Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T18:00:15.113Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Genetic characterization of rec-1, a mutant of Ustilago maydis defective in repair and recombination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 April 2009

R. Holliday ,
R. E. Halliwell ,
M. W. Evans  and
V. Rowell
R. Holliday
Affiliation:
National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA
R. E. Halliwell
Affiliation:
National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA
M. W. Evans
Affiliation:
National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA
V. Rowell
Affiliation:
National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Detailed physiological and genetic studies of haploid and diploid strains have revealed a complex phenotype for the rec-1 mutation in Ustilago maydis. The mutant is defective in the repair of damage by UV light, ionizing radiation and nitrosoguanidine. Four alleles are all recessive and have the same sensitivity to UV, suggesting the loss of a single cellular function. A significant fraction of non-viable cells is formed during growth, and in diploid strains considerable variation in colony size and morphology is seen. The spontaneous frequency of mutation is greater than in wild-type cells, but there is little, if any, enhancement by irradiation.

rec-1 also has pleiotropic effects on genetic recombination. The spontaneous level of mitotic allelic or non-allelic recombination is abnormally high, but the relative increase after irradiation is much lower than in control diploids. Allelic recombination is strongly associated with the expression of a hetozygous recessive distal marker, and it is shown that this is often due to hemizygosity rather than to homozygosity of this marker. The results indicate that allelic recombination is due to crossing over rather than gene conversion, but that the cross over is often associated with a chromatid break. rec-1 interacts with other radiation sensitive mutants, such as rec-2. Diploids homozygous for both are totally deficient in allelic recombination. In crosses between rec-1 strains meiosis is defective, with a low viability of meiotic products and frequent production of aneuploids or diploids among the survivors. The overall phenotype of rec-1 strains can best be explained in terms of the loss of a regulatory function, which leads to uncontrolled recombination during mitosis and meiosis, and the loss of a recombination repair pathway which is normally induced by agents which damage DNA.

Type
Research Article
Information
Genetics Research , Volume 27 , Issue 3 , June 1976 , pp. 413 - 453
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1976

References

REFERENCES

Ahmad, A., Holloman, W. K. & Holliday, R. (1975). Nuclease that preferentially inactivates DNA containing mismatched bases. Nature 258, 54–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alberts, B. M. & Frey, L. (1970). T4 bacteriophage gene 32: a structural protein in the replication and recombination of DNA. Nature 227, 1313–1318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badman, R. (1972). Deoxyribonuclease-deficient mutants of Ustilago maydis with altered recombination frequencies. Genetical Research, Cambridge 20, 213–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banks, G. R. (1974) A ribonuclease H from Ustilago maydis. European Journal of Biochemistry 47, 499–507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banks, G. R. & Spanos, A. (1975). The isolation and properties of a DNA-unwinding protein from Ustilago maydis. Journal of Molecular Biology 93, 63–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banks, G. R. & Yarranton, G. T. (1976). A DNA polymerase from Ustilago maydis. II. Properties of the associated deoxyribonuclease activity. European Journal of Biochemistry 62, 143–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banks, G. R., Holloman, W. K., Kairis, M. V., Spanos, A. & Yarranton, G. T. (1976). A DNA polymerase from Ustilago maydis. I. Purification and properties of the polymerase activity. European Journal of Biochemistry 62, 131–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capaldo, F. N., Ramsey, G. & Barbour, S. D. (1974). Analysis of the growth of recombination deficient strains of Escherichia coli K12. Journal of Bacteriology 118, 242–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catcheside, D. G. (1974). Fungal genetics. Annual Review of Genetics 8, 279–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, P. R. & Anagnostakis, S. L. (1971). Corn smut dikaryon in culture. Nature New Biology 231, 19–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fogel, S. & Roth, R. (1974). Mutations affecting meiotic gene conversion in yeast. Molecular and General Genetics 130, 189–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fortuin, J. J. H. (1971). Another two genes controlling intragenic recombination and recovery from UV damage in Aspergillus nidulans. II. Recombination behaviour and X-ray sensitivity of uvsD and uvsE mutants. Mutation Research 11, 265–277.Google ScholarPubMed
Game, J. C. & Cox, B. S. (1973). Synergistic interactions between rad mutations in yeast. Mutation Research 20, 35–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holliday, R. (1961 a). The genetics of Ustilago maydis. Genetical Research, Cambridge 2, 204–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holliday, R. (1961 b). Induced mitotic crossing-over in Ustilago maydis. Genetical Research, Cambridge 2, 231–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holliday, R. (1962 a). Mutation and replication in Ustilago maydis. Genetical Research, Cambridge 3, 472–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holliday, R. (1962 b). Selection of auxotrophs by inositol starvation in Ustilago maydis. Microbial Genetics Bulletin 18, 28–30.Google Scholar
Holliday, R. (1964 a). A mechanism for gene conversion in fungi. Genetical Research, Cambridge 5, 282–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holliday, R. (1964 b). The induction of mitotic recombination by mitomycin C in Ustilago and Saccharomyces. Genetics 50, 323–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holliday, R. (1965 a). Radiation sensitive mutants of Ustilago maydis. Mutation Research 2, 557–559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holliday, R. (1965 b). Induced mitotic crossing-over in relation to genetic replication in synchronously dividing cells of Ustilago maydis. Genetical Research, Cambridge, 6, 104–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holliday, R. (1966). Studies on mitotic gene conversion in Ustilago. Genetical Research, Cambridge 8, 323–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holliday, R. (1967). Altered recombination frequencies in radiation sensitive strains of Ustilago. Mutation Research 4, 275–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holliday, R. (1968). Genetic recombination in fungi. In Replication and Recombination of Genetic Material (ed. Peacock, W. J. and Brock, R. D.), pp. 157–174. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.Google Scholar
Holliday, R. (1971). Biochemical measure of the time and frequency of radiation-induced: allelic recombination in Ustilago. Nature New Biology 232, 233–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holliday, R. (1974). Ustilago maydis. In Handbook of Genetics, vol. I (ed. King, R. C.), pp. 575–595. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Holliday, R. (1975). Further evidence for an inducible recombination repair system in Ustilago maydis. Mutation Research 29, 149–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holliday, R., Holloman, W. K., Banks, G. R., Unrau, P. & Pugh, J. E. (1974). Genetic and biochemical studies of recombination in Ustilago maydis. In Mechanisms in Recombination (ed. Grell, R. F.), pp. 239–262. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holloman, W. K. (1973). Studies on a nuclease from Ustilago maydis. II. Substrate specificity and mode of action of the enzyme. Journal of Biological Chemistry 248, 8114–8119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holloman, W. K. (1975). A protein from Ustilago which forms an acid-soluble complex with deoxyribonucleic acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry 250, 2993–3000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holloman, W. K. & Holliday, R. (1973). Studies on a nuclease from Ustilago maydis. I. Purification, properties and implication in recombination of the enzyme. Journal of Biological Chemistry 248, 8107–8113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard-Flanders, P. (1968). DNA repair. Annual Review of Biochemistry 37, 175–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunnable, E. G. & Cox, B. S. (1971). The genetic control of dark recombination in yeast. Mutation Research 13, 297–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurst, D. D. & Fogel, S. (1964). Mitotic recombination and heteroallelic repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 50, 435–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jansen, G. J. O. (1970). Abnormal frequencies of spontaneous mitotic recombination in uvsB and uvsC mutants of Aspergillus nidulans. Mutation Research 10, 33–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeggo, P. A. & Banks, G. R. (1975). DNA polymerase of Ustilago maydis: partial characterization of the enzyme and a pol 1 mutation. Molecular and General Genetics 142, 209–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kowalski, S. & Laskowski, W. (1975). The effect of three rad genes on survival, inter- and intragenic mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces. Molecular and General Genetics 136, 75–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lea, D. E. & Coulson, C. A. (1949). The distribution of the numbers of mutants in bacterial populations. Journal of Genetics 49, 264–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemontt, J. F. (1971). Mutants of yeast defective in mutation induced by ultraviolet light. Genetics 68, 21–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, C. M. & Fincham, J. R. S. (1970). Genetics of nitrate reductase in Ustilago maydis. Genetical Research, Cambridgei 16, 151–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meselson, M. S. & Radding, C. M. (1975). A general model for genetic recombination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 72, 358–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, P. D. (1975 a). Radiation-sensitive pyrimidine auxotrophs of Ustilago maydis. I. Isolation and characterization of mutants. Mutation Research 28, 355–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, P. D. (1975 b). Radiation-sensitive pyrimidine auxotrophs of Ustilago maydis. II. A study of repair mechanism and UV recovery in pyr 1. Mutation Research 28, 367–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moustacchi, E., Hottinguer-de-Margerie, H. & Fabre, F. (1967). A novel character induced in yeast by P32 decay: the ability to manifest high frequencies of abnormal meiotic segregations. Genetics 57, 909–918.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakai, S. & Mortimer, R. K. (1969). Studies of the genetic mechanism of radiation-induced mitotic segregation in yeast. Molecular and General Genetics 103, 329–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parag, Y. & Parag, G. (1975). Mutations affecting mitotic recombination frequency in haploids and diploids of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Molecular and General Genetics 137, 109–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radman, M. (1974). In Molecular and Environmental Aspects of Mutagenesis (ed. Prakash, et al. ), pp. 128–142. Springfield, Illinois: C. C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Radman, M. (1975). In Molecular Mechanisms for DNA Repair (ed. Hanawalt, P. C. and Setlow, R. B.), pp. 355–367. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Resnick, M. A. (1975). The repair of double-strand breaks in chromosomal DNA of yeast. In Molecular Mechanisms for DNA Repair (ed. Hanawalt, P. C. and Setlow, R. B.). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Rodarte-Ramon, U. S. (1972). Radiation induced recombination in Saccharomyces: the genetic control of recombination in mitosis and meiosis. Radiation Research 49, 148–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodarte-Ramon, U. S. & Mortimer, R. K. (1972). Radiation induced recombination in Saccharomyces: isolation and genetic study of recombination deficient mutants. Radiation Research 49, 133–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roman, H. L. (1956). Studies of gene mutation in Saccharomyces. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium of Quantitative Biology 21, 175–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roman, H. L. & Jacob, F. (1958). A comparison of spontaneous and ultraviolet light induced allelic recombination with reference to the recombination of outside markers. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium of Quantitative Biology 23, 155–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, S. L. (1970). UV sensitive mutants of Neurospora. I. Genetic basis and effect on recombination. Molecular and General Genetics 107, 291–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonet, J. M. (1973). Mutations affecting meiosis in Podospora anserina. II. Effect oimeii mutants on recombination. Molecular and General Genetics 123, 263–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sussman, R. & Ben Zeev, H. (1975). Proposed mechanism of bacteriophage lambda induction: acquisition of binding sites for lambda repressor by DNA of the host. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 72, 1973–1976.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuveson, R. W. (1969). An evaluation of the relationship between ultraviolet sensitivity and crossing over in bacteria and fungi. American Naturalist 103, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Unrau, P. (1975). The excision of pyrimidine dimers from the DNA of mutant and wild-type strains of Vstilago. Mutation Research 29, 53–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Unrau, P. & Holliday, R. (1970). A search for temperature-sensitive mutants of Ustilago maydis blocked in DNA synthesis. Genetical Research, Cambridge 15, 157–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Unrau, P., Wheatcboft, R. & Cox, B. S. (1972). Methods for the assay of ultraviolet light induced pyrimidine dimers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 269, 311–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, R. & Parry, J. M. (1973). A comparative study of the effects of UV irradiation upon diploid cultures of yeast defective at the rad3 locus. Molecular and General Genetics 124, 145–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehouse, H. L. K. (1963). A theory of crossing over by means of hybrid deoxyribonucleic acid. Nature 199, 1034–1040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkie, D. & Lewis, D. (1963). The effect of ultraviolet light on recombination in yeast. Genetics 48, 1701–1716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witkin, E. M. (1969). UV-induced mutation and DNA repair. Annual Review of Genetics 3, 525–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witkin, E. M. & George, D. L. (1973). UV mutagenesis in pol A and uvr A pol A derivatives of E. coli B/r: evidence for an inducible error prone repair system. Genetics Supplement 73, 91–108.Google Scholar