Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T20:23:08.147Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Relationship between allozyme heterozygosity and rates of divergence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 April 2009

D. O. F. Skibinski
Affiliation:
Department of Genetics, University College of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K.
R. D. Ward
Affiliation:
Department of Human Sciences, University of Technology, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, U.K.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The relationship between locus variability and genetic identity is analysed in pooled data from a collection of Drosophila and vertebrate allozyme surveys. For vertebrates the analysis provides evidence that loci with high expected heterozygosity diverge at a faster rate than loci with low heterozygosity in comparisons involving pairs of populations and pairs of species. This relationship is not observed in comparisons of Drosophila species pairs.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1981

References

REFERENCES

Adest, G. A. (1977). Genetic relationships in the genus Uma (Iguanidae). Copeia, pp. 4752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avise, J. C. & Smith, M. H. (1977). Gene frequency comparisons between sunfish (Centrarchidae) populations at various stages of evolutionary divergence. Systematic Zoology 26, 319335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avise, J. C. & Selander, R. K. (1972). Evolutionary genetics of cave-dwelling fishes of the genus Astyanax. Evolution 26, 119.Google ScholarPubMed
Avise, J. C., Smith, M. H. & Selander, R. K. (1974). Biochemical polymorphism and systematicsin the genus Peromyscus. VI. The boylii species group. Journal of Mammalogy 55, 751763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayala, F. J. (1975). Genetic differentiation during the speciation process. Evolutionary Biology 8, 178.Google Scholar
Ayala, F. J. & Gilpin, M. E. (1974). Gene frequency comparisons between taxa: support for the natural selection of protein polymorphisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 71, 48474849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayala, F. J., Teacey, M. L., Barr, L. G., McDonald, J. F. & Pérez-Salas, S. (1974). Genetic variation in natural populations of five Drosophila species and the hypothesis of the selective neutrality of protein polymorphisms. Genetics 77, 343384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrowclough, G. F. & Corbin, K. W. (1978). Genetic variation and differentiation in the Parulidae. Auk 95, 691702.Google Scholar
Bezy, R. L., Gorman, G. C., Kim, Y. J. & Wright, J. W. (1977). Chromosomal and genetic divergence in the fossorial lizards of the family Anniellidae. Systematic Zoology 26, 5771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britton, J. & Thaler, L. (1978). Evidence for the presence of two sympatric species of mice (genus Mus L.) in southern France based on biochemical genetics. Biochemical Genetics 16, 213225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browne, R. A. (1977). Genetic variation in island and mainland populations of Peromyscus leucopus. American Midland Naturalist 97, 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buth, D. G. & Burr, B. M. (1978). Isozyme variability in the cyprinid genus Campostoma. Copeia, pp. 298311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Case, S. M. (1978). Biochemical systematics of the genus Rana native to Western North America. Systematic Zoology 27, 299311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chakraborty, R., Fuerst, P. A. & Nei, M. (1978). Statistical studies on protein polymorphism in natural populations. II. Gene differentiation between populations. Genetics 88, 367390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cothran, E. G., Zimmerman, E. G. & Nadler, C. F. (1977). Genic differentiation and evolution in the ground squirrel subgenus Ictidomys (genus Spermophilus). Journal of Mammalogy 58, 610622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, R. & Highton, R. (1979). Genetic relationships of the eastern large Plethodon of the Ouachita Mountains. Copeia, pp. 95110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feder, J. H., Wurst, G. Z. & Wake, D. B. (1978). Genetic variation in western salamanders of the genus Plethodon, and the status of Plethodon gordoni. Herpetologica 34, 6469.Google Scholar
Frydenberg, O. & Simonsen, V. (1973). Genetics of Zoarces populations. V. Amount of protein polymorphism and degree of genic heterozygosity. Hereditas 75, 221231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuerst, P. A., Chakraborty, R. & Nei, M. (1977). Statistical studies on protein polymorphism in natural populations. 1. Distribution of single locus heterozygosity. Genetics 86, 455483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujio, Y. (1977). Natural hybridization between Platichthys stellatus and Kareius bicoloratus. Japanese Journal of Genetics 52, 117124.Google Scholar
Gartside, D. F., Rogers, J. S. & Dessauer, H. C. (1977). Speciation with little genic and morphological differentiation in the ribbon snakes Thamnophis proximus and T. sauritus (Colubridae). Copeia, pp. 697705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, A. E. (1976). Genetic divergence of insular populations of deer mice. Biochemical Genetics 14, 835848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorman, G. C. & Kim, Y. J. (1976). Anolis lizards of the eastern Caribbean: a case study in evolution. II. Genetic relationships and genetic variation of the bimaculatus group. Systematic Zoology 25, 6277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorman, G. G. & Kim, Y. J. (1977). Genotypic evolution in the face of phenotypic conserva-tiveness. Abudefduf (Pomacentridae) from the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Panama. Copeia, pp. 694697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorman, G. C., Kim, Y. J. & Rubinoff, R. (1976). Genetic relationships of three species of Bathygobius from the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Panama. Copeia, pp. 361364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorman, G. C., Kim, Y. J. & Taylor, C. E. (1977). Genetic variation in irradiated and control populations of Cnemidophorus tigris (Sauria, Teiidae) from Mercury, Nevada, with a discussion of genetic variability in lizards. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 49, 914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorman, G. C., Soulé, M., Yang, S. Y. & Nevo, E. (1975). Evolutionary genetics of insular Adriatic lizards. Evolution 29, 5271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenbaum, I. F. & Baker, R. J. (1976). Evolutionary relationships in Macrotus (Chiroptera): biochemical variation and karyology. Systematic Zoology 25, 1525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, W. P. & Selander, R. K. (1973). Hybridization of karyotypically differentiated populations in the Sceloporus grammicus complex (Iguanidae). Evolution 27, 226242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedgecock, D. & Ayala, F. J. (1974). Evolutionary divergence in the genus Taricha (Sala-mandridae). Copeia, pp. 738746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Highton, R. & Webster, T. P. (1976). Geographic protein variation and divergence in populations of the salamander Plethodon cinereus. Evolution 30, 3345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, G. B. (1972). Evidence that enzyme polymorphisms are not selectively neutral. Nature New Biology 237, 170171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, G. B. (1974). Enzyme polymorphism and metabolism. Science 184, 2837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, G. L. & Packard, R. L. (1974). Electrophoretic analysis of Peromyscus comanche Blair, with comments on its systematic status. Occasional Papers of the Museum. Texas Technical University 24, 116.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. S. (1975). Biochemical systematics of the atherinid genus Menidia. Copeia, pp. 662691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. S. & Mickevich, M. F. (1977). Variability and evolutionary rates of characters. Evolution 31, 642648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, W. E. & Selander, R. K. (1971). Protein variation and systematics in kangaroo rats (genus Dipodomys). Systematic Zoology 20, 377405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, W. E., Selander, R. K., Smith, M. H. & Kim, Y. J. (1972). Biochemical genetics of sibling species of the cotton rat (Sigmodon). University of Texas Publication, no. 7213, 297305.Google Scholar
Kilpatrick, C. W. & Zimmerman, E. G. (1975). Genetic variation and systematics of four species of mice of the Peromyscus boylii species group. Systematic Zoology 24, 143162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilpatrick, C. W. & Zimmerman, E. G. (1976). Biochemical variation and systematics of Peromyscus pectoralis. Journal of Mammalogy 57, 506522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura, M. (1968). Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217, 624626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura, M. & Crow, J. F. (1964). The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population. Genetics 49, 725738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, M. & Wilson, A. C. (1975). Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science 188, 107116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirby, G. C. & Halliday, R. B. (1973). Another view of neutral alleles in natural populations. Nature 241, 463464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkpatrick, M. & Selander, R. K. (1979). Genetics of speciation in lake whitefishes in the Allegash Basin. Evolution 33, 478485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kluge, A. G. & Kerfoot, W. C. (1973). The predictability and regularity of character divergence. American Naturalist 107, 426442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koehn, R. K. & Eanes, W. F. (1976). The correlation of rare alleles with heterozygosity. In Population Genetics and Ecology (ed. Karlin, S. and Nevo, E.). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Koehn, R. K. & Eanes, W. F. (1978). Molecular structure and protein variation within and among populations. Evolutionary Biology 11, 39100.Google Scholar
Kornfield, I. L., Ritte, U., Richler, C. & Wahrman, J. (1979). Biochemical and cytological differentiation among cichlid fishes of the Sea of Galilee. Evolution 33, 114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, A. & Highton, R. (1978). Geographic protein variation and divergence in the salamanders of the Plethodon welleri group (Amphibia, Plethodontidae). Systematic Zoology 27, 431448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mascarello, J. T. (1978). Chromosomal, biochemical, mensural, penile, and cranial variation in desert woodrats (Neotoma lepida). Journal of Mammalogy 59, 477495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, T. C. (1975). Biochemical polymorphism in populations of the Argentine toad, Bufo arenarum. Copeia, pp. 454465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinney, C. O., Selander, R. K., Johnson, W. E. & Yang, S. Y. (1972). Genetic variation in the side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana). University of Texas Publication, no. 7213, 307318.Google Scholar
Merritt, R. B., Rogers, J. F. & Kurz, B. J. (1978). Genic variability in the longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae. Evolution 30, 116124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nei, M. (1972). Genetic distance between populations. American Naturalist 106, 283292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nei, M. (1975). Molecular Population Genetics and Evolution. Amsterdam, Oxford and New York: North-Holland.Google ScholarPubMed
Nei, M. (1978). Estimate of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89, 583590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nei, M. & Roychoudhury, A. K. (1974). Sampling variances of heterozygosity and genetic distance. Genetics 76, 379390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nei, M., Fuerst, P. A. & Chakraborty, R. (1976). Testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by distribution of single locus heterozygosity. Nature 262, 491493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nevo, E. (1978). Genetic variation in natural populations: Patterns and theory. Theoretical Population Biology 13, 121177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nevo, E. & Shaw, C. R. (1972). Genetic variation in a subterranean mammal, Spalax ehrenbergi. Biochemical Genetics 7, 235241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nevo, E., Dessauer, H. C. & Chuang, K. C. (1975). Genetic variation as a test of natural selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 72, 21452149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nevo, E., Kim, Y. J., Shaw, C. R. & Thaeler, C. S. (1974). Genetic variation, selection and speciation in Thomomys talpoides pocket gophers. Evolution 28, 123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nottebohm, F. & Selander, R. K. (1972). Vocal dialects and gene frequencies in the Chingolo sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis). Condor 74, 137143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nozawa, K.. Shotake, T., Ohkura, Y. & Tanabe, Y. (1977). Genetic variations within and between species of Asian macaques. Japanese Journal of Genetics 52, 1530.Google Scholar
Ohta, T. & Kimura, M. (1973). A model of mutation appropriate to estimate the number of electrophoretically detectable alleles in a finite population. Genetical Research 22. 201204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patton, J. L., Macarthur, H. & Yang, S. Y. (1976). Systematic relationships of the four-toed populations of Dipodomys heermanni. Journal of Mammalogy 59, 159163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patton, J. L., Selander, R. K. & Smith, M. H. (1972). Genic variation in hybridizing populations of gophers (genus Thomomys). Systematic Zoology 21, 263270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patton, J. L., Yang, S. Y. & Myers, P. (1975). Genetic and morphologic divergence among introduced rat populations (Rattus rattus) of the Galapagos archipelago, Ecuador. Systematic Zoology 24, 296310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierce, B. A. & Mitton, J. B. (1979). Relationship of genetic variation within and among populations: An extension of the Kluge-Kerfoot phenomenon. Systematic Zoology 28, 6370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, J. R. (1975). Protein variation in natural populations of animals. Evolutionary Biology 8, 79119.Google Scholar
Prakash, S. (1977). Genetic divergence in closely related sibling species Drosophila pseudoobscura, Drosophila persimilis and Drosophila miranda. Evolution 33, 1423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riska, B. (1979). Character variability and evolutionary rate in Menidia. Evolution 33, 10011004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roscoe, J. T. (1969). Fundamental Research Statistics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Selander, R. K. (1976). Genic variation in natural populations. In Molecular Evolution (ed. Ayala, F. J.).Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Selander, R. K. & Kaufman, D. W. (1973). Genic variability and strategies of adaptation in animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 70, 18751877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selander, R. K., Hunt, W. G. & Yang, S. Y. (1969). Protein polymorphism and genic heterozygosity in two European subspecies of the house mouse. Evolution 23, 379390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selander, R. K., Smith, M. H., Yang, S. Y., Johnson, W. E. & Gentry, J. B. (1971). Biochemical polymorphism and systematics in the genus Peromyscus: I. Variation in the old-field mouse (Peromyscus poliolotus). University of Texas Publication, no. 7103, 4990.Google Scholar
Sene, F. M. & Carson, H. L. (1977). Genetic variation in Hawaiian Drosophila. IV. Allozymic similarity between D. silvestris and D. heteroneura from the island of Hawaii. Genetics 86, 187198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siebenaller, J. F. (1978). Genetic variability in deep-sea fishes of the genus Sebastolobus (Scorpaenidae). In Marine Organisms: Genetics, Ecology and Evolution (ed. Battaglia, B. and Beardmore, J. A.). New York and London: Plenum.Google Scholar
Smith, J. K. & Zimmerman, E. G. (1976). Biochemical genetics and evolution of North American blackbirds, family Icteridae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B 53, 319324.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, M. H., Selander, R. K. & Johnson, W. E. (1973). Biochemical polymorphism and systematics in the genus Peromyscus. III. Variation in the Florida deer mouse (Peromyscus floridanus), a Pleistocene relict. Journal of Mammalogy 54, 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokal, R. R. (1976). The Kluge-Kerfoot phenomenon re-examined. American Naturalist 110, 10771091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokal, R. R. (1978). Population differentiation: Something new or more of the same? In Ecological Genetics: The Interface (ed. Brussard, P. F.). New York, Heidelberg and Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J. (1969). Biometry. San Francisco: Freeman.Google Scholar
Straney, D. O., O'Farrell, M. J. & Smith, M. H. (1976). Biochemical genetics of Myotis californicus and Pipistrellus hesperus from southern Nevada. Mammalia 40, 344347.Google ScholarPubMed
Taylor, C. E. & Gorman, G. C. (1975). Population genetics of a ‘colonising’ lizard: natural selection for allozyme morphs in Anolis grahami. Heredity 35, 241247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tilley, S. G., Merritt, R. B., Wu, B. & Highton, R. (1978). Genetic differentiation in salamanders of the Desmognathus ochrophaeus complex (Plethodontidae). Evolution 32, 93115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wake, D. B., Maxson, L. R. & Wurst, G. Z. (1978). Genetic differentiation, albumin evolution and their biogeographic implications in plethodontid salamanders of California and Southern Europe. Evolution 32, 529539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, R. D. (1977). Relationship between enzyme heterozygosity and quaternary structure. Biochemical Genetics 15, 123135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, R. D. (1978). Subunit size of enzymes and genetic heterozygosity in vertebrates. Biochemical Genetics 16, 799810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, R. D. & Beardmore, J. A. (1977). Protein variation in the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Genetical Research 30, 4562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, R. D. & Galleguillos, R. A. (1978). Protein variation in the plaice, dab and flounder, and their genetic relationships. In Marine Organisms: Genetics, Ecology and Evolution (ed. Battaglia, B. and Beardmore, J. A.). New York and London: Plenum.Google Scholar
Webster, T. P. (1975). An electrophoretic comparison of the Hispaniolan lizards Anolis cybotes and A. marcanoi. Breviora 431, 18.Google Scholar
Webster, T. P., Selander, R. K. & Yang, S. Y. (1972). Genetic variability and similarity in the Anolis lizards of Bimini. Evolution 26, 523535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, A. C., Carlson, S. S. & White, T. J. (1977). Biochemical evolution. Annual Reviews of Biochemistry 46, 573639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamazaki, T. & Makuyama, T. (1975). Similarity of gene frequencies in different Drosophila species: evidence for the neutrality hypothesis of protein polymorphisms. National Institute of Genetics (Japan). Annual Report 25, 6265.Google Scholar
Yang, S. Y., Soulé, M. & Gorman, G. C. (1974). Anolis lizards of the eastern Carribbean: a case study in evolution. 1. Genetic relationships, phylogeny, and colonization sequence of the roquet group. Systematic Zoology 23, 387399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, S. Y., Wheeler, L. L. & Bock, I. R. (1972). Isozyme variations and phylogenetic relationships in the Drosophila bipectinata species complex. University of Texas Publication, no. 7213, 213227.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, E. G. & Nejtek, M. E. (1977). Genetics and speciation of three semispecies of Neotoma. Journal of Mammalogy 58, 391402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, E. G., Hart, B. J. & Kilpatrick, C. W. (1975). Biochemical genetics of the truei and boylei groups of the genus Peromyscus (Rodentia). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, B 52, 541545.Google ScholarPubMed
Zouros, E. (1973). Genic differentiation associated with early stages of speciation in the mulleri subgroup of Drosophila. Evolution 27, 601621.Google Scholar
Zouros, E. (1976). Hybrid molecules and the superiority of the heterozygote. Nature 262, 227229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed