Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T18:10:56.894Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Late Jurassic Changmar Complex from the Shyok ophiolite, NW Himalaya: a prelude to the Ladakh Arc

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2020

Wanchese M. Saktura Open the ORCID record for Wanchese M. Saktura [Opens in a new window] ,
Solomon Buckman ,
Allen P. Nutman  and
Vickie C. Bennett
Wanchese M. Saktura*
Affiliation:
GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW2522, Australia
Solomon Buckman
Affiliation:
GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW2522, Australia
Allen P. Nutman
Affiliation:
GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW2522, Australia
Vickie C. Bennett
Affiliation:
Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT2601, Australia
*
Author for correspondence: Wanchese M. Saktura, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Shyok Suture in western Himalaya preserves a record of the opening and closure of the Mesotethys Ocean between the Shyok ophiolite and Karakoram terrane prior to the India–Eurasia collision. The formation age of the Shyok ophiolite was unknown, which impeded correlation with similar rocks along the Shyok Suture in Pakistan and corresponding sutures in Tibet. We report the first zircon U–Pb ages of a newly documented suite, here named the Changmar Complex. The Changmar Complex gabbronorite and plagiogranite yielded SHRIMP U–Pb zircon Late Jurassic ages of 159.4 ± 0.9 Ma and 151.9 ± 1.5 Ma. Their highly positive initial εHf values (+14.9 to +16.9) indicate a juvenile mantle origin, without continental crust influence on the magma source. The Shyok ophiolite represents either: (1) a separate island arc that preceded formation of the Cretaceous–Eocene Ladakh Arc; or (2) the oldest magmatism and early stage of the Ladakh Arc. Intrusive and extrusive mafic rocks from the Shyok Suture analysed in this study have typical supra-subduction zone enrichment characteristics in their geochemistry and are classified as part of the volcanic-arc ophiolite. The U–Pb age and Hf isotopic signatures for the Shyok ophiolite are similar to the Late Jurassic Matum Das tonalite within the Kohistan Arc; we therefore suggest that they are part of the same intra-oceanic island-arc system that formed in the Mesotethys Ocean prior to Late Jurassic time.

Keywords

Shyok Suture ZoneLadakh ArcHimalayaarc–continent collisionophioliteTethys Oceanzircon
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 158 , Issue 2 , February 2021 , pp. 239 - 260
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aitchison, JC, Ali, JR and Davis, AM (2007) When and where did India and Asia collide? Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 112(B5), doi: 10.1029/2006JB004706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aitchison, JC, Xia, X, Baxter, AT and Ali, JR (2011) Detrital zircon U–Pb ages along the Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone, Tibet: implications for oblique convergence and collision between India and Asia. Gondwana Research 20, 691–709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allègre, CJ, Courtillot, V, Tapponnier, P, Hirn, A, Mattauer, M, Coulon, C, Jaeger, JJ, Achache, J, Scharer, U, Marcoux, J, Burg, JP, Girardeau, J, Armijo, R, Gariepy, C, Gopel, C, Tindong, L, Xuchang, X, Chenfa, C, Guangqin, L, Baoyu, L, Jiwen, T, Naiwen, W, Guoming, C, Tonglin, H, Xibin, W, Wanming, D, Huaibin, S, Yougong, C, Ji, Z, Hongrong, Q, Peisheng, B, Songchan, W, Bixiang, W, Yaoxiu, Z and Xu, R (1984) Structure and evolution of the Himalaya-Tibet orogenic belt. Nature 307, 17–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amelin, Y, Lee, D-C, Halliday, AN and Pidgeon, RT (1999) Nature of the Earth’s earliest crust from hafnium isotopes in single detrital zircons. Nature 399, 252–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews-Speed, CP and Brookfield, ME (1982) Middle Paleozoic to Cenozoic geology and tectonic evolution of the northwestern Himalaya. Tectonophysics 82, 253–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bard, JP (1983) Metamorphism of an obducted island arc: example of the Kohistan sequence (Pakistan) in the Himalayan collided range. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 65, 133–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baxter, AT, Aitchison, J and Zyabrev, SV (2009) Radiolarian age constraints on Mesotethyan ocean evolution, and their implications for development of the Bangong–Nujiang suture, Tibet. Journal of the Geological Society 166, 689–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhutani, R, Pande, K and Venkatesan, TR (2009) 40Ar–39Ar dating of volcanic rocks of the Shyok suture zone in north–west trans-Himalaya: implications for the post-collision evolution of the Shyok suture zone. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34, 168–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bignold, SM and Treloar, PJ (2003) Northward subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Kohistan island arc, Pakistan Himalaya: new evidence from isotopic data. Journal of the Geological Society 160, 377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, LP, Kamo, SL, Allen, CM, Davis, DW, Aleinikoff, JN, Valley, JW, Mundil, R, Campbell, IH, Korsch, RJ, Williams, IS and Foudoulis, C (2004) Improved 206Pb/238U microprobe geochronology by the monitoring of a trace-element-related matrix effect; SHRIMP, ID–TIMS, ELA–ICP–MS and oxygen isotope documentation for a series of zircon standards. Chemical Geology 205, 115–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borneman, NL, Hodges, KV, van Soest, MC, Bohon, W, Wartho, J-A, Cronk, SS and Ahmad, T (2015) Age and structure of the Shyok suture in the Ladakh region of northwestern India: implications for slip on the Karakoram fault system. Tectonics 34, 2011–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouilhol, P, Jagoutz, O, Hanchar, JM and Dudas, FO (2013) Dating the India–Eurasia collision through arc magmatic records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 366, 163–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouvier, A, Vervoort, JD and Patchett, PJ (2008) The Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd isotopic composition of CHUR: constraints from unequilibrated chondrites and implications for the bulk composition of terrestrial planets. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 273, 48–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckman, S, Aitchison, JC, Nutman, A, Bennett, V, Saktura, WM, Walsh, J, Kachovich, S and Hidaka, H (2018) The Spongtang Massif in Ladakh, NW Himalaya: an Early Cretaceous record of spontaneous, intra-oceanic subduction initiation in the Neotethys. Gondwana Research 63, 226–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burg, JP (2011) The Asia–Kohistan–India Collision: Review and Discussion. In Arc-Continent Collision (eds Brown, D and Ryan, PD), pp. 279–309. BerlinHeidelberg: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, JB, Scoggin, SH, Kapp, P, Carrapa, B, Ducea, MN, Worthington, J, Oimahmadov, I and Gadoev, M (2018) Mesozoic to Cenozoic magmatic history of the Pamir. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 482, 181–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clift, PD, Hannigan, R, Blusztajn, J and Draut, AE (2002) Geochemical evolution of the Dras–Kohistan Arc during collision with Eurasia: evidence from the Ladakh Himalaya, India. Island Arc 11, 255–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, RG (1981) Tectonic setting for ophiolite obduction in Oman. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 86, 2497–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, AS, Khan, MA, Stern, RJ, Gribble, RF and Windley, BF (1998) Discussion on geochemical and isotopic constraints on subduction polarity, magma sources and palaeogeography of the Kohistan Arc, northern Pakistan. Journal of the Geological Society 155, 893–95.Google Scholar
Cooper, LB, Plank, T, Arculus, RJ, Hauri, EH, Hall, PS and Parman, SW (2010) High-Ca boninites from the active Tonga Arc. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 115(B10), doi: 10.1029/2009JB006367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coward, MP, Butler, RWH, Khan, MA and Knipe, RJ (1987) The tectonic history of Kohistan and its implications for Himalayan structure. Journal of the Geological Society 144, 377–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coward, MP, Jan, MQ, Rex, D, Tarney, J, Thirlwall, M and Windley, BF (1982) Geo-tectonic framework of the Himalaya of N Pakistan. Journal of the Geological Society 139, 299–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cumming, GL and Richards, JR (1975) Ore lead isotope ratios in a continuously changing earth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 28, 155–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, JF (2005) Orogeny can be very short. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, 15286–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhuime, B, Bosch, D, Bodinier, JL, Garrido, CJ, Bruguier, O, Hussain, SS and Dawood, H (2007) Multistage evolution of the Jijal ultramafic–mafic complex (Kohistan, N Pakistan): implications for building the roots of island arcs. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 261, 179–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilek, Y and Furnes, H (2011) Ophiolite genesis and global tectonics: geochemical and tectonic fingerprinting of ancient oceanic lithosphere. Geological Society of America Bulletin 123, 387–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilek, Y and Furnes, H (2019) Tethyan ophiolites and Tethyan seaways. Journal of the Geological Society 176, 899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilek, Y, Furnes, H and Shallo, M (2008) Geochemistry of the Jurassic Mirdita Ophiolite (Albania) and the MORB to SSZ evolution of a marginal basin oceanic crust. Lithos 100, 174–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Draut, AE and Clift, PD (2013) Differential preservation in the geologic record of intraoceanic arc sedimentary and tectonic processes. Earth-Science Reviews 116, 57–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunlap, WJ and Wysoczanski, R (2002) Thermal evidence for early Cretaceous metamorphism in the Shyok suture zone and age of the Khardung volcanic rocks, Ladakh, India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20, 481–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehiro, M, Kojima, S, Sato, T, Ahmad, T and Ohtani, T (2007) Discovery of Jurassic ammonoids from the Shyok suture zone to the northeast of Chang La Pass, Ladakh, northwest India and its tectonic significance. Island Arc 16, 124–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, J-J, Li, C, Xie, C-M, Wang, M and Chen, J-W (2015a) Petrology and U–Pb zircon geochronology of bimodal volcanic rocks from the Maierze Group, northern Tibet: constraints on the timing of closure of the Banggong–Nujiang Ocean. Lithos 227, 148–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, JJ, Li, C, Xie, CM, Wang, M and Chen, JW (2015b) The evolution of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys ocean: evidence from zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic analyses of Early Cretaceous oceanic islands and ophiolites. Tectonophysics 655, 27–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, W, Gansser, A and Trommsdorff, V (1977) Geological observations in the Ladakh area (Himalayas), a preliminary report. Schweizer Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 57, 89–113.Google Scholar
Gaetani, M (1997) The Karakorum Block in Central Asia, from Ordovician to Cretaceous. Sedimentary Geology 109, 339–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaetani, M (2016) Blank on the geological map. Rendiconti Lincei 27, 181–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gansser, A (1974) The Ophiolitic Mélange, a World-wide Problem on Tethyan Examples. Zürich: Geologisches Institut der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule und der Universität Zürich.Google Scholar
Gibbons, AD, Zahirovic, S, Müller, RD, Whittaker, JM and Yatheesh, V (2015) A tectonic model reconciling evidence for the collisions between India, Eurasia and intra-oceanic arcs of the central-eastern Tethys. Gondwana Research 28, 451–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groppo, C, Rolfo, F, McClelland, WC and Coble, MA (2019) Pre-Cenozoic evolution of the Aghil Range (western Tibetan Plateau): a missing piece of the Tibet-Pamir-Karakorum geopuzzle. Gondwana Research 69, 122–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haider, VL, Dunkl, I, Eynatten, HV, Ding, L, Frei, D and Zhang, L (2013) Cretaceous to Cenozoic evolution of the northern Lhasa Terrane and the Early Paleogene development of peneplains at Nam Co, Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 70–71, 79–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hébert, R, Bezard, R, Guilmette, C, Dostal, J, Wang, CS and Liu, ZF (2012) The Indus–Yarlung Zangbo ophiolites from Nanga Parbat to Namche Barwa syntaxes, southern Tibet: first synthesis of petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology with incidences on geodynamic reconstructions of Neo-Tethys. Gondwana Research 22, 377–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heuberger, S, Schaltegger, U, Burg, J-P, Villa, IM, Frank, M, Dawood, H, Hussain, S and Zanchi, A (2007) Age and isotopic constraints on magmatism along the Karakoram-Kohistan Suture Zone, NW Pakistan: evidence for subduction and continued convergence after India-Asia collision. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 100, 85–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiess, J, Bennett, VC, Nutman, AP and Williams, IS (2009) In situ U–Pb, O and Hf isotopic compositions of zircon and olivine from Eoarchaean rocks, West Greenland: new insights to making old crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 4489–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honegger, K, Dietrich, V, Frank, W, Gansser, A, Thöni, M and Trommsdorff, V (1982) Magmatism and metamorphism in the Ladakh Himalayas (the Indus-Tsangpo suture zone). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 60, 253–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jagoutz, O, Bouilhol, P, Schaltegger, U and Müntener, O (2018) The isotopic evolution of the Kohistan Ladakh arc from subduction initiation to continent arc collision. In Himalayan Tectonics: A Modern Synthesis (eds Treolar, PJ and Searle, MP), pp. 165–82. Geological Society, London, Special Publication no. 483.Google Scholar
Jagoutz, O, Royden, L, Holt, AF and Becker, TW (2015) Anomalously fast convergence of India and Eurasia caused by double subduction. Nature Geoscience 8, 475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jan, MQ and Asif, M (1981) A speculative tectonic model for the evolution of NW Himalaya and Karakoram. Geological Bulletin of the University of Peshawar 14, 199–201.Google Scholar
Janousek, V, Farrow, CM and Erban, V (2006) Interpretation of whole-rock geochemical data in igneous geochemistry: introducing Geochemical Data Toolkit (GCDkit). Journal of Petrology 47, 1255–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ji, W-Q, Wu, F-Y, Chung, S-L, Li, J-X and Liu, C-Z (2009) Zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic constraints on petrogenesis of the Gangdese batholith, southern Tibet. Chemical Geology 262, 229–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juyal, KP (2006) Foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Early Cretaceous Hundiri Formation, lower Shyok area, eastern Karakoram, India. Current Science 91, 1096–101.Google Scholar
Kapp, P and DeCelles, PG (2019) Mesozoic–Cenozoic geological evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen and working tectonic hypotheses. American Journal of Science 319, 159–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, MA, Stern, RJ, Gribble, RF and Windley, BF (1997) Geochemical and isotopic constraints on subduction polarity, magma sources, and palaeogeography of the Kohistan intra-oceanic arc, northern Pakistan Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society 154, 935–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, SD, Stern, RJ, Manton, MI, Copeland, P, Kimura, JI and Khan, MA (2004) Age, geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic constraints for mantle source characteristics and petrogenesis of Teru Volcanics, Northern Kohistan Terrane, Pakistan. Tectonophysics 393, 263–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, SD, Walker, DJ, Hall, SA, Burke, KC, Shah, MT and Stockli, L (2009) Did the Kohistan-Ladakh island arc collide first with India? Geological Society of America Bulletin 121, 366–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, T, Murata, M, Karim, T, Zafar, M, Ozawa, H and Hafeez ur, R (2007) A Cretaceous dike swarm provides evidence of a spreading axis in the back-arc basin of the Kohistan paleo-island arc, northwestern Himalaya, Pakistan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 29, 350–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kretz, R (1983) Symbols for rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist 68, 277–279.Google Scholar
Kumar, S, Bora, S and Sharma, UK (2016) Geological appraisal of Ladakh and Tirit granitoids in the Indus-Shyok Suture Zones of northwest Himalaya, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 87, 737–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, S, Bora, S, Sharma, UK, Yi, K and Kim, N (2017) Early Cretaceous subvolcanic calc-alkaline granitoid magmatism in the Nubra-Shyok valley of the Shyok Suture Zone, Ladakh Himalaya, India: evidence from geochemistry and U-Pb SHRIMP zircon geochronology. Lithos 277, 33–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leier, AL, Decelles, PG, Kapp, P and Ding, L (2007) The Takena Formation of the Lhasa terrane, southern Tibet: the record of a Late Cretaceous retroarc foreland basin. Geological Society of America Bulletin 119, 31–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, G-M, Qin, K-Z, Li, J-X, Evans, NJ, Zhao, J-X, Cao, M-J and Zhang, X-N (2017a) Cretaceous magmatism and metallogeny in the Bangong–Nujiang metallogenic belt, central Tibet: evidence from petrogeochemistry, zircon U–Pb ages, and Hf–O isotopic compositions. Gondwana Research 41, 110–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, S, Ding, L, Guilmette, C, Fu, J, Xu, Q, Yue, Y and Henrique-Pinto, R (2017b) The subduction-accretion history of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean: constraints from provenance and geochronology of the Mesozoic strata near Gaize, central Tibet. Tectonophysics 702, 42–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, S-M, Wang, Q, Zhu, D-C, Cawood, PA, Stern, RJ, Weinberg, R, Zhao, Z and Mo, X-X (2020) Reconciling orogenic drivers for the evolution of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethys during Middle-Late Jurassic. Tectonics, published online 22 January 2020, e21252, doi: 10.1029/2019TC005951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, S-M, Zhu, D-C, Wang, Q, Zhao, Z-D, Sui, Q-L, Liu, S-A, Liu, D and Mo, X-X (2014) Northward subduction of Bangong–Nujiang Tethys: insight from Late Jurassic intrusive rocks from Bangong Tso in western Tibet. Lithos 205, 284–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, X-K, Li, C, Sun, Z-M and Wang, M (2017c) Origin and tectonic setting of the giant Duolong Cu–Au deposit, South Qiangtang Terrane, Tibet: evidence from geochronology and geochemistry of Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks. Ore Geology Reviews 80, 61–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y, He, J, Wang, C, Santosh, M, Dai, J, Zhang, Y, Wei, Y and Wang, J (2013) Late Cretaceous K-rich magmatism in central Tibet: evidence for early elevation of the Tibetan plateau? Lithos 160–161, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Z, Ding, L, Lippert, PC, Song, P, Yue, Y and van Hinsbergen, DJJ (2016) Paleomagnetic constraints on the Mesozoic drift of the Lhasa terrane (Tibet) from Gondwana to Eurasia. Geology 44, 727–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, CZ, Sun-Lin, C, Fu-Yuan, W, Chang, Z, Yang, X, Jian-Gang, W, Yi, C and Shun, G (2016) Tethyan suturing in Southeast Asia: Zircon U-Pb and Hf-O isotopic constraints from Myanmar ophiolites. Geology 44, 311–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, D, Shi, R, Ding, L, Huang, Q, Zhang, X, Yue, Y and Zhang, L (2017) Zircon U–Pb age and Hf isotopic compositions of Mesozoic granitoids in southern Qiangtang, Tibet: implications for the subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Tethyan Ocean. Gondwana Research 41, 157–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, W-L, Xia, B, Zhong, Y, Cai, J-X, Li, J-F, Liu, H-F, Cai, Z-R and Sun, Z-L (2014) Age and composition of the Rebang Co and Julu ophiolites, central Tibet: implications for the evolution of the Bangong Meso-Tethys. International Geology Review 56, 430–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ludwig, K (2008) Isoplot Version 4.15: A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley: Berkeley Geochronology Center, Special Publication, 247–70.Google Scholar
Matsumaru, K, Ehiro, M and Kojima, S (2006) On Orbitolina (Foraminiferida) from the Shyok suture zone, Ladakh, NW India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 51, 43–49.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, I (1996) Pre-Cretaceous evolution of SE Asian terranes. In Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia (eds R Hall and D Blundell), pp. 97–122. Geological Society, London, Special Publication no. 106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metcalfe, I (2013) Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 66, 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA (1982) Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In Andesites: Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks (ed. Thorpe, RS). pp. 525–48. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Pearce, JA (2008) Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos 100, 14–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, RB, Searle, MP and Corfield, RI (2001) U–Pb zircon ages from the Spontang Ophiolite, Ladakh Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society 158, 513–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petterson, MG and Treloar, PJ (2004) Volcanostratigraphy of arc volcanic sequences in the Kohistan arc, North Pakistan: volcanism within island arc, back-arc-basin, and intra-continental tectonic settings. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 130, 147–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petterson, MG and Windley, BF (1985) Rb-Sr dating of the Kohistan arc-batholith in the Trans-Himalaya of north Pakistan, and tectonic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 74, 45–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petterson, MG and Windley, BF (1991) Changing source regions of magmas and crustal growth in the Trans-Himalayas: evidence from the Chalt volcanics and Kohistan batholith, Kohistan, northern Pakistan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 102, 326–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, RJ (2008) Geological map of the Karakoram fault zone, eastern Karakoram, Ladakh, NW Himalaya. Journal of Maps 4(1), 21–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, RJ, Parrish, RR and Searle, MP (2004) Age constraints on ductile deformation and long-term slip rates along the Karakoram fault zone, Ladakh. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226, 305–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pudsey, CJ (1986) The Northern Suture, Pakistan: margin of a Cretaceous island arc. Geological Magazine 123, 405–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pullen, A, Kapp, P, Gehrels, GE, Ding, L and Zhang, Q (2011) Metamorphic rocks in central Tibet: lateral variations and implications for crustal structure. GSA Bulletin 123, 585–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pundir, S, Adlakha, V, Kumar, S and Singhal, S (2020) Closure of India–Asia collision margin along the Shyok Suture Zone in the eastern Karakoram: new geochemical and zircon U–Pb geochronological observations. Geological Magazine, published online 24 February 2020, doi: 10.1017/S0016756819001547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rai, H (1983) Geology of the Nubra Valley and its significance on the evolution of the Ladakh Himalaya. In Geology of Indus Suture Zone of Ladakh (eds Thakur, VC and Sharma, KK), pp. 79–97. Dehradun, India: Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology.Google Scholar
Ravikant, V, Wu, F-Y and Ji, W-Q (2009) Zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic constraints on petrogenesis of the Cretaceous–Tertiary granites in eastern Karakoram and Ladakh, India. Lithos 110, 153–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reagan, MK, Pearce, JA, Petronotis, K, Almeev, RR, Avery, AJ, Carvallo, C, Chapman, T, Christeson, GL, Ferré, EC, Godard, M, Heaton, DE, Kirchenbaur, M, Kurz, W, Kutterolf, S, Li, H, Li, Y, Michibayashi, K, Morgan, S, Nelson, WR, Prytulak, J, Python, M, Robertson, AHF, Ryan, JG, Sager, WW, Sakuyama, T, Shervais, JW, Shimizu, K and Whattam, SA (2017) Subduction initiation and ophiolite crust: new insights from IODP drilling. International Geology Review 59, 1439–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuber, I (1990) Les ophiolites de la Shyok dans l’Himalaya du Ladakh: reliques de la plaque océanique de la Tethys surmontée d’un arc volcano-sédimentaire daté du Crétacé moyen. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences. Série 2, Mécanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l’univers, Sciences de la Terre 310, 1255–62 (in French with English abstract).Google Scholar
Rex, AJ, Searle, MP, Tirrul, R, Crawford, MB, Prior, DJ, Rex, DC and Barnicoat, A (1988) The geochemical and tectonic evolution of the central Karakoram, North Pakistan. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 326, 229–55.Google Scholar
Robertson, A and Degnan, P (1994) The Dras arc Complex: lithofacies and reconstruction of a Late Cretaceous oceanic volcanic arc in the Indus Suture Zone, Ladakh Himalaya. Sedimentary Geology 92, 117–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, AHF and Collins, AS (2002) Shyok Suture Zone, N Pakistan: late Mesozoic–Tertiary evolution of a critical suture separating the oceanic Ladakh Arc from the Asian continental margin. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20, 309–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, AC (2009) Geologic offsets across the northern Karakorum fault: implications for its role and terrane correlations in the western Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 279, 123–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolland, Y, Pêcher, A and Picard, C (2000) Middle Cretaceous back-arc formation and arc evolution along the Asian margin: the Shyok Suture Zone in northern Ladakh (NW Himalaya). Tectonophysics 325, 145–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, WB, Carbotte, SM, Coplan, JO, O’Hara, S, Melkonian, A, Arko, R, Weissel, RA, Ferrini, V, Goodwillie, A, Nitsche, F and Bonczkowski, J (2009) Global multi-resolution topography synthesis. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10(3), doi: 10.1029/2008GC002332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaltegger, U, Frank, M and Burg, JP (2003) A 120 million years record of magmatism and crustal melting in the Kohistan Batholith. In Proceedings of EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, 6–11 April 2003, Nice, France.Google Scholar
Schaltegger, U, Zeilinger, G, Frank, M and Burg, JP (2002) Multiple mantle sources during island arc magmatism: U–Pb and Hf isotopic evidence from the Kohistan arc complex, Pakistan. Terra Nova 14, 461–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schärer, U, Hamet, J and Allègre, CJ (1984) The Transhimalaya (Gangdese) plutonism in the Ladakh region: a U-Pb and Rb-Sr study. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 67, 327–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, M and Cox, J (1999) Tectonic setting, origin, and obduction of the Oman ophiolite. Geological Society of America Bulletin 111, 104–22.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP, Cooper, DJW and Rex, AJ (1988) Collision tectonics of the Ladakh-Zanskar Himalaya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 326, 117–50.Google Scholar
Searle, MP and Hacker, BR (2018) Structural and metamorphic evolution of the Karakoram and Pamir following India–Kohistan–Asia collision. In Himalayan Tectonics: A Modern Synthesis (eds Treolar, PJ and Searle, MP), pp. 555–82. Geological Society, London, Special Publication no. 483.Google Scholar
Searle, MP, Khan, MA, Fraser, JE, Gough, SJ and Jan, MQ (1999) The tectonic evolution of the Kohistan-Karakoram collision belt along the Karakoram Highway transect, north Pakistan. Tectonics 18, 929–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP, Parrish, RR, Tirrul, R and Rex, DC (1990) Age of crystallization and cooling of the K2 gneiss in the Baltoro Karakoram. Journal of the Geological Society 147, 603–06.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP and Treloar, PJ (2019) An introduction to Himalayan tectonics: a modern synthesis. In Himalayan Tectonics: A Modern Synthesis (eds Treolar, PJ and Searle, MP), pp. 1–17. Geological Society, London, Special Publication no. 483.Google Scholar
Searle, MP, Windley, BF, Coward, MP, Cooper, DJW, Rex, AJ, Rex, D, Tingdong, LI, Xuchang, X, Jan, MQ, Thakur, VC and Kumar, S (1987) The closing of Tethys and the tectonics of the Himalaya. GSA Bulletin 98, 678–701.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, K and Collins, AS (2013) Dextral transpression and late Eocene magmatism in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh Batholith (North India): implications for tectono-magmatic evolution of the Indo-Eurasian collisional arc. International Journal of Earth Sciences 102, 1895–909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, AMC (1984) Introduction: the history of the Tethys concept. In The Cimmeride Orogenic System and the Tectonics of Eurasia (ed Sengör, AMC), pp. 1–82. Boulder: Geological Society of America.Google Scholar
Seton, M, Müller, RD, Zahirovic, S, Gaina, C, Torsvik, T, Shephard, G, Talsma, A, Gurnis, M, Turner, M, Maus, S and Chandler, M (2012) Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma. Earth-Science Reviews 113, 212–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, KK, Sinha, AK, Bagdasarian, GP and Gukasian, RC (1978) Potassium argon dating of Dras volcanics, Shyok volcanics and Ladakh granite, Ladakh, northwest Himalaya. Himalayan Geology 8, 288–95.Google Scholar
Shervais, JW (1982) Ti-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 59, 101–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, S, Kumar, R, Barley, ME and Jain, AK (2007) SHRIMP U–Pb ages and depth of emplacement of Ladakh Batholith, Eastern Ladakh, India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 30, 490–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sláma, J, Košler, J, Condon, DJ, Crowley, JL, Gerdes, A, Hanchar, JM, Horstwood, MSA, Morris, GA, Nasdala, L, Norberg, N, Schaltegger, U, Schoene, B, Tubrett, MN and Whitehouse, MJ (2008) Plešovice zircon — A new natural reference material for U–Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chemical Geology 249, 1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soesoo, A, Bons, PD, Gray, DR and Foster, DA (1997) Divergent double subduction: tectonic and petrologic consequences. Geology 25, 755–58.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, RA, Bodorkos, S, Kamo, SL, Hickman, AH and Corfu, F (2009) Measurement of SIMS instrumental mass fractionation of Pb isotopes during zircon dating. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 33, 145–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, RJ, Reagan, M, Ishizuka, O, Ohara, Y and Whattam, S (2012) To understand subduction initiation, study forearc crust: to understand forearc crust, study ophiolites. Lithosphere 4, 469–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St-Onge, MR, Rayner, N and Searle, MP (2010) Zircon age determinations for the Ladakh batholith at Chumathang (Northwest India): implications for the age of the India–Asia collision in the Ladakh Himalaya. Tectonophysics 495, 171–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, SS and McDonough, WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42, 313–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tahirkheli, RAK, Mattauer, M, Proust, F and Tapponnier, P (1979) The India Eurasia Suture Zone in northern Pakistan: synthesis and interpretation of recent data at plate scale. In Geodynamics of Pakistan (eds Farah, A and De Jong, KA), pp. 125–30. Quetta: Geological Survey of Pakistan.Google Scholar
Thakur, VC, Virdi, NS, Rai, H and Gupta, KR (1981) A note on the geology of Nubra-Shyok area of Ladakh, Kashmir, Himalaya. Geological Society of India 22, 46–50.Google Scholar
Thanh, NX, Itaya, T, Ahmad, T, Kojima, S, Ohtani, T and Ehiro, M (2010) Mineral chemistry and K–Ar ages of plutons across the Karakoram fault in the Shyok-Nubra confluence of northern Ladakh Himalaya, India. Gondwana Research 17, 180–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thanh, NX, Rajesh, VJ, Itaya, T, Windley, B, Kwon, S and Park, C-S (2012) A Cretaceous forearc ophiolite in the Shyok suture zone, Ladakh, NW India: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Northwest Himalaya. Lithos 155, 81–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treloar, PJ, Petterson, MG, Jan, MQ and Sullivan, MA (1996) A re-evaluation of the stratigraphy and evolution of the Kohistan arc sequence, Pakistan Himalaya: implications for magmatic and tectonic arc-building processes. Journal of the Geological Society 153, 681–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treloar, PJ, Rex, DC, Guise, PG, Coward, MP, Searle, MP, Windley, BF, Petterson, MG, Jan, MQ and Luff, IW (1989) K-Ar and Ar-Ar geochronology of the Himalayan collision in NW Pakistan: constraints on the timing of suturing, deformation, metamorphism and uplift. Tectonics 8, 881–909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivedi, JR, Gopalan, K, Kisharma, K, Gupta, KR and Choubey, VM (1982) Rb−Sr age of Gaik granite, Ladakh batholith, northwest Himalaya. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences 91, 65–73.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, R (2001) Middle Cretaceous carbonate build-ups and volcanic seamount in the Shyok suture, northern Ladakh, India. Current Science 81, 695–99.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, R (2014) Palaeogeographic significance of “Yasin-type” rudist and orbitolinid fauna of the Shyok Suture Zone, Saltoro Hills, northern Ladakh, India. Current Science 106, 223–8.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, R, Frisch, W and Siebel, W (2008) Tectonic implications of new U–Pb zircon ages of the Ladakh batholith, Indus suture zone, northwest Himalaya, India. Terra Nova 20, 309–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upadhyay, R, Sinha, AK, Chandra, R and Rai, H (1999) Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the eastern Karakoram, India. Geodinamica Acta 12, 341–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, JMJ, Buckman, S, Nutman, AP and Zhou, R (2019) Age and provenance of the Nindam Formation, Ladakh, NW Himalaya: evolution of the Intraoceanic Dras Arc before collision with India. Tectonics 38, 3070–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, LQ, Pan, GT, Ding, J and Yao, DS (2013) Guidebook of 1:1,500,000 Geological Map of the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and Adjacent Areas. Beijing, China: Geological Publishing House.Google Scholar
Ward, CD, McArthur, JM and Walsh, JN (1992) Rare earth element behaviour during evolution and alteration of the Dartmoor Granite, SW England. Journal of Petrology 33, 785–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, RF and Dunlap, WJ (2000) Growth and deformation of the Ladakh Batholith, Northwest Himalayas: implications for timing of continental collision and origin of calc-alkaline batholiths. The Journal of Geology 108, 303–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberg, RF, Dunlap, WJ and Whitehouse, M (1999) New field, structural and geochronological data from the Shyok and Nubra valleys, northern Ladakh: linking Kohistan to Tibet. In Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya (eds MA Khan, PJ Treolar, MP Searle and MQ Jan), pp. 253–75. Geological Society, London, Special Publication no. 170.Google Scholar
White, LT, Ahmad, T, Ireland, TR, Lister, GS and Forster, MA (2011) Deconvolving episodic age spectra from zircons of the Ladakh Batholith, northwest Indian Himalaya. Chemical Geology 289, 179–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, IS (1998) U–Th–Pb geochronology by ion microprobe. Reviews in Economic Geology 7, 1–35.Google Scholar
Woodhead, JD and Hergt, JM (2005) A preliminary appraisal of seven natural zircon reference materials for in situ Hf isotope determination. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 29, 183–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, M, Zhang, D, Fang, X, Ren, H, Zhang, W, Zan, J, Song, C and Zhang, T (2016) Paleomagnetic data bearing on the Mesozoic deformation of the Qiangtang Block: implications for the evolution of the Paleo- and Meso-Tethys. Gondwana Research 39, 292–316.Google Scholar
Yin, A and Harrison, TM (2000) Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 28, 211–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanchetta, S, Worthington, J, Angiolini, L, Leven, EJ, Villa, IM and Zanchi, A (2018) The Bashgumbaz Complex (Tajikistan): arc obduction in the Cimmerian orogeny of the Pamir. Gondwana Research 57, 170–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, S, Mo, X, Dong, G, Zhao, Z, Qiu, R, Guo, T and Wang, L (2004) 40Ar-39Ar geochronology of Cenozoic Linzizong volcanic rocks from Linzhou Basin, Tibet, China, and their geological implications. Chinese Science Bulletin 49, 1970–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, D-C, Li, S-M, Cawood, PA, Wang, Q, Zhao, Z-D, Liu, S-A and Wang, L-Q (2016) Assembly of the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes in central Tibet by divergent double subduction. Lithos 245, 7–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, D-C, Zhao, Z-D, Niu, Y, Dilek, Y, Hou, Z-Q and Mo, X-X (2013) The origin and pre-Cenozoic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Gondwana Research 23, 1429–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, D-C, Zhao, Z-D, Niu, Y, Mo, X-X, Chung, S-L, Hou, Z-Q, Wang, L-Q and Wu, F-Y (2011) The Lhasa Terrane: record of a microcontinent and its histories of drift and growth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 301, 241–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Saktura et al. Supplementarty Materials

Saktura et al. Supplementarty Materials 1

Download Saktura et al. Supplementarty Materials(File)
File 11.5 KB
Supplementary material: File

Saktura et al. Supplementarty Materials

Saktura et al. Supplementarty Materials 2

Download Saktura et al. Supplementarty Materials(File)
File 15 KB