westmorland. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 37, 395–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skevington, D. 1971. The significance of the Hendre Shales graptolite fauna described by Toghill (1970). Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 1664, 199–203.Google Scholar
Snelling, N. J. (ed.) 1985. The Chronology of the Geological Record. Geological Society Memoir no. 10. Oxford: Blackwells. 343 pp.Google Scholar
Spjeldnaes, N. 1953. Graptolites dating the beds below the MiddleOrdovician. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 31, 171–84, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Spjeldnaes, N. 1963. Some Upper Tremadocian graptolites from Norway. Palaeontology 6, 121–31.Google Scholar
Stewart, I. R. 1988. Conodonts. In Geology of Victoria (eds Douglas, J. G. and Ferguson, J. A.), pp. 79–81. Melbourne: Geological Society of Victoria, Victorian Division.Google Scholar
Størmer, L. 1953. The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway. 1. Introduction to stratigraphy. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 31, 37–141, 4 pls.Google Scholar
Strachan, I. 1986. The Ordovician graptolites of the Shelve District, Shropshire. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology Series 40, 1–58.Google Scholar
Stubblefield, C. J. & Bulman, O. M. B. 1927. The Shineton Shales of the Wrekin district: with notes on their development in other parts of Shropshire and Herefordshire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 83, 96–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sweet, W. C. 1979. Late Ordovician conodonts and biostratigraphy of the western Midcontinent province. Brigham Young University, Geology Studies 26 (3), 45–85.Google Scholar
Thomas, D. E. 1960. The zonal distribution of Australian graptolites. Royal Society of New South Wales, Journal and Proceedings 94, 1–58, 15 pls.Google Scholar
Tjernvik, T. E. 1956. On the Early Ordovician of Sweden. Stratigraphy and fauna. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala 36, 107–284, pls 1–11.Google Scholar
Tjernvik, T. E. 1958. The Tremadocian Beds at Flagabro in south-eastern Scania (Sweden). Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 80, 259–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tjernvik, T. E. 1960. The Lower Didymograptus Shales of the Flagabro drilling core. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 82, 203–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toghill, P. 1970. A fauna from the Hendre Shales (Llandeilo) of the Mydrim area, Carmarthenshire. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 1663, 121–9.Google Scholar
Törnquist, S. L. 1901. Researches into the graptolites of the lower zones of the Scanian and Vestrogothian Phyllo-Tetragraptus beds I. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift 37 (2:5), 26 pp., 3 pls.Google Scholar
Tornquist, S. L. 1904. Researches into the graptolites of the lower zones of the Scanian and Vestrogothian Phyllo-Tetragraptus beds II. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift 40 (1:2), 29 pp., 4 pls.Google Scholar
Tornquist, S. L. 1911. Graptolitologiska bidrag 3–7. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 33, 421–38, pls. 5–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsai [Tzaj], D. T. 1968. New species of early Ordovician graptolites from central Kazakhstan. Palaeontological Journal 1968, 493–8 (translation from Russian).Google Scholar
Tsai, D. T. 1974. [Early Ordovician graptolites from Kazakhstan] Moscow: Izdatelstvo ‘Nauka’. 127 pp., 11 pls (in Russian).Google Scholar
Tullberg, S. A. 1880. Några Didymograptusarter i undre graptolitskiffer vid Kiviks-Esperöd. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 5, 39–43, pl. 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wadge, A. J., Nutt, M. J. C., Lister, T. R. & Skevington, D. 1969. A probable Didymograptus murchisoni Zone fauna from the Lake District. Geological Magazine 106, 595–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Gang 1981. On the discovery of new graptolites from the Tungtze Formation (Lower Ordovician) in Gulin of Sichuan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 20, 351–2 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Webby, B. D., Vandenberg, A. H. M., Cooper, R. A., Banks, M. R., Burrett, C. F., Henderson, R. A., Clarkson, P. D., Hughes, C. P., Laurie, J., Stait, B., Thomson, M. R. A. & Webers, G. F. 1981. The Ordovician System in Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica. International Union of Geological Sciences Publication 6, 64 pp., 4 figs., correlation chart.Google Scholar
Webby, B. D., Vandenberg, A. H. M., Cooper, R. A., Stewart, I., Shergold, J. H., Nicoll, R. S., Burrett, C. F., Stait, B., Laurie, J. & Sherwin, L. in press. The Ordovician System in Australasia: subsystemic, series, and stage subdivisions. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin.Google Scholar
Whittington, H. B., Dean, W. T., Fortey, R. A., Rickards, R. B., Rushton, A. W. A. & Wright, A. D. 1984. Definition of the Tremadoc Series and the Series of the Ordovician System in Britain. Geological Magazine 121, 17–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, S. H. & Stevens, R. K. 1988. Early Ordovician (Arenig) graptolites from the Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland. Palaeontographica Canadiana 5, 167 pp.Google Scholar
Xiao, Chengxie, Xue, Chunting & Huang, Xuecen 1975. [Early Ordovician graptolite beds of Chongyi, Jiangxi.] Acta Geologica Sinica 2, 112–25 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Yu, Jianhua & Fang, Yiting 1981. Arienigraptus, a new graptolite genus from the Ningkuo Formation (Lower Ordovician) of South China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 20, 27–32 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Yu, Jianhua & Fang, Yiting 1986. The Ordovician graptoiite-bearing strata of Xiushui drainage basin, Jiangxi, southern China and their correlation. In Palaeoecology and Biostratigraphy of Graptolites (eds Hughes, C. P. and Rickards, R. B.), 115–17. Geological Society Special Publication no. 20.Google Scholar
Zalasiewicz, J. A. 1984. A re-examination of the type Arenig Series. Geological Journal 19, 105–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zalasiewicz, J. A. 1986. Graptolites from the type Arenig Series. Geological Magazine 123, 537–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar