Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T07:53:06.872Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Soluble sugars and proline accumulation play a role as effective indices for drought tolerance screening in Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) during germination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 March 2010

Lotfi Naser ,
Vahdati Kourosh ,
Kholdebarin Bahman  and
Amiri Reza
Lotfi Naser
Affiliation:
Dep. Hortic., College Abouraihan, Univ. Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Vahdati Kourosh*
Affiliation:
Dep. Hortic., College Abouraihan, Univ. Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Kholdebarin Bahman
Affiliation:
Dep. Biol., College Sciences, Shiraz Univ., Shiraz, Iran
Amiri Reza
Affiliation:
Dep. Agron. Crop Breeding, College Abouraihan, Univ. Tehran, Tehran, Iran
*
* Correspondence and reprints
Get access

Abstract

Introduction. Drought stress is the major factor affecting growth, development and production of walnut trees. In Iran, approximately 33 Mha of land is affected by salinization and drought stress. Finding genetic resources tolerant to drought stress at different growth stages is important for such semi-arid regions. Our aim was to understand better the adaptive mechanisms that enable different genotypes of walnut population to survive under drought stress, and to provide some useful clues for walnut tree breeding toward improved drought tolerance with utilization of existing drought-tolerant genetic resources. Materials and methods. To study the mechanism(s) involved in drought tolerance of some Persian walnut genotypes, drought stress was induced using polyethylene glycol-6000 to produce water potentials of 0 Mpa (control), –0.10 MPa, –0.50 MPa, –0.75 MPa, –1.00 MPa, –1.50 MPa and –2.00 MPa. The amount of proline and soluble sugar accumulation in four walnut genotypes (‘Panegine20’, ‘Lara’, ‘Serr’ and ‘Chandler’) were determined after being exposed to the various water potential levels. Results. The rates of seed germination in all genotypes were significantly reduced by low external water potentials. Plants exposed to water stress had a higher amount of soluble sugars in roots and shoots of tolerant genotypes (‘Panegine20’ and ‘Chandler’) and a lower amount of starch in their tissues. These results imply the important roles of soluble sugars as solutes conferring resistance to drought in these genotypes. The free proline levels were also increased in response to drought stress. They were higher in drought-tolerant genotypes than in sensitive ones (‘Lara’ and ‘Serr’). Proline increased more in shoots than in roots. However, the soluble sugar and starch fluctuations were higher in the roots. Conclusion. Our results support a direct correlation between the degree of drought stress and proline content. As a consequence, proline concentrations could be used as a biochemical marker of drought stress level in walnut plants.

Keywords

Iran Islamic RepublicJuglans regiagenetic resourcesdrought stressseedlingssugarsprolineIran République islamiqueJuglans regiaressource génétiquestress dû à la sécheressesemissucresprolineIran República IslámicaJuglans regiarecursos genéticosestrés de sequiaplantulasazucaresprolina
Type
Original article
Information
Fruits , Volume 65 , Issue 2 , March 2010 , pp. 97 - 112
Copyright
© 2010 Cirad/EDP Sciences

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Modarres, R. Da Silva, V.P.R., Rainfall trends in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, J. Arid Environ. 70 (2007) 344–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anon., Land degradation in South Asia: its severity, cause and effects upon the people, FAO, World Soil Res. Rep. 78, Rome, Italy, 1994.
Vahdati K., Nursery management and grafting of walnut, Khaniran Publ., Tehran, Iran, 2003.
Fulton A., Buchner R., The effect of water stress on walnut trees growth, productivity and economics, UC Farm Advis. Draft Publ., Tehama Cty., Univ. Calif., U.S.A., Febr. 23, 2006.
Pallardy, S.G. Rhoads, J.L., Morphological adaptations to drought in seedlings of deciduous angiosperms, Can. J. For. Res. 23 (1993) 1766–1774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girona, J., Cohen, M., Rodrigues, I. Mata, M., Walnut seedlings response to different levels of NaCl in irrigation water, Acta Hortic. 311 (1993) 191–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scartazza, A., Proietti, S., Moscatello, A. Augusti, A., Effect of water shortage on photosynthesis, growth and storage carbohydrate accumulation in walnut (Juglans regia L.), Acta. Hortic. 544 (2001) 277–232.Google Scholar
Rosati, A., Metcalf, S., Buchner, R., Fulton, A. Lampinen, B., Tree water status and gas exchange in walnut under drought, high temperature and vapour pressure deficit, J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. 81 (2006) 415–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochard, H.L., Coll, L., Roux, X.L. Améglio, T., Unraveling the effects of plant hydraulics on stomatal closure during water stress in walnut, Plant Physiol. 128 (2002) 282–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucier, A.A. Hinckley, T. M., Phenology, growth and water relations of irrigated and non-irrigated black walnut, For. Ecol. Manag. 4 (1982) 127–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, W.C. Pallardy, S.G., Gas exchange during a soil drying cycle in seedlings of four black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) families, Tree Physiol. 9 (1991) 339–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yancey, P.H., Clark, M.E., Hand, S.C., Bowlus, R.D. Somero, G.N., Living with water stress: Evolution of osmolyte system, Science 217 (1982) 1214–1222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCue, K.F. Hanson, A.D., Drought and salt tolerance: Towards understanding and application, Trends Biotech. 8 (1990) 358–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samaras Y., Bressan R.A., Csonka L.N., Garcia-Rios M., Paino D’Urzo M., Rhodes D., Proline accumulation during water deficit, in: Smirnoff N. (Ed.), Environment and plant metabolism. Flexibility and acclimation, Bios Scientific Publ., Oxford, UK, 1995., pp. 161–187.
Smirnoff, N. Stewart, G.R., Stress metabolites and their role in coastal plants, Vegetatio 62 (1985) 273–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smirnoff, N. Cumbes, Q.J., Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes, Phytochem. 28 (1989) 1057–1060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hare, P.D. Cress, W.A., Metabolic implications of stress-induced proline accumulation in plants, Plant Growth Regul. 21 (1997) 79–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meier H., Reid J.S.G., Reserve polysaccharides other than starch in higher plants, in: Loewus F.A., Tanner W. (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of plant physiology, New series, Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Ger., 1982.
Prado, F.E., Boero, C., Gallardo, M. Gonzalez, J.A., Effect of NaCl on germination, growth and soluble sugar content in Chenopodium quinoa Willd. seeds, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 41 (2000) 27–34.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, R.R. Gibson, S.I., ABA and sugar interactions regulating development: cross-talk or voices in a crowd, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5 (2001) 26–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoekstra, F.A., Golovina, E.A. Buitink, J., Mechanisms of plant desiccation tolerance, Trends Plant Sci. 6 (2001) 431–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koch KKoch, K., Carbohydrate-modulated gene expression in plants, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant. Mol. Biol. 47 (1996) 509–540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheen, J., Zhou, L. Jang, J.C., Sugars as signalling molecules, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2 (1999) 410–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smeekens, S Smeekens, S., Sugar-induced signal transduction in plants, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 51 (2000) 49–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al Hakimi, A., Monneveux, P. Galiba, G., Soluble sugars, proline and relative water content (RWC) as traits for improving drought tolerance and divergent selection for RWC from T. polonicum into T. durum , J. Genet. Breed. 49 (1995) 237–244.Google Scholar
Pandey, R., Agarwal, R.M., Water stress-induced changes in praline contents and nitrate reductase activity in rice under light and dark conditions, Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 4 (1998) 53–57.Google Scholar
Hohl, M. Peter, S., Water relations of growing maize coleoptiles. Comparison between mannitol and polyethylene glycol 6000 as external osmotica for adjusting turgor pressure, Plant Physiol. 95 (1991) 716–722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, Z. Neumann, P.M., Water-stressed maize, barley and rice seedlings show species diversity in mechanisms of leaf growth inhibition, J. Exp. Bot. 49 (1998) 1945–1952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpita, N., Sabularse, D., Monfezinos, D., Delmer, D.P., Determination of the pore size of cell walls of living plant cells, Sci. 205 (1979) 1144–1147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verslues, P.E., Ober, E.S. Sharp, R.E., Root growth and oxygen relations at low water potentials. Impact of oxygen availability in polyethylene glycol solutions, Plant Physiol. 116 (1998) 1403–1412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotfi N., Vahdati K., Kholdebarin B., Reza A., Hassani D., Effects of water stress on germination in different provenances of J. regia L. seeds from different bioclimatic zones in Iran, in: Yujin Jung, Proc. 5th Int. Crop Sci. Congr. Exhib., Korean Soc. Crop Sci. Int. Soc. Crop Sci., Jeju, Korea, 2008, p. 194.
Lotfi, N., Vahdati, K., Kholdebarin, B. Najafian Ashrafi, E., Germination, mineral composition, and ion uptake in walnut under salinity conditions, HortScience 44 (2009) 1352–1357.Google Scholar
Michel, B.E. Kaufmann, M.R., The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000, Plant Physiol. 51 (1973) 914–916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vahdati, K. Hoseini, S.H., Introducing an innovative procedure for large commercial seed lots stratification in Persian walnut, Acta Hortic. 705 (2006) 355–357.Google Scholar
Turner, N.C Turner, N.C., Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status, Plant Soil. 58 (1981) 339–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, L.S., Waldron, R.P. Teare, I.D., Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies, Plant Soil. 39 (1973) 205–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A. Smith, F., Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances, Anal. Chem. 28 (1956) 350–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jobson J.D., Applied multivariate data analysis, Vol. II: Categorical and multivariate methods, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1992.
Zhang, X.L., Zang, R.G. Li, C.Y., Population differences in physiological and morphological adaptations of Populus davidiana seedlings in response to progressive drought stress, Plant Sci. 166 (2004) 791–797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duan, B.L., Lu, Y.W., Yin, C.Y., Junttila, O. Li, C.Y., Physiological responses to drought and shade in two contrasting Picea asperata populations, Physiol. Plant. 124 (2005) 476–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, C.Y. Wang, K.Y., Differences in drought responses of three contrasting Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell. populations, For. Ecol. Manag. 179 (2003) 377–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, L.V.D. Zeng, Y.J., Response of South African indigenous grass species to drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000, S. Afr. J. Bot. 72 (2006) 284–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verslues, P.E. Sharp, R.E., Proline accumulation in maize primary roots at low water potentials. II Metabolic source of increased proline deposition in the elongation zone, Plant Physiol. 119 (1999) 1349–1360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larher, F., Leport, L., Petrivalsky, M. Chappart, M., Effectors for the osmoinduced proline response in higher plants, Plant Physiol. Biochem. 31 (1993) 911–922.Google Scholar
Fischer, C. Höll, W., Food reserves in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). I. Seasonal changes in the carbohydrate and fat reserves of pine needles, Trees 5 (1991) 187–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, D. Sunkar, R., Drought and salt tolerance in plants, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 24 (2005) 23–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaves, M.M Chaves, M.M., Effects of water deficits on carbon assimilation, J. Exp. Bot. 42 (1991) 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogeat-Triboulot, M.B., Brosche, M., Renaut, J., Jouve, L., Le Thiec, D., Fayyaz, P., Vinocur, B., Witters, E., Laukens, K., Teichmann, T., Altman, A., Hausman, J.F., Polle, A., Kangasjrvi, J. Dreyer, E., Gradual soil water depletion results in reversible changes of gene expression, protein profiles, ecophysiology, and growth performance in Populus euphratica, a poplar growing in arid regions, Plant Physiol. 143 (2007) 876–892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patakas, A. Noitsakis, B., Leaf age effects on solute accumulation in water-stressed grapevines, Plant Physiol. 158 (2001) 63–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kameli, A. Losel, D.M., Carbohydrates and water status in wheat plants under water stress, New Phytol. 125 (1993) 609–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delauney, A.J. Verma, D.P.S., Proline biosynthesis and osmoregulation in plants, Plant J. 4 (1993) 215–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, S.I Gibson, S.I., Control of plant development and gene expression by sugar signalling, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 8 (2005) 93–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Z., Quebedeaux, B. Stutte, G.W., Partitioning of [14C] glucose into sorbitol and other carbohydrates in apple under water stress, Aus. J. Plant Physiol. 23 (1996) 245–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar