Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T03:25:47.428Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Geochemistry of the Laiyang Group from outcrops and Lingke-1 core on Lingshan Island, Shandong Province, Eastern China: implications for provenance, tectonic setting and palaeo-environment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2021

Qing Ma Open the ORCID record for Qing Ma [Opens in a new window] ,
Yaoqi Zhou ,
Hongyu Mu ,
Tengfei Zhou ,
Hanjie Zhao ,
Xingcheng Yin  and
Yanzi Liu
Qing Ma
Affiliation:
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong266580, China
Yaoqi Zhou*
Affiliation:
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong266580, China
Hongyu Mu
Affiliation:
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong266580, China
Tengfei Zhou
Affiliation:
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong266580, China
Hanjie Zhao
Affiliation:
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong266580, China
Xingcheng Yin
Affiliation:
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong266580, China
Yanzi Liu
Affiliation:
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong266580, China
*
Author for correspondence: Yaoqi Zhou, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of Lingshan Island, located along the continental margin of East Asia, have received increased attention. The Lingke-1 core mainly belongs to the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang Group. We investigate provenance, tectonic setting, palaeoclimate and palaeoredox conditions in the study area using elemental geochemistry, thereby elucidating the depositional history of the Lower Cretaceous sediments and reconstructing the palaeo-environment. To achieve this, 90 siltstones and 76 mudstones were sampled from this core and other outcrops on Lingshan Island. The chemical index of alternation (CIA) values for the majority of the samples and the bivariate diagrams indicate that the sedimentary rocks were subjected to minor weathering processes. Geochemical results suggest that source rocks for the region are felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks, along with minor proportions of intermediate igneous rocks. Major- and trace-element discrimination diagrams, deciphering the tectonic history, indicate that source rocks mainly originated from the continental island-arc and active continental margin. Several representative geochemical indices and the bivariate plots based on elemental contents show that the Laiyang Group was predominantly deposited in arid conditions. Sr/Ba values suggest a palaeosalinity transition from brackish to saline, demonstrating a depositional transformation from lacustrine facies for the lower Laiyang Group to marine facies in the upper Laiyang Group. U/Th and V/(V+Ni) ratios and Ce anomalies in the rocks indicate anoxic conditions. We conclude that the conspicuous decline in the trends of the above three geochemical indices, ranging between 400 and 800 m, may be related to the latest Hauterivian oceanic anoxic event.

Keywords

Lingshan IslandCretaceous Laiyang Groupgeochemistryprovenancetectonic settingpalaeo-environment
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 159 , Issue 1 , January 2022 , pp. 37 - 54
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Algeo, TJ and Maynard, JB (2004) Trace element behavior and redox facies in core shales of Upper Pennsylvanian Kansasetype cyclothems. Chemical Geology 206, 289–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong-Altrin, JS, Lee, YI, Kasper-Zubillaga, JJ and Trejo-Ramírez, E (2017) Mineralogy and geochemistry of sands along the Manzanillo and El Carrizal beach areas, southern Mexico: implications for palaeoweathering, provenance, and tectonic setting. Geological Journal 52, 559–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong-Altrin, JS, Lee, YI, Verma, SP and Ramasamy, S (2004) Geochemistry of sandstones from the Upper Miocene Kudankulam Formation, southern Indian: implications for provanance, weathering, and tectonic setting. Journal of Sedimentary Research 47, 285–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong-Altrin, JS, Machain-Castillo, ML, Rosales-Hoz, L, Carranza-Edwards, A, Sanchez-Cabeza, JA and Ruiz-Fernandez, AC (2015a) Provenance and depositional history of continental slope sediments in the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico unraveled by geochemical analysis. Continental Shelf Research 95, 15–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong-Altrin, JS, Nagarajan, R, Balaram, V and Natalhy-Pineda, O (2015b) Petrography and geochemistry of sands from the Chachalacas and Veracruz beach areas, western Gulf of Mexico, Mexico: constraints on provenance and tectonic setting. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 64, 199–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong-Altrin, JS, Nagarajan, R, Madhavaraju, J, Rosalea-Hoz, L, Lee, YI, Balaram, V, Cruz-Martínez, A and Avila-Ramírez, G (2013) Geochemistry of the Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous shales from the Molango Region, Hidalgo, eastern Mexico: implications for source-area weathering, provenance, and tectonic seting. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 345, 185–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong-Altrin, JS and Verma, SP (2005) Critical evaluation of six tectonic setting discrimination diagrams using geochemical data of Neogene sediments from known tectonic setting. Sedimentary Geology 177, 115–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthur, MA and Sageman, BB (1994) Marine black shales: depositional mechanisms and environments of ancient deposits. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 22, 499–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, YY, Liu, ZJ, Sun, PC, Liu, R, Hu, XF, Zhao, HR and Xu, YB (2015) Rare earth and major element geochemistry of Eocene fine-grained sediments in oil shale- and coal-bearing layers of the Meihe Basin, Northeast China. Journal of Asian Sciences 97, 89–101.Google Scholar
Banakar, VK and Jauhari, P (1994) Geochemical trends in the sediments and manganese nodules from a part of the central Indian Ocean. The Geological Society of India 43, 591–8.Google Scholar
Banakar, VK, Parthiban, G, Pattan, JN and Jauhari, P (1998) Chemistry of surface sediment along a north–south transect across the equator in the central Indian Basin: an assessment of biogenic and detrital influences on elemental burial on the seafloor. Chemical Geology 147, 217–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baudin, F (2005) A Late Hauterivian short-lived anoxic event in the Mediterranean Tethys: the ‘Faraoni event’. Continental Shelf Research 337, 1532–40.Google Scholar
Bhatia, MR (1983) Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones. Journal of Geology 91, 611–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhatia, MR and Crook, KAW (1986) Trace element characteristics of greywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basin. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 92, 181–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birk, D and White, JC (1991) Rare earth elements in bituminous coals and underclays of the Sydney Basin, Nova Scotia: element sites, distribution, mineralogy. International Journal of Coal Geology 19, 219–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bock, B, McLennan, SM, Hanson, GN (1998) Geochemistry and provenance of the middle Ordovician Austin Glen member (Normanskill formation) and the Taconian orogeny in New England. Sedimentology 45, 635–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodin, S, Godet, A, Matera, V, Steinmann, P, Vermeulen, J, Gardin, S, Adatte, T, Coccioni, R and Föllmi, KB (2007) Enrichment of redox-sensitive trace metals (U, V, Mo, As) associated with the late Hauterivian Faraoni oceanic anoxic event. International Journal of Earth Sciences 96, 327–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cao, HS, Guo, W, Shan, XL, Ma, L and Sun, PC (2015) Paleolimnological environments and organic accumulation of the Nenjiang Formation in the Southeastern Songliao Basin, China. Oil Shale 32, 5–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cao, J, Wu, M, Chen, Y, Hu, K, Bian, LZ, Wang, LG and Zhang, Y (2012) Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of Jurassic mudstones in the northern Qaidam Basin, northwest China. Chemie der Erde 72, 245–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cecca, F, Marini, A, Pallini, G, Baudin, F and Begouen, V (1993) A guide-level of the uppermost Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous) in the pelagic succession of Umbria-Marche (central Italy): the Faraoni Level. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 99, 551–68.Google Scholar
Chen, ZY, Chen, ZL and Zhang, WG (1997) Quaternary stratigraphy and trace element indicates of the Yangtze delta, eastern China, with special reference to marine transgressions. Quaternary Research 47, 181–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condie, KC and Wronkiewicz, DJ (1990) The Cr/Th ratio in Precambrian pelites from the Kaapvaal craton as an index of craton evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 97, 256–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, R, Lowe, DR and Cullers, RL (1995) The influence of sediment recycling and basement composition on evolution of mudrock chemistry in the southwestern United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59, 2919–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullers, RL (1994) The controls on the major and trace element variation of shales, siltstones, and sandstones of Pennsylvanian–Permian age from uplifted continental blocks in Colorado to platform sediment in Kansas, USA. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 4955–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullers, RL and Podkovyrov, VN (2000) Geochemistry of the Mesoproterozoic Lakhanda shales in southeastern Yakutia, Russia: implications for mineralogical and provenance control, and recycling. Precambrian Research 104, 77–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Das, BK, Al-Mikhlafi, AS and Kaur, P (2006) Geochemistry of Mansar Lake sediments, Jammu, India: implication for source-area weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 26, 649–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, SW, Zhang, YQ, Zhang, FQ, Cui, JJ, Chen, XH, Zhang, SH, Chen, XH, Zhang, SH, Miao, LC, Li, JH, Shi, W, Li, ZH, Huang, SQ and Li, LH (2015) Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous continental convergence and intracontinental orogens in East Asia: a synthesis of the Yanshan Revolution. Journal of Asian Sciences 114, 750–70.Google Scholar
Donskaya, TV, Gladkochub, DP, Mazukabzov, AM and Ivano, AV (2013) Late Paleozoic–Mosozoic subduction-related magmatism at the southern margin of the Siberian continent and 150-million-year history of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 62, 79–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, AP, Sun, SN, Yang, RC, Zhang, Z, De, S, Nenzhelele, JDN, Li, Y, Liu, HP, Zhou, YQ and Yuan, J (2019) Provenance analysis of the Cretaceous Laiyang Group on Lingshan Island (western Yellow Sea, China) and its tectono-sedimentary implications. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 6, 1–17.Google Scholar
Fedo, CM, Nesbitt, HW and Young, GM (1995) Unravelling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for weathering conditions and provenance. Geology 23, 921–4.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floyd, PA and Leveridge, BE (1987) Tectonic environment of the Devonian Gramscatho basin, south Cornwall: framework mode and geochemical evidence from turbiditic sandstones. Journal of the Geological Society 144, 531–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, JH, Li, SX, Xu, LM and Niu, XB (2018) Paleo-sedimentary environmental restoration and its significance of Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yancheng Formation in Ordos Basin, NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development 45, 998–1008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, XG, Wang, J, Chen, WB, Feng, XL, Wang, D, Song, CY and Zeng, SQ (2015) Organic accumulation in lacustrine rift basin: constrains from mineralogical and multiple geochemical proxies. International Journal of Earth Sciences 104, 495–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, XG, Wang, J, Chen, WB, Feng, XL, Wang, D, Song, CY and Zeng, SQ (2016) Elemental geochemistry of the early Jurassic black shales in the Qiangtang Basin, eastern Tethys: constraints for palaeoenvironment conditions. Geological Journal 51, 443–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, XG, Wang, J, Tan, FW, Feng, XL, Wang, D and Song, CY (2012) Geochemistry of terrestrial oil shale from the Lunpola area, northern Tibet, China. International Journal of Coal Geology 81, 191–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, B and Li, Z (2019) The Early Cretaceous sedimentary-tectonic attributes of Lingshan Island Basin, East Shandong Province, China: constraints from the chemical compositions of detrital heavy minerals. Geological Journal 55, 1–12.Google Scholar
Gao, J, Feng, Q, Zhang, X, Zhou, L, Jiao, Z and Qin, Y (2018) Zircon U-Pb geochronology of crystal tuff on Lingshan Island and its geological implications for magmatism, stratigraphic age and geological events. Scientific Reports 8, 12718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ge, YZ and Zhong, JH (2018) Trigger recognition of Early Cretaceous soft-sediment deformation structures in a deep-water slope-failure system. Geological Journal 53, 2633–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
German, CR and Elderfield, H (1990) Application of the Ce anomaly as a paleoredox indicator: the ground rules. Paleoceanography 5, 823–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gholami-Zadeh, P, Adabi, MH, Hisada, K, Hosseini-Barzi, M, Sadeghi, A and Ghassemi, MR (2017) Revised version of the Cenozoic Collision along the Zagros Orogen, insights from Cr-spinel and sandstone modal analyses. Scientific Reports 7, 10828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghosh, S and Sarkar, S (2010) Geochemistry of Permo–Triassic mudstone of the Satpura Gondwana basin, central India: clues for provenance. Chemical Geology 277, 78–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gromet, LP, Dymek, RF, Haskin, LA and Korotev, RL (1984) The “North American shale composite”: its complication, major and trace elements characteristics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48, 2469–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, QJ, Shields, GA, Liu, CQ, Strauss, H, Zhu, MY, Pi, DH, Goldberg, T and Yang, XL (2007) Trace element chemostratigraphy of two Ediacaran–Cambrian successions in South China: implications for organosedimentary metal enrichment and silicification in the early Cambrian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 254, 194–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haq, BU (2014) Cretaceous eustasy revisited. Global and Planetary Change 113, 44–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardenbol, J, Thierry, J, Farley, MB, Jacquint, T, de Graciansky, P and Vail, P (1998) Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence chronostratigraphic framework of European Basins. In Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins (eds de Graciansky, P, Hardenbol, J, Jacquin, T and Vail, PR), pp. 3–13. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), Special Publication no. 60.Google Scholar
Hatck, JR and Leventhal, JS (1992) Relationship between inferred redox potential of the depositional environmental and geochemistry of the Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) Stark Shale Member of the Dennis limestone Wabaunsee County, Kansas USA. Chemical Geology 99, 65–82.Google Scholar
Hay, WW (2017) Toward understanding Cretaceous climate: an updated review. Science China-Earth Sciences 60, 5–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayashi, KI, Fujisawa, H, Holland, HD and Ohmoto, H (1997) Geochemistry of ca. 1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 4115–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
He, HY, Wang, XL, Jin, F, Zhou, ZH, Wang, F, Yang, LK, Ding, X, Boven, A and Zhu, RX (2006) The 40Ar/39Ar dating of the early Jehol biota from Fengning, Hebei Province, northern China. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hippertt, JP, Caxito, FA, Uhlein, GJ, Nalini, HA, Sial, AN, Abreu, AT and Nogueira, LB (2019) The fate of a Neoproterozoic intracratonic marine basin: trace elements, TOC and IRON speciation geochemistry of the Bambuí Basin, Brazil. Precambrian Research 330, 101–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, HQ, Li, XH, Li, ZX and Li, WX (2013) Intraplate crustal remelting as the genesis of Jurassic high-K granites in the coastal region of the Guandong Province, SE China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 74, 280–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, BT, Norris, RD and MacLeod, KG (2002) Deep-sea paleotemperature record of extreme warmth during the Cretaceous. Geology 30, 123–6.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irving, E, North, FK and Couillard, R (1974) Oil, climate and tectonics. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 11, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkyns, HC (2010) Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 11, 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ji, SC, Yang, XH, Zhu, HT and Kang, HQ (2021) Element geochemistry and genesis of phosphorus-containing mudstone of the Paleogene Madingo Formation in the Lower Congo Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica 95, 1128–43 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Ji, Z, Meng, QA, Wan, CB, Zhu, DF, Ge, WC, Zhang, YL, Yang, H, Dong, Y and Jing, Y (2019) Generation of late Mesozoic felsic volcanic rocks in the Hailar Basin, northeastern China in response to overprinting of multiple tectonic regimes. Scientific Reports 9, 15854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jia, JL, Liu, ZJ, Bechtel, A, Strobl, SAI and Sun, PC (2013) Tectonic and climate control of oil shale deposition in the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (Songliao Basin, NE China). International Journal of Earth Sciences 102, 1717–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, SH, Bagas, L and Liang, QL (2015) New insights into the petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in the Shanghang Basin in the Fujian Province, China. Journal of Asian Earth Science 105, 48–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, B and Manning, DAC (1994) Comparison of geochemical indices used for the interpretation of palaeoredox conditions in ancient mudstones. Chemical Geology 111, 111–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, CE and Jenkyns, HC (2001) Sea water strontium isotopes, oceanic anoxic events, and sea floor hydrothermal activity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. American Journal of Science 301, 112–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnsson, MJ (1993) The system controlling the composition of clastic sediments. Geological Society of America Special Papers 284, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasanzu, C, Maboko, MAH and Manya, S (2008) Geochemistry of fine-grained clastic sedimentary rocks of the Neoproterozoic Ikorongo Group, NE Tanzania: implications for provenance and source rock weathering. Precambrian Research 164, 201–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J, Yi, K, Jeong, YJ and Cheong, CS (2011) Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Mesozoic high-K granites in the central Korean peninsula. Gondwana Research 20, 609–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimura, T (1998) Relationships between inorganic elements and minerals in coals from the Ashibetsu district, Ishakari coal field, Japan. Fuel Processing Technology 56, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klemme, HD and Ulmishek, GF (1991) Effect petroleum rocks of the world: stratigraphic distribution and controlling depositional factors. AAPG Bulletin 75, 667–89.Google Scholar
Leckie, RM, Bralower, TJ and Cashman, R (2002) Oceanic anoxic events and plankton evolution: biotic response to tectonic forcing during the mid-Cretaceous. Paleoceanography 17, 13-1–13-29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lézin, C, Andreu, B, Pellenard, P, Bouchez, JL, Emmanuel, L, Fauré, P and Landrein, P (2013) Geochemical disturbance and paleoenvironmental changes during the Early Toarcian in NW Europe. Chemical Geology 341, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, G and Bengtson, P (2018) Early Cretaceous ammonites from eastern Heilongjiang, northeastern China, and their chronostratigraphical significance. Cretaceous Research 88, 197–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, G and Matsuoka, A (2015) Searching for a non-marine Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary in northeastern China. Journal of Geological Society Japan 121, 109–22.Google Scholar
Li, SJ, Zhang, XY, Zhao, XL, Sun, ZX, Zhang, DY, Zhang, L, Xu, L, Wei, N and Liu, BM (2017) Discovery of fish and conchostracan fossils in Lower Cretaceous in Lingshan Island, Qingdao, Shandong. Geological Review 63, 1–6 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Li, SL, Zhu, XM, Li, SL, Gong, CL and Pan, R (2019) Trigger mechanisms of gravity flow deposits in the Lower Cretaceous lacustrine rift basin of Lingshan Island, eastern China. Cretaceous Research 107, 104269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liang, JL, Tang, DZ, Xu, H, Tao, S, Li, CC and Gou, M (2014) Formation conditions of Jimusaer oil shale at the northern foot of Bogda Mountain, China. Oil Shale 31, 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liang, Z, Zhou, YQ and Van Loon, AJ (2018) Soft-sediment deformation structures induced by rapid sedimentation in Early Cretaceous turbidites, Lingshan Island, eastern China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, 118–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, S, Hu, R and Gao, S (2008) U–Pb zircon age, geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic constraints on age and origin of alkaline intrusions and associated mafic dikes from Sulu orogenic belt, Eastern China. Lithos 106, 365–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, X, Sun, M, Yuan, C, Xiao, W and Cai, K (2008) Early Paleozoic sedimentary record of the Chinese Altai: implications for its tectonic evolution. Sedimentary Geology 208, 88–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, XP, Yuan, C, Sun, M, Xiao, WJ, Wang, YJ, Cai, KD and Jiang, YD (2012) Geochemistry and Nd isotopic composition of the Early Paleozoic flysch sequence in the Chinese Altai, Central Asia: evidence for a northward-derived mafic source and insight into Nd model ages in accretionary orogen. Gondawana Research 22, 554–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lü, HB, Wang, B and Zhang, HC (2011) Discovery of the Late Mesozoic slump beds in Lingshan Island, Shandong, and a pilot research on the regional tectonics. Acta Geologica Sinica 85, 938–46 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Lü, HB, Zhang, HC, Wang, J, Dong, SJ, Dong, XP and Zhang, X (2012) A giant olistolith discovered in the Late Mesozoic turbidites in Lingshan Island, Jiaonan, Shandong. Geological Review 58, 80–1 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Luan, GZ, Li, AL, Wang, J, Li, G and Xie, RJ (2010) The geological origin division of the main sea island in Qingdao area and environmental analysis. Periodical of Ocean University of China 40, 111–6 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Ma, L, Jiang, SY and Hofmann, AW (2014) Lithospheric and asthenospheric sources of lamprophyres in the Jiaodong Peninsula: a consequence of rapid lithospheric thinning beneath the North China Craton? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 124, 250–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, PF, Wang, LC, Wang, CS, Wu, XH and Wei, YS (2015) Organic-matter accumulation of the lacustrine Lunpola oil shale, central Tibetian Plateau: controlled by the paleoclimate, provenance, and drainage system. International Journal of Coal Geology 147–148, 58–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madhavaraju, J (2015) Geochemistry of late Cretaceous sediments rocks of the Cauvery Basin, south Indian: constraints on paleo-weathering, provenance, and end Cretaceous environments. Chemostratigraphy 124, 185–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLennan, SM (1993) Weathering and global denudation. Journal of Geology 101, 295–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLennan, SM, Hemming, S, McDaniel, DK and Hanson, GN (1993) Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance, and tectonics. Geological Society of America Special Papers 284, 21–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLennan, SM, Taylor, SR, McCulloch, MT and Maynard, JB (1990) Geochemical and Nb-Sr isotopic composition of deep-sea turbidites: crustal evolution and plate tectonic associations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 2015–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meng, QT, Liu, ZJ, Bruch, AA, Liu, R and Hu, F (2012) Palaeoclimatic evolution during the Eocene and its influence on oil shale mineralisation, Fushun Basin, China. Journal of Asia Earth Sciences 45, 95–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Middleton, GV (1962) A multivariate statistical technique applied to the study of sandstone composition. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 106, 119–26.Google Scholar
Moradi, AV, Sari, A and Akkaya, P (2016) Geochemistry of the Miocene oil shale (Hançili Formation) in the Çankırı-Çorum Basin, Central Turkey: implications for Paleoclimate conditions, source-area weathering, provenance and tectonic setting. Sedimentary Geology 341, 289–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, RW, ten Brink, MRB, Jones, DL, Gerlach, DC and Russ, GP III (1990) Rare earth elements as indicators of different marine depositional environments in chert and shale. Geology 18, 268–71.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nath, BN, Roelandts, I, Sudhakar, M and Pluger, W (1992) Rare earth element patterns of the central Indian Basin sediments related to their lithology. Geophysical Research Letters 19, 1197–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nesbitt, HW and Young, GM (1982) Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 299, 715–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, CL, Robinson, SA, Pancost, RD, Damsté, JSS, Schouten, S, Lunt, DJ, Alsenz, H, Bornemann, A, Bottini, C, Brassell, SC, Farnsworth, A, Forster, A, Huber, BT, Inglis, GN, Jenkyns, HC, Linnert, C, Litter, K, Markwick, P, McAnena, A, Mutterlose, J, Naafs, BDA, Püttmann, W, Sluijs, A, Van Helmonde, NAGM, Vellekoop, J, Wagner, T and Wrobel, N (2017) Cretaceous sea-surface temperature evolution: constraints from TEX86 and planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes. Earth Science Review 172, 224–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Och, LM, Müller, B, Wichser, A, Ulrich, A, Vologina, EG and Sturm, M (2014) Rare earth elements in the sediments of Lake Baikal. Chemical Geology 376, 61–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogg, JG and Hinnov, LA (2012) Cretaceous. In The Geologic Time Scale 2012 (eds Gradstein, FM, Ogg, JG and Schmitz, MD), pp. 793–853. Amsterdam: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogg, JG, Ogg, G and Gradstein, FM (2016) The Concise Geologic Time Scale. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 226 p. Google Scholar
Pattan, JN and Banakar, VK (1997) Diagenetic remobilization of rare earth elements in a sediment core from the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 26, 341–4.Google Scholar
Pattan, JN and Jauhari, P (2001) Major, trace and rare earth elements in the sediments of Central Indian Ocean Basin: their source and distribution. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 19, 85–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pattan, JN, Pearce, NJG and Mislankar, PG (2005) Constraints in using Cerium-anomaly of bulk sediments as an indicator of paleo bottom water redox environment: a case study from the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Chemical Geology 221, 260–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettijohn, FJ and Potter, PE (1972) Sand and Sandstone. New York: Springer, p. 62.Google Scholar
Potter, PE (1978) Petrology and chemistry of big river sands. Journal of Geology 86, 423–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qi, L, Hu, J and Gregoire, DC (2000) Determination of trace elements in granites by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta 51, 507–13.Google Scholar
Qiu, LG, Ren, FL, Cao, ZX and Zhang, YQ (2010) Late Mesozoic magmatic activities and their constraints on geotectonics of Jiaodong Region. Geotectonica et Metalloginia 32, 117–23 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Quinby-Hunt, MS and Wilde, P (1994) Thermodynamic zonation in the black shale facies based on iron-manganese-vanadium content. Chemical Geology 113, 297–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reichow, MK, Litvinovsky, BA, Parrish, RR and Saunders, AD (2010) Multi-stage emplacement of alkaline and peralkaline syenite-granite suites in the Mongolian-Transbaikalian Belt, Russia: evidence from U–Pb geochronology and whole rock geochemistry. Chemical Geology 273, 120–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rimmer, SM (2004) Geochemical paleoredox indicators in Devonian–Mississippian black shales, Central Appalachian Basin (USA). Chemical Geology 206, 373–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roddaz, M, Viers, J, Brusset, S, Baby, P, Boucayrand, C and Herail, G (2006) Controls on weathering and provenance in the Amazonian foreland basin: insights from major and trace element geochemistry of Neogene Amazonian sediments. Chemical Geology 226, 31–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roser, BP and Korsch, RJ (1986) Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone-mudstone suites using SiO2 content and K2O/Na2O ratio. Journal of Geology 94(5), 635–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roser, BP and Korsch, RJ (1988) Provenance signatures of sandstone and mudstone suites determined using discriminant function analysis of major element data. Chemical Geology 67, 119–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, PD and Smykatz-Kloss, W (2007) REE geochemistry of the recent playa sediments from the Thar Desert, India: an implication to playa sediment provenance. Chemie der Erde/Geochemistry 67, 55–68.Google Scholar
Sames, B, Wagreich, M, Wendler, JE, Haq, BU, Conrad, CP, Melinte-Dobrinescu, MC, Hu, X, Wendler, I, Wolfgring, E, Yilmaz, IÖ and Zorina, SO (2016) Review: short-term sea-level changes in a greenhouse world—a view from the Cretaceous. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 441, 393–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SDGM (Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources) (1991) Regional geology of Shandong province. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.Google Scholar
Shao, ZF, Zhong, JH, Li, Y, Mao, C, Liu, SX, Ni, LT, Tian, Y, Cui, XY, Liu, YT, Wang, XN, Li, WH and Lin, GS (2014) Characteristics and sedimentary processes of lamina-controlled sand-particle imbricate structure in deposits on Lingshan Island, Qingdao, China. Science China, Earth Sciences 57, 1061–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields, G and Stille, P (2001) Diagenetic constraints on the use of cerium anomalies as palaeoseawater redox proxies: an isotopic and REE study of Cambrian phosphorites. Chemical Geology 175, 29–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, P and Rajamani, V (2001) REE geochemistry of recent clastic sediments from the Kaveri floodplains, southern India: implication to source area weathering and sedimentary processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65, 3093–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sketon, PW, Spicer, RA, Kelly, SP and Gilmour, I (2003) The Cretaceous World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 360 p.Google Scholar
Steuber, T, Rauch, M, Masse, JP, Graaf, J and Malkoč, M (2005) Low-latitude seasonality of Cretaceous temperatures in warm and cold episodes. Nature 437, 1341–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, L, Gui, H and Chen, S (2012) Geochemistry of sandstones from the Neoproterozoic Shijia Formation, northern Anhui Province, China: implications for provenance, weathering and tectonic setting. Chemie Der Erde/Geochemistry 72, 253–60.Google Scholar
Sun, SS and McDonough, WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in the Ocean Basin (eds AD Saunders and MJ Norry), pp. 313–46. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suttner, LJ and Dutta, PK (1986) Alluvial sandstone composition and paleoclimate; I, Framework mineralogy. Journal of Sedimentary Research 56, 329–45.Google Scholar
Tao, HF, Sun, S, Wang, ZQ, Yang, XF and Jiang, L (2014) Petrography and geochemistry of Lower Carboniferous greywacke and mudstones in Northeast Junggar, China: implications for provenance, source weathering, and tectonic setting. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 87, 11–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, SR and McLennan, SM (1985) The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 312 p.Google Scholar
Toyoda, K, Nakamura, Y and Masuda, A (1990) Rare earth elements of Pacific pelagic sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 1093–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tribovillard, N, Algeo, TJ, Lyons, T and Riboulleau, A (2006) Trace elementals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: an update. Chemical Geology 232, 12–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van de Kamp, PC and Leake, BE (1985) Petrography and geochemistry of feldspathic and mafic sediments of the northeastern Pacific margin. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Science 76, 411–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verma, SP and Armstrong-Altrin, JS (2013) New multi-dimensional diagrams for tectonic discrimination of siliclastic sediments and their application to Precambrian basins. Chemical Geology 355, 117–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verma, SP and Armstrong-Altrin, JS (2016) Geochemical discrimination of siliciclastic sediments from active and passive margin settings. Sedimentary Geology 332, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wan, XQ, Wignall, PB and Zhao, WJ (2003) The Cenomanian-Turonian extinction and oceanic anoxic event: evidence from southern Tibet. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 199, 283–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, CS and Hu, XM (2005) Cretaceous world and oceanic red beds. Earth Science Frontiers 12, 11–21 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Wang, CS, Hu, XM, Sarti, M, Scott, RW and Li, XH (2005) Upper Cretaceous oceanic red beds in southern Tibet: a major change from anoxic to oxic, deep-sea environments. Cretaceous Research 26, 21–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J, Chang, SC, Lü, HB and Zhang, HC (2014a) Detrital zircon U–Pb age constraints on Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of Lingshan Island and implications for tectonic evolution of Eastern Shandong, North China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 96, 27–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, L, Zhang, K, Lin, S, He, W, Kou, X and Zhou, X (2019) Turbidite record of a Neoproterozoic active continental margin in the West Cathaysia terrane, South China: implications for the relationships between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks and their positions in Rodinia. Precambrian Research 2019, 105457.Google Scholar
Wang, LC, Liu, CL, Gao, X and Zhang, H (2014b) Provenance and paleogeography of the Late Cretaceous Mengyejing Formation, Simao Basin, southeastern Tibetan Plateau: whole-rock geochemistry, U–Pb geochronology, and Hf isotopic constraints. Sedimentary Geology 304, 44–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X, Wilde, S, Li, Q and Yang, YN (2015) Continental flood basalts derived from the hydrous mantle transition zone. Nature Communication 6, 7700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y, Yang, Y, Siebel, W, Zhang, H, Zhang, YS and Chen, FK (2020) Geochemistry and tectonic significance of late Paleoproterozoic A-type granites along the southern margin of the North China Craton. Scientific Report 10, 86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, ZW, Fu, XG, Feng, XL, Song, CY, Wang, D, Chen, WB and Zeng, SQ (2017a) Geochemical features of the black shales from the Wuyu Basin, southern Tibet: implications for palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate. Geological Journal 52, 282–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, ZW, Wang, J, Fu, XG, Feng, XL, Wang, D, Song, CY, Chen, WB and Zeng, SQ (2017b) Petrography and geochemistry of Upper Triassic sandstones from the Zana Formation in the Woruo Mountain area, North Qiangtang Basin, Tibet: implications for provenance, source area weathering and tectonic setting. Island Arc 26, e12191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, ZW, Wang, J, Fu, XG, Zhan, WZ, Armstrong-Altrin, JS, Yu, F, Feng, XL, Song, CY, Chen, WB and Zeng, SQ (2018) Geochemistry of the Upper Triassic black mudstones in the Qiangtang Basin, Tibet: implications for paleoenvironment, provenance, and tectonic setting. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 160, 118–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, ZW, Wang, J, Fu, XG, Zhan, WZ, Yu, F, Feng, XL, Song, CY, Chen, WB and Zeng, SQ (2017c) Organic material accumulation of Carnian mudstones in the North Qiangtang Depression, eastern Tethys: controlled by the paleoclimate, paleoenvironment, and provenance. Marine and Petroleum Geology 88, 440–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wignall, PB and Twitchett, RJ (1996) Oceanic anoxia and the end Permian mass extinction. Science 272, 1155–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilde, P, Quinby-Hunt, MS and Erdtmann, BD (1996) The whole-rock cerium anomaly: a potential indicator of eustatic sea-level changes in shales of the anoxic facies. Sedimentary Geology 101, 43–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, PA, Jenkyns, HC, Elderfield, H and Larson, RL (1998) The paradox of drowned carbonate platforms and the origin of Cretaceous Pacific guyots. Nature 392, 889–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J, Schrader, H and Holser, WT (1987) Paleoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by rare earth elements in fossil apatite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 631–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wronkiewicz, DJ and Condie, KC (1989) Geochemistry and provenance of sediments from the Pongola Supergroup, South Africa: evidence for a 3.0-Ga-old continental craton. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 1537–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, FY, Lin, JQ, Wilde, SA, Zhang, XO and Yang, JH (2005) Nature and significance of the Early Cretaceous giant igneous event in eastern China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 233, 103–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xi, DP, Wan, XQ, Li, GB and Li, G (2019) Cretaceous integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China. Science China Earth Sciences 62, 256–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, MG, Zhuang, XG, Yi, W and Mao, WH (2012) Sources and control factors of rare earth elements in Late Permian mudstones, Southwest China. Journal of Central South University 19, 1741–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xie, JC, Tang, DW, Xia, DM, Wang, Y, Li, QZ, Yang, XY and Sun, WD (2019) Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the formation of Chizhou Cu-Mo polymetallic deposits, Middle and Lower Yangtze metallogenic belt, eastern China. Ore Geology Reviews 109, 322–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, BH, Ding, SL, Wang, Y and Liu, QF (2011) Geochemical characteristics of illite clay rocks from the Shihezi Formation in the Hanxing mining area and its sedimentary environment. Mining Science and Technology (China) 21, 495–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xue, F, Santosh, M, Tsunogae, T and Yang, F (2019) Geochemical and isotopic imprints of early Cretaceous mafic and felsic dyke suites track lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction and craton destruction in the North China Craton. Lithos 326–327, 174–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, DT, Chen, DZ, Wang, QC and Wang, JG (2010) Large-scale climate fluctuations in the latest Ordovician on the Yangtze block, south China. Geology 38, 599–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, RC, Fan, AP, Han, ZZ and Van Loon, T (2016) An upward shallowing succession of gravity flow deposits in the Early Cretaceous Lingshandao Formation, western Yellow Sea. Acta Geologica Sinica 90, 1553–4.Google Scholar
Yang, RC, Fan, AP, Han, ZZ and Van Loon, AJ (2017) A marine or continental nature of the deltas in the Early Cretaceous Lingshandao Formation—evidences from trace elements. Acta Geologica Sinica 91, 367–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, RC, Fan, AP, Van Loon, AJ, Han, ZZ and Zavala, C (2018a) The influence of hyperpycnal flows on the salinity of deep-marine environments, and implications for the interpretation of marine facies. Marine and Petroleum Geology 98, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, T, Cao, YC, Friis, H, Liu, KY and Wang, Y (2018b) Origin and evolution processes of hybrid event beds in the Lower Cretaceous of the Lingshan Island, Eastern China. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 65, 517–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, T, Cao, YC, Liu, KY, Zhou, LL and Jin, JH (2019) Origin of deep-water fine-grained sediments as revealed from the Lower Cretaceous rifting basin sequence in the Lingshan Island, Yellow Sea, Eastern China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 186, e104065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, W and Li, SG (2008) Geochronology and geochemistry of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Western Liaoning: implications for lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton. Lithos 102, 88–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, GM and Nesbitt, HW (1999) Paleoclimatology and provenance of the glaciogenic Gowganda Formation (Paleoproterozoic), Ontario, Canada: a chemostratigraphic approach. Geological Society of America Bulletin 111, 264–74.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, J, Xie, J, Dong, ZF, Shan, K, Zhou, YQ, Wu, GJ, Yu, GD and Zhong, JH (2019) Sedimentary characteristics and evolution model of Laiyang Group in Early Cretaceous of Lingshan Island, Shandong Province. Journal of China University of Petroleum 43, 53–64 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Yue, J, Dong, Y, Zhang, B, Mu, L, Wang, G, Chen, A, Yuan, B, Liu, J and Wei, J (2011) Several geochemical indicators of the west coast of Bohai Sea. Acta Geologica Sinica 85, 1239–50.Google Scholar
Yuri, ZN, Eder, VG and Zamirailova, AG (2008) Composition and formation environments of the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous black shale Bazhenov Formation (the central part of the West Siberian Basin). Marine and Petroleum Geology 25, 289–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeng, SQ, Wang, J, Chen, WB, Fu, XG, Feng, XL, Song, CY, Wang, D and Sun, W (2019) Geochemical characteristics of Early Cretaceous marine oil shale from the Changhe Mountain area in the northern Qiangtang Basin, Tibet: implications for paleoweathering, provenance, tectonic setting, and organic matter accumulation. Geological Journal 2019, 1–18.Google Scholar
Zeng, SQ, Wang, J, Fu, XG, Chen, WB, Feng, XL, Wang, D, Song, CY and Wang, ZW (2015) Geochemical characteristics, redox conditions, and organic matter accumulation of marine oil shale from the Changliang Mountain area, northern Tibet. China. Marine and Petroleum Geology 64, 203–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhai, MG, Zhu, RX, Liu, JM, Meng, QR, Hou, QL, Hu, SB, Liu, W, Li, Z and Zhang, HF (2004) Time range of Mesozoic tectonic regime inversion in eastern North China Block. Science in China Series D 47, 151–9.Google Scholar
Zhang, FQ, Chen, HL, Yu, X, Dong, CW, Yang, SF, Pang, YM and Batt, GE (2011) Early Cretaceous volcanism in the northern Songliao Basin, NE China, and its geodynamic implication. Gondwana Research 19, 163–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, HC, Lü, HB, Li, JG, Wang, J, Zhang, SQ, Dong, XP, Zhang, X, Huang, ZC, Shu, YC and Ren, XM (2013) The Ling Shan Dao Formation: a new lithostratigraphic unit of the Early Cretaceous in Qingdao, Shandong, China. Journal of Stratigraphy 37, 216–22 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhang, KJ, Li, QH, Yan, LL, Zeng, L, Lu, L, Zhang, YX, Hui, J, Jin, X and Tang, XC (2017a) Geochemistry of limestones deposited in various plate tectonic settings. Earth-Science Reviews 167, 27–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, SM, Cheng, LR and Liu, DT (2001) Some discovery of Dasycladaceae fossils from Laiyang Group in Jiaonan region. Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology 31, 209–12 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhang, SS (1988) Application and research of Mg/Al ratio in the sedimentary rocks. Bulletin of Mineral Geochemistry 7, 112–3 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhang, W, Mu, KH, Cui, ZJ, Feng, JL and Yang, JQ (2007) Record of the environment change since Holocene in the region of Gongwang Mountain, Yunnan Province. Earth and Environment 35, 343–50 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhang, WW (2017) Identification of sedimentary environment of fine-grained sedimentary rock based on major (trace) elements analysis: taking the lower fourth member of Shahejie formation in the well of Shen352 of Anfutun area of Damintun depression for example. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University 41, 99–106 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhang, XY, Li, SJ, Yan, MM, Wang, XX and Geng, G (2019) Early Cretaceous black shale in the Fajiaying Formation (Lingshan Island, East China): terrestrial record of hothouse climate. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 191, 104200.Google Scholar
Zhang, YQ, Li, JL, Zhang, T, Dong, SW and Yuan, JY (2008) Cretaceous to Paleocene tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Jiaolai Basin and the contiguous areas of the Shandong Peninsula (North China) and its geodynamic implications. Acta Geologica Sinica 82, 1229–57 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhang, Z, Cheng, RH, Shen, YJ, Wang, LL and Hu, XQ (2017b) Mesozoic sequence stratigraphy and its response to tectonic evolution of the eastern depression, North Yellow Sea Basin, North China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 160, 445–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, ZK, Zhou, YQ, Peng, TM, Yu, SS, Yue, HW, Zhou, TF and Liu, JZ (2017c) Geochemical characteristics and signatures from Laiyang Group at Lingshan Island, Qingdao, Shandong. Earth Science 42, 357–77 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhang, ZK, Zhou, YQ, Zhou, TF, Yu, SS, He, YF and Gao, F (2018) Geochemistry of siltstones of the Early Cretacous Laiyang Group in Taolin area, Shandong Province, Eastern China: implications for provenance, source weathering, paleoenvironment, and tectonic setting. Geological Journal 2018, 1–14.Google Scholar
Zhao, L, Dai, S, Nechaev, VP, Nechaeva, EV, Graham, IT and French, D (2019) Enrichment origin of critical elements (Li and rare earth elements) and a Mo-U-Se-Re assemblage in Pennsylvanian anthracite from the Jincheng Coalfield, southeastern Qinshui Basin, northern China. Ore Geology Reviews, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, ZY, Zhao, JH, Wang, HJ, Liao, JD and Liu, CM (2007) Distribution characteristics and applications of trace elements in Junggar Basin. Natural Gas Exploration and Development 30, 30–3.Google Scholar
Zheng, RC and Liu, MQ (1999) Study on palaeosalinity of Chang-6 oil reservoir set in Ordos Basin. Oil & Gas Geology 20, 20–5 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhong, J (2012) The Mesozoic sedimentary rocks on Lingshan Island: are they deep-water far sourced turbidites or intra-continental deltaic sediments? – a discussion with Prof. Lu Hongbo. Geological Review 58, 1180–2 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhou, TF and Zhou, YQ (2020) Whole rock major and trace element of 40 siltstone samples from the core of Lingshan Island Scientific Drill, East China, Version Version 1.0. Interdisciplinary Earth Data Alliance (IEDA), https://doi.org/10.26022/IEDA/111546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, XH, Yang, JH and Zhang, LC (2003) Metallogenesis of superlarge gold deposits in Jiaodong region and deep processes of subcontinental lithosphere beneath North China Craton in Mesozoic. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 46, 14–25.Google Scholar
Zhou, YQ, Zhang, ZK, Liang, WD, Li, S and Yue, HW (2015) Late Mesozoic tectono-magmatic activities and prototype basin restoration in Eastern Shandong Province, China. Earth Science Frontiers 22, 137–56 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhou, YQ, Zhou, TF, Ma, CQ, Zhang, ZK, Dong, SH, Gu, YJ, Yin, XC, Li, MJ and Liang, WD (2018) Transcrustal magmatic system of early Cretaceous (Qingshan Stage) in eastern Shandong and the basin formation related to “Thermal Upwelling-Detachment”. Earth Science 43, 3373–90 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Ma et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S8

Download Ma et al. supplementary material(File)
File 2.1 MB