Non-parametric interval mapping in half-sib designs: use of midranks to account for ties

Abstract

In QTL analysis of non-normally distributed phenotypes, non-parametric approaches have been proposed as an alternative to the use of parametric tests on mathematically transformed data. The non-parametric interval mapping test uses random ranking to deal with ties. Another approach is to assign to each tied individual the average of the tied ranks (midranks). This approach is implemented and compared to the random ranking approach in terms of statistical power and accuracy of the QTL position. Non-normal phenotypes such as bacteria counts showing high numbers of zeros are simulated (0–80% zeros). We show that, for low proportions of zeros, the power estimates are similar but, for high proportions of zeros, the midrank approach is superior to the random ranking approach. For example, with a QTL accounting for 8% of the total phenotypic variance, a gain from 8% to 11% of power can be obtained. Furthermore, the accuracy of the estimated QTL location is increased when using midranks. Therefore, if non-parametric interval mapping is chosen, the midrank approach should be preferred. This test might be especially relevant for the analysis of disease resistance phenotypes such as those observed when mapping QTLs for resistance to infectious diseases.