Hypertension-related intermyocyte junction remodelling is associated with a higher incidence of low-K⁺-induced lethal arrhythmias in isolated rat heart

Abstract

The aim of this study was to characterise the arrhythmogenic mechanisms involved in hypokalaemia-induced sustained ventricular fibrillation (SVF), in hypertensive rats. The hearts from rats with hypertension induced by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME, and age-matched normotensive controls, were perfused in Langendorff mode with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit solution followed by a K⁺-deficient solution. In additional experiments, free intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) was measured using fura-2 in conjunction with an epicardial optical probe. The epicardial electrocardiogram was continuously monitored during all experiments. The gap junction protein connexin-43 and the ultrastructure of the cardiomyocytes were examined, and selected enzyme activities were measured in situ. There was a higher incidence of low-K⁺-induced SVF in the hearts of hypertensive compared to normotensive rats (83 % vs. 33 %, P < 0.05). Perfusion with a low-K⁺-containing solution lead to elevation of diastolic [Ca²⁺]_i that was accompanied by premature beats, bigeminy, ventricular tachycardia and transient ventricular fibrillation. These events occurred earlier with increased incidence and duration in the hearts of hypertensive rats (arrhythmia scores: hypertensive, 4.9 ± 0.7; normotensive, 3.1 ± 0.1; P < 0.05), which exhibited apparent remodelling accompanied by a significant decrease in the density of connexin-43-positive gap junctions. Moreover, low-K⁺-related myocardial changes, including local impairment of intermyocyte junctions, ultrastructural alterations due to Ca²⁺ overload and intercellular uncoupling, and decreased enzyme activities were more pronounced and more dispersed in hypertensive than normotensive rats. In conclusion, nitric oxide-deficient hypertension is associated with decreased myocardial coupling at gap junctions. The further localised deterioration of junctional coupling, due to low-K⁺-induced Ca²⁺ disturbances, as well as spatial heterogeneity of myocardial alterations including interstitial fibrosis, probably provide the mechanisms for re-entry and sustaining ventricular fibrillation. Experimental Physiology (2002) 87.2, 195-205.