Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T00:26:39.993Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Petrological and geochemical characterization of the arc-related Suru–Thasgam ophiolitic slice along the Indus Suture Zone, Ladakh Himalaya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2021

I.M. Bhat Open the ORCID record for I.M. Bhat [Opens in a new window] ,
T. Ahmad ,
D.V. Subba Rao  and
N.V. Chalapathi Rao
I.M. Bhat*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, India
T. Ahmad
Affiliation:
Vice Chancellors Office, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, India
D.V. Subba Rao
Affiliation:
Geochemistry Division, National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad-500606, India
N.V. Chalapathi Rao
Affiliation:
Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
*
Author for correspondence: I.M. Bhat, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Ladakh Himalayan ophiolites preserve remnants of the eastern part of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean, in the form of Dras, Suru Valley, Shergol, Spongtang and Nidar ophiolitic sequences. In Kohistan region of Pakistan, Muslim Bagh, Zhob and Bela ophiolites are considered to be equivalents of Ladakh ophiolites. In western Ladakh, the Suru–Thasgam ophiolitic slice is highly dismembered and consists of peridotites, pyroxenites and gabbros, emplaced as imbricate blocks thrust over the Mesozoic Dras arc complex along the Indus Suture Zone. The Thasgam peridotites are partially serpentinized with relict olivine, orthopyroxene and minor clinopyroxene, as well as serpentine and iron oxide as secondary mineral assemblage. The pyroxenites are dominated by clinopyroxene followed by orthopyroxene with subordinate olivine and spinel. Gabbros are composed of plagioclase and pyroxene (mostly replaced by amphiboles), describing an ophitic to sub-ophitic textural relationship. Geochemically, the studied rock types show sub-alkaline tholeiitic characteristics. The peridotites display nearly flat chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns ((La/Yb)N = 0.6–1.5), while fractionated patterns were observed for pyroxenites and gabbros. Multi-element spidergrams for peridotites, pyroxenites and gabbros display subduction-related geochemical characteristics such as enriched large-ion lithophile element (LILE) and depleted high-field-strength element (HFSE) concentrations. In peridotites and pyroxenites, highly magnesian olivine (Fo88.5-89.3 and Fo87.8-89.9, respectively) and clinopyroxene (Mg no. of 93–98 and 90–97, respectively) indicate supra-subduction zone (SSZ) tectonic affinity. Our study suggests that the peridotites epitomize the refractory nature of their protoliths and were later evolved in a subduction environment. Pyroxenites and gabbros appear to be related to the base of the modern intra-oceanic island-arc tholeiitic sequence.

Keywords

pyroxenitesperidotitesgeochemistryophioliteswestern Ladakh
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 158 , Issue 8 , August 2021 , pp. 1441 - 1460
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, RN and Raymond, LA (1984) The Ashe metamorphic suite, northwest North Carolina; metamorphism and observations on geologic history. American Journal of Science 284, 350–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abd El-Rahman, Y, Polat, A, Dilek, Y, Fryer, BJ, El-Sharkawy, M and Sakran, S (2009) Geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Neoproterozoic incipient arc-forearc crust in the Fawakhir area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Precambrian Research 175, 116–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdel-Karim, AM, Ali, S and El-Shafei, SA (2018) Mineral chemistry and geochemistry of ophiolitic meta-ultramafics from Um Halham and Fawakhir, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. International Journal of Earth Sciences 107, 2337–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdel-Karim, AM, Ali, S, Helmy, HM and El-Shafei, SA (2016) Fore-arc setting of the Gerf ophiolite, Eastern Desert, Egypt: evidence from mineral chemistry and geochemistry of ultramafites. Lithos 263, 52–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdullah, S, Misra, S and Ghosh, B (2018) Melt-rock interaction and fractional crystallization in the Moho transition Zone: evidence from the cretaceous Naga Hills Ophiolite, North-East India. Lithos 322(1), 197–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.10.012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmad, T, Islam, R, Khanna, PP and Thakur, VC (1996) Geochemistry, petrogenesis and tectonic significance of the basic volcanic units of the Zildat ophiolitic mélange, Indus suture zone, eastern Ladakh (India). Geodinamica Acta 9, 222–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmad, T, Tanaka, T, Sachan, HK, Asahara, Y, Islam, R and Khanna, PP (2008) Geochemical and isotopic constraints on the age and origin of the Nidar Ophiolitic Complex, Ladakh, India: implications for the Neo-Tethyan subduction along the Indus suture zone. Tectonophysics 451, 206–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aitchison, JC, Baxter, AT, Zyabrev, SV and Ali, JR (2011) Upper Jurassic radiolarians from the Naga Ophiolite, Nagaland, Northeast India. Gondwana Research 20, 638–44.Google Scholar
Aldanmaz, E, Schmidt, MW, Gourgaud, A and Meisel, T (2009) Mid-ocean ridge and supra-subduction geochemical signatures in spinel–peridotites from the Neotethyan ophiolites in SW Turkey: implications for upper mantle melting processes. Lithos 113(3–4), 691–708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldanmaz, E, van Hinsbergen, DJ, Yildiz-Yuksekol, O, Schmidt, MW, McPhee, PJ, Meisel, T, Guctekin, A and Mason, PR (2020) Effects of reactive dissolution of orthopyroxene in producing incompatible element depleted melts and refractory mantle residues during early fore-arc spreading: constraints from ophiolites in eastern Mediterranean. Lithos 360, 105438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldanmaz, E, Yaliniz, MK, Guctekin, A and Goncuoglu, MC (2008) Geochemical characteristics of mafic lavas from the Neotethyan ophiolites in western Turkey: implications for heterogeneous source contribution during variable stages of ocean crust generation. Geological Magazine 145, 37–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arai, S, Kadoshima, K and Morishita, T (2006) Widespread arc-related melting in the mantle section of the northern Oman ophiolite as inferred from detrital chromian magnesio chromites. Journal of the Geological Society of London 163, 869–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arculus, RJ and Wills, KJA (1980) The petrology of plutonic blocks and inclusions from Lesser Antilles island arc. Journal of Petrology 21, 743–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagci, U, Parlak, O and Hock, V (2005) Whole rock and mineral chemistry of cumulates from the Kizildag (Hatay) ophiolite (Turkey): clues for multiple magma generation during crustal accretion in the southern Neotethyan Ocean. Mineralogical Magazine 69, 39–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagci, U, Parlak, O and Hock, V (2006) Geochemical character and tectonic environment of ultramafic to mafic cumulates from the Tekirova (Antalya) ophiolite (southern Turkey). Geological Journal 41, 193–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bargoshadi, RM, Moazzen, M and Yang, TN (2020) Geochemistry of arc-related mantle peridotites and gabbros from the Chaldoran ophiolite, NW Iran. International Geology Review 62, 1724–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beard, JS (1986) Characteristic mineralogy of arc-related cumulate gabbros: implications for the tectonic setting of gabbroic plutons and for andesite genesis. Geology 14, 848–51.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beccaluva, L, Macciotta, G, Piccardo, GB and Zeda, O (1989) Clinopyroxene composition of ophiolite basalts as petrogenetic indicator. Chemical Geology 77, 165–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedini, RM and Bodinier, JL (1999) Distribution of incompatible trace elements between the constituents of spinel peridotite xenoliths: ICP-MS data from the East African Rift. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63(22), 3883–900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhat, IM, Ahmad, T and Subba Rao, DV (2017a) Geochemical characterization of serpentinized peridotites from the Shergol ophiolitic slice along the Indus Suture Zone (ISZ), Ladakh Himalaya, India. The Journal of Geology 125, 501–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhat, IM, Ahmad, T and Subba Rao, DV (2017b) Compositional variability of spinel–group minerals from the Shergol serpentinized peridotites along Indus suture zone, Ladakh Himalaya (India): constraints on tectono-magmatic history. Chemie der Erde Geochemistry 77, 587–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhat, IM, Ahmad, T and Subba Rao, DV (2019a) The tectonic evolution of Dras arc complex along Indus Suture Zone, western Himalaya: implications for Neo-Tethys geodynamics. Journal of Geodynamics 124, 52–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhat, IM, Ahmad, T and Subba Rao, DV (2019b) Origin and evolution of Suru Valley ophiolite peridotite slice along Indus suture zone, Ladakh Himalaya, India: implications on melt-rock interaction in a subduction zone environment. Chemie der Erde Geochemistry 79, 78–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhat, IM, Ahmad, T and Subba Rao, DV (2019c) Petrology and geochemistry of mafic intrusive rocks from the Sapi–Shergol ophiolitic mélange, Indus Suture Zone, western Ladakh: constraints on petrogenesis and tectonic setting. The Journal of Geology 127, 543–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhat, IM, Ahmad, T, Subba Rao, DV, Balakrishnan, S and Chalapathi Rao, NV (2021) PGE and isotopic constraints on Shergol and Suru Valley Ophiolites: implication for petrogenesis and supra-subduction tectonics in ISZ, Ladakh Himalaya. Geoscience Frontiers 12(3), 101118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.11.014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodinier, JL and Godard, M (2003) Orogenic, ophiolitic and abyssal peridotites. In The Mantle and Core (ed. Carlson, RW). pp. 103–170. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2.Google Scholar
Brookfield, ME and Reynolds, PH (1981) Late Cretaceous emplacement of the Indus suture zone ophiolitic mélanges and an Eocene-Oligocene magmatic arc on the northern edge of the Indian plate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 55, 157–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckman, S, Aitchison, JC, Nutman, A, Bennett, V, Saktura, WM, Walsh, J, Kachovich, S and Hidaka, H (2018) The Spongtang Massif in Ladakh, NW Himalaya: an Early Cretaceous record of spontaneous, intra-oceanic subduction initiation in the Neotethys. Gondwana Research 63, 226–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, LE (1985) The Border Ranges ultramafic and mafic complex, south central Alaska: cumulate fractionates of island arc volcanics. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, 1020–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canil, D (2004) Mildly incompatible elements in peridotites and the origins of mantle lithosphere. Lithos 77, 375–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celik, OF, Topuz, G, Billor, Z and Ozkan, M (2019) Middle Jurassic subduction-related ophiolite fragment in Triassic accretionary complex (Mamu Dagi ophiolite, Northern Turkey). International Geology Review 61, 2021–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, SH, Shervais, JW and Mukasa, SB (2008) Supra-subduction and abyssal mantle peridotites of the coast range ophiolite, California. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 156, 551–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, RG (1977) Ophiolites–Ancient Continental Lithosphere. New York, Berlin: Springer Verlag, 220 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condie, K (2005) High field strength element ratios in Archean basalts: a window to evolving sources of mantle plumes. Lithos 79, 491–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeBari, SM and Coleman, RG (1989) Examination of the deep levels of an island arc: evidence from the Tonsina ultramafic-mafic assemblage, Tonsina, Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research 94, 4373–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deer, WA, Howie, RA and Zussman, J (1992) An Introduction to the Rock-forming Minerals, second edition. London: Pearson Prentice Hall, 696 pp.Google Scholar
Deschamps, F, Godar, M, Guillot, S and Hattori, K (2013) Geochemistry of subduction zone serpentinites: a review. Lithos 178, 96–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deschamps, F, Guillot, S, Godard, M, Chauvel, C, Andreani, M and Hattori, K (2010) In situ characterization of serpentinites from forearc mantle wedges: timing of serpentinization and behavior of fluid–mobile elements in subduction zones. Chemical Geology 269, 262–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dey, A, Hussain, MF and Barman, MN (2018) Geochemical characteristics of mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Naga Hills Ophiolite, India: implications for petrogenesis. Geoscience Frontiers 9, 517–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilek, Y and Furnes, H (2009) Structure and geochemistry of Tethyan ophiolites and their petrogenesis in subduction rollback systems. Lithos 113, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilek, Y and Furnes, H (2011) Ophiolite genesis and global tectonics: geochemical and tectonic fingerprinting of ancient oceanic lithosphere. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 123, 387–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilek, Y and Furnes, H (2014) Ophiolites and their origins. Elements 10, 93–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilek, Y and Furnes, H (2019) Tethyan ophiolites and Tethyan seaways. Journal of the Geological Society of London 176, 899–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilek, Y, Furnes, H and Shallo, M (2008) Geochemistry of the Jurassic Mirdita Ophiolite (Albania) and the MORB to SSZ evolution of a marginal basin oceanic crust. Lithos 100, 174–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilek, Y and Newcomb, S (2003) Ophiolite concept and the evolution of the geological thought. Geological Society of America Special Paper 373, 1–16.Google Scholar
Dilek, Y and Robinson, PT (2003) Ophiolites in earth history. Geological Society of London Special Publications 218, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elthon, D (1991) Geochemical evidence for formation of the Bay of Island ophiolite above subduction zone. Nature 354, 140–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elthon, D, Casey, JF and Komor, S (1982) Mineral chemistry of ultramafic cumulates from the North Arm Mountain Massif of the Bay of Islands ophiolite: evidence for high-pressure crystal fractionation of oceanic basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research 87, 8717–8734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elthon, D, Casey, JF and Komor, S (1984) Cryptic mineral chemistry variations in a detailed traverse through the cumulate ultramafic rocks of the North Arm Mountain massif of the Bay of Island ophiolite, Newfoundland. In Ophiolites and Oceanic Lithosphere (ed. Gass, IG, Lippard, SJ and Shelton, AW), pp. 83–97, London: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fisk, MR, Schilling, JG and Sigurdsoon, H (1980) An experimental investigation of Iceland and Reykjanes Ridge tholeiites. I. Phase relations. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 74, 361–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flower, MFJ, Robinson, PT, Schmincke, HU and Ohnmacht, W (1977) Magma fractionation systems beneath the Mid-Atlantic ridge at 36-37°N. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 64, 167–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furnes, H, Dilek, Y, Zhao, G, Safonova, I and Santosh, M (2020) Geochemical characterization of ophiolites in the Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt: magmatically and tectonically diverse evolution of the Mesozoic Neotethyan oceanic crust. Earth-Science Reviews 208, 103258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grove, TL and Baker, MB (1984) Phase equilibrium controls on the tholeiitic versus calc-alkaline differentiation trends. Journal of Geophysical Research 89, 3253–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, JW (1995) Evolution of the Lau basin: insights from ODP Leg 135. In Active Margins and Marginal Basins of the Western Pacific (ed. Taylor, B and Natland, J), 88, pp. 125–173. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, JW (2003) Geology of supra-subduction zones-implications for the origin of ophiolites. Geological Society of America Special Paper 373, 227–68.Google Scholar
Hebert, R (1982) Petrography and mineralogy of oceanic peridotites and gabbros: some comparisons with ophiolite examples. Ofioliti 2, 299–324.Google Scholar
Hebert, R, Bezard, R, Guilmette, C, Dostal, J, Wang, CS and Liu, ZF (2012) The Indus-Yarlung Zangbo ophiolites from Nanga Parbat to Namche Barwa syntaxes, southern Tibet: first synthesis of petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology with incidences on geodynamic reconstructions of Neo-Tethys. Gondwana Research 22, 377–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodel, F, Triantafyllou, A, Berger, J, Macouin, M, Baele, JM, Mattielli, N, Monnier, C, Trindade, RIF, Ducea, MN, Chatir, A and Ennih, N (2020) The Moroccan Anti-Atlas ophiolites: timing and melting processes in an intra-oceanic arc-back-arc environment. Gondwana Research 86, 182–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honegger, K, Dietrich, V, Frank, W, Gansser, A, Thoni, M and Trommsdorf, V (1982) Magmatic and metamorphism in the Ladakh Himalayas (the Indus–Tsangpo suture zone). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 60, 253–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ichiyama, Y, Koshiba, T, Ito, H and Tamura, A (2020) Geochemistry and magmatic zircon U–Pb dating of amphibolite blocks in the Omi serpentinite mélange, north central Japan: possible subduction of the Cambrian oceanic crust. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 115(4), 313–21, 191205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irvine, TN and Baragar, WRA (1971) A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 8, 523–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyer, K, Austrheim, H, John, T and Jamtveit, B (2008) Serpentinization of the oceanic lithosphere and some geochemical consequences: constraints from the Leka Ophiolite Complex, Norway. Chemical Geology 249, 66–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jadoon, UK, Ding, L, Baral, U and Qasim, M (2020) Early Cretaceous to Eocene magmatic records in Ladakh arc: Constraints from U–Pb ages of Deosai volcanics, northern Pakistan. Geological Journal 55(7), 5384–97, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonnalagadda, MK, Karmalkar, NR, Benoit, M, Gregoire, M, Duraiswami, RA, Harshe, S and Kamble, S (2019) Compositional variations of chromian spinels from peridotites of the Spontang ophiolite complex, Ladakh, NW Himalayas, India: petrogenetic implications. Geosciences Journal 6, 895–915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kakar, IM, Khalid, M, Khan, M, Kasi, AK and Manan, RA (2013) Petrology and geochemistry of gabbros from the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite: implications for their petrogenesis and tectonic setting. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 46, 19–30.Google Scholar
Kamenetsky, VS, Crawford, AJ and Meffre, S (2001) Factors controlling chemistry of magmatic spinel: an empirical study of associated olivine, Cr-spinel and melt inclusions from primitive rocks. Journal of Petrology 42, 655–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingson, O, Bhutani, R, Dash, JK, Sebastian, S and Balakrishnan, S (2017) Resolving the conundrum in origin of the Manipur Ophiolite Complex, Indo-Myanmar range: constraints from Nd isotopic ratios and elemental concentrations in serpentinized peridotite. Chemical Geology 460, 117–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishna, AK, Murthy, NN and Govil, PK (2007) Multi-element analysis of soils by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Atomic Spectroscopy 28, 202–14.Google Scholar
Le Bas, NJ (1962) The role of aluminum in igneous clinopyroxenes with relation to their parentage. American Journal of Science 260, 267–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leake, BE (1978) Nomenclature of amphiboles. Canadian Mineralogist 16, 501–20.Google Scholar
Leterrier, J, Maury, RC, Thonon, P, Girard, D and Marechal, M (1982) Clinopyroxene composition as a method of identification of the magmatic affinities of paleovolcanic series. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 59, 139–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, CZ, Zhang, C, Xu, Y, Wang, JG, Chen, Y, Guo, S, Wu, FY and Sein, K (2016) Petrology and geochemistry of mantle peridotites from the Kalaymyo and Myitkyina ophiolites (Myanmar): implications for tectonic settings. Lithos 264, 495–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maheo, G, Bertrand, H, Guillot, S, Villa, IM, Keller, F and Capiez, P (2004) The south Ladakh ophiolites (NW Himalaya, India): an intraoceanic tholeiitic origin with implication for the closure of the Neo-Tethys. Chemical Geology 203, 273–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maheo, G, Fayoux, X, Guillot, S, Garzanti, E, Capiez, P and Mascle, G (2006) Relicts of an intra-oceanic arc in the Sapi–Shergol melange zone (Ladakh, NW, Himalaya, India): implications for the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 26, 695–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchesi, C, Jolly, WT, Lewis, JF, Garrido, CJ, Proenza, JA and Lidiak, EG (2011) Petrogenesis of fertile mantle peridotites from the Monte del Estado massif (Southwest Puerto Rico): a preserved section of Proto-Caribbean lithospheric mantle? Geologica Acta 9, 289–306.Google Scholar
Maurel, C and Maurel, P (1982) Etude experimentale de la distribution de l’aluminium entre bain silicate basique et spinelle chromifere. Implications petrogenetiques: teneur en chrome des spinelles. Bulletin de Mineralogy 105, 197–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonough, WF and Sun, SS (1995). The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology 120, 223–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moores, EM, Kellogg, L and Dilek, Y (2000) Tethyan ophiolites, mantle convection, and tectonic historical contingency: a resolution of the ophiolite conundrum. Geological Society of America Special Paper 349, 3–12.Google Scholar
Morimoto, N, Fabries, J, Ferguson, AK, Ginzburg, IV, Ross, M, Seifeit, FA and Zussman, J (1989) Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Canadian Mineralogist 27, 143–56.Google Scholar
Niu, Y (1997) Mantle melting and melt extraction processes beneath ocean ridges: evidence from abyssal peridotites. Journal of Petrology 38, 1047–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niu, Y (2004) Bulk-rock major and trace element compositions of abyssal peridotites: implications for mantle melting, melt extraction and post-melting processes beneath mid-ocean ridges. Journal of Petrology 45, 2423–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nouri, F, Ashara, Y, Azizi, H and Yamamoto, K (2017) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Eocene back arc mafic rocks in the Zagros suture zone, northern Noorabad, western Iran. Chemie der Erde, Geochemistry 77, 517–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nozaka, T (2010) A note on compositional variation of olivine and pyroxene in thermally metamorphosed ultramafic complexes from SW Japan. Okayama University Earth Science Reports 17, 1–5.Google Scholar
Panjasawatwong, Y, Danyushevsky, LV, Crawford, AJ and Harris, KL (1995) An experimental study of the effects of melt composition on plagioclase-melt equilibria at 5 and 10 kbars: implications for the origin of magmatic high-An plagioclase. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 118, 420–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parlak, O, Bagci, U, Rizaoglu, T, Ionescu, C, Onal, G, Hock, V and Kozlu, H (2020) Petrology of ultramafic to mafic cumulate rocks from the Goksun (Kahramanmaraş) ophiolite, southeast Turkey. Geoscience Frontiers 11, 109–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parlak, O, Delaloye, M and Bingol, E (1996) Mineral chemistry of ultramafic and mafic cumulates as an indicator of the arc-related origin of the Mersin ophiolite (southern Turkey). Geologische Rundschau 85, 647–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parlak, O, Hock, V and Delaloye, M (2000) Supra-subduction zone origin of the Pozantı-Karsantı ophiolite (southern Turkey) deduced from whole-rock and mineral chemistry of the gabbroic cumulates. In Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area (eds Bozkurt, E, Winchester, JA and Piper, JDA), pp. 219–34. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 173.Google Scholar
Parlak, O, Hock, V and Delaloye, M (2002) The supra-subduction zone Pozantı-Karsantı ophiolite, southern Turkey: evidence for high-pressure crystal fractionation of ultramafic cumulates. Lithos 65, 205–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parlak, O, Hock, V, Kozlu, H and Delaloye, M (2004) Oceanic crust generation in an island arc tectonic setting, SE Anatolian Orogenic Belt (Turkey). Geological Magazine 141, 583–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA (2008) Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos 100, 14–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA (2014) Immobile element fingerprinting of ophiolites. Elements 10, 101–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA, Lippard, SJ and Roberts, S (1984) Characteristics and tectonic significance of supra-subduction ophiolites. In Marginal Basin Geology: Volcanic and Associated Sedimentary and Tectonic Processes in Modern and Ancient Marginal Basins (eds Kokelaar, BP and Howells, MF), pp. 777–94. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 16.Google Scholar
Pearce, JA and Norry, ML (1979) Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y and Nb variations in volcanic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 69, 33–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA, van der Laan, SR, Arculus, RJ, Murton, BJ, Ishii, T, Peate, DW and Parkinson, IJ (1992) Boninite and harzburgite from Leg 125 (Bonin-Mariana forearc): a case study of magma genesis during the initial stages of subduction. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results (eds Fryer, P, Pearce, JA and Stokking, LB, et al.), 125, pp. 623–659. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University.Google Scholar
Pedersen, RB, Searle, MP and Corfield, RI (2001) U–Pb zircon ages from the Spontang Ophiolite, Ladakh Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society of London 158, 513–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polat, A, Hofman, AW and Rosing, M (2002) Boninite-like volcanic rocks in the 3.7–3.8 Ga Isua greenstone belt West Greenland: geochemical evidence for intra-oceanic subduction zone processes in the early Earth. Chemical Geology 184, 231–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radhakrishna, T, Divakara Rao, V and Murali, AV (1984) Geochemistry of Dras volcanics and the evolution of the Indus suture ophiolites. Tectonophysics 108, 135–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radhakrishna, T, Divakara Rao, V and Murali, AV (1987) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of ultramafic and mafic plutonic rocks of the Dras ophiolitic mélange, Indus suture (northwest Himalaya). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 82, 136–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reagan, MK, Ishizuka, O, Stern, RJ, Kelley, KA, Ohara, Y, Blichert-Toft, J, Bloomer, SH, Cash, J, Fryer, P, Hanan, B, Hickey-Vargas, R, Ishii, T, Kimura, JI, Peate, DW, Rowe, MC and Woods, M (2010) Fore-arc basalts and subduction initiation in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana system. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 11, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reagan, MK, McClelland, WC, Girard, G, Goff, KR, Peate, DW, Ohara, Y and Stern, RJ (2013) The geology of the southern Mariana fore-arc crust: implications for the scale of Eocene volcanism in the western Pacific. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 380, 41–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reagan, MK, Pearce, JA, Petronotis, K, Almeev, RR, Avery, AJ, Carvallo, C, Chapman, T, Christeson, GL, Ferre, EC, Godard, M, Heaton, DE, Kirchenbaur, M, Kurz, W, Kutterolf, S, Li, H, Li, Y, Michibayashi, K, Morgan, S, Nelson, WR, Prytulak, J, Python, M, Robertson, AHF, Ryan, JG, Sager, WW, Sakuyama, T, Shervais, JW, Shimizu, K and Whattam, SA (2017) Subduction initiation and ophiolite crust: new insights from IODP drilling. International Geology Review 59, 1439–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuber, I (1989) The Dras Arc - two successive volcanic events on eroded oceanic-crust. Tectonophysics 161, 93–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuber, I, Montigny, R, Thuizat, R and Heitz, A (1990) K/Ar ages of ophiolites and arc volcanics of the Indus suture zone (Ladakh): comparison with other Himalaya–Karakorum data. Journal of Himalayan Geology 1, 115–25.Google Scholar
Robertson, AHF (2000) Formation of melanges in the Indus Suture Zone, Ladakh Himalaya by successive subduction-related, collisional and post-collisional processes during late Mesozoic late tertiary time. In Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya (eds Khan, MA, Treolar, PJ, Searle, MP and Jan, MQ), pp. 333–74. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 170.Google Scholar
Robertson, A and Degnan, P (1994) The Dras arc complex - lithofacies and reconstruction of a Late Cretaceous oceanic volcanic arc in the Indus suture zone, Ladakh-Himalaya. Sedimentary Geology 92, 117–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rollinson, H (2008) The geochemistry of mantle chromitites from the northern part of the Oman ophiolite: inferred parental melt compositions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 156, 273–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saccani, E (2015) A new method of discriminating different types of post-Archean ophiolitic basalts and their tectonic significance using Th-Nb and Ce-Dy-Yb systematics. Geoscience Frontiers 6, 481–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saccani, E, Allahyari, K and Rahimzadeh, B (2014) Petrology and geochemistry of mafic magmatic rocks from the Sarve-Abad ophiolites (Kurdistan region, Iran): evidence for interaction between MORB-type asthenosphere and OIB-type components in the southern Neo-Tethys Ocean. Tectonophysics 621, 132–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saccani, E, Dilek, Y and Photiades, A (2018) Time-progressive mantle-melt evolution and magma production in a Tethyan marginal sea: a case study of the Albanide–Hellenide ophiolites. Lithosphere 10, 35–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satyanarayanan, M, Balaram, V, Sawant, SS, Subramanyam, KSV and Krishna, GV (2014) High-precision multi-element analysis on geological samples by HR-ICP-MS. In Proceedings of 28th Indian Society for Mass Spectrometry Symposium cum Workshop on Mass Spectrometry, Parwanoo, pp. 181–184. Mumbai: Indian Society for Mass Spectrometry.Google Scholar
Shervais, JW, Kimbrough, DL, Renne, P, Hanan, BB, Murchey, B, Snow, CA, Zoglman Schuman, MM and Beaman, J (2004) Multi-stage origin of the Coast Range ophiolite, California: implications for the life cycle of supra-subduction zone ophiolites. International Geology Review 46, 289–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, AK, Nayak, R, Khogenkumar, S, Subramanyam, KSV, Thakur, SS, Bikramaditya Singh, RK and Satyanarayanan, M (2017) Genesis and tectonic implications of cumulate pyroxenites and tectonite peridotites from the Nagaland–Manipur ophiolites, Northeast India: constraints from mineralogical and geochemical characteristics. Geological Journal 52, 415–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, RJ (2004) Subduction initiation: spontaneous and induced. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226, 275–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, RJ and Bloomer, SH (1992) Subduction zone infancy: examples from the Eocene Izu-Bonin-Mariana and Jurassic California arcs. Bulletin of Geological Society of America 104, 1621–36.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, RJ, Johnson, PR, Kroner, A and Yibas, B (2004) Neoproterozoic ophiolites of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. In Precambrian Ophiolites and Related Rocks (ed. Kusky, T), pp. 95–128. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Developments in Precambrian Geology, no. 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, SS and McDonough, WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in the Ocean Basins (eds. Saunders, AD and Norry, MJ), pp. 313–45. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 42.Google Scholar
Taylor, B (1992) Rifting and the volcanic-tectonic evolution of the Izu-Bonin Mariana arc. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results (ed. Taylor, B and Fujioka, K), pp. 627–651. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University.Google Scholar
Van Acken, D, Hoffmann, JE, Schorscher, JHD, Schulz, T, Heuser, A and Luguet, A (2016) Formation of high-Al komatiites from the Mesoarchean Quebra Osso Group, Minas Gerais, Brazil: trace elements, HSE systematics and Os isotopic signatures. Chemical Geology 422, 108–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallin, ET and Metcalf, V (1998) Supra-subduction zone ophiolites formed in an extensional forearc: Trinity Terrae, Kalmath Mountains, California. The Journal of Geology 106, 591–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, JMJ, Buckman, S, Nutman, AP and Zhou, R (2021) The significance of Upper Jurassic felsic volcanic rocks within the incipient, intraoceanic Dras Arc, Ladakh, NW Himalaya. Gondwana Research 90, 199–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y, Zhang, A, Fan, W and Zhang, Y (2013) Origin of paleo subduction modified mantle for Silurian gabbro in the Cathaysia Block: geochronological and geochemical evidence. Lithos 160, 37–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, M (1989) Igneous Petrogenesis, a Global Tectonic Approach. London: Chapman and Hall, 470 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winchester, JA and Floyd, PA (1977) Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology 20, 325–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodhead, J, Eggins, S and Gamble, J (1993) High field strength and transition element systematics in island arc and back-arc basin basalts: evidence for multi-phase melt extraction and a depleted mantle wedge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 114, 491–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiong, F, Yang, J, Robinson, PT, Gao, J, Chen, Y and Lai, S (2017) Petrology and geochemistry of peridotites and podiform chromitite in the Xigaze ophiolite, Tibet: implications for a supra-subduction zone origin. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 146, 56–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
You, CF, Castillo, PR, Gieskes, JM, Chan, LH and Spivack, AJ (1996) Trace element behavior in hydrothermal experiments: implications for fluid processes at shallow depths in subduction zones. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 140, 41–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, M, Dilek, Y, Yumul, GP Jr, Yan, Y, Dimalanta, CB and Huang, CY (2020) Slab-controlled elemental-isotopic enrichments during subduction initiation magmatism and variations in forearc chemostratigraphy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 538, 116217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, MF, Robinson, PT, Malpas, J, Edwards, SJ and Qi, L (2005) REE and PGE geochemical constraints on the formation of dunites in the Luobusa ophiolite, Southern Tibet. Journal of Petrology 46, 615–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Bhat et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S6 and Figures S1-S5

Download Bhat et al. supplementary material(File)
File 3.3 MB