Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T19:06:29.555Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Food Crop Potential of Tropical Trees

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 October 2008

M. G. R. Cannell
Affiliation:
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, Scotland

Summary

Trees are important sources of food in both the humid and semi-arid tropics. Some species have been exploited for centuries and are widely distributed around the world, others have been cultivated only in limited areas, while most are still essentially wild. The potential for rapid genetic improvement by clonal selection is enormous and well-proven by the recent history of some species. Trees can yield as much food per hectare as most C3 annual crops – although special problems may have to be overcome to ensure regular bearing of fruit and nut trees. Trees also offer great ecological and social benefits.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Altieri, M. A. & Farrell, J. (1984). Traditional farming systems of south-central Chile, with special emphasis on agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems 2: 318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, R. B., Bingham, J., Blackwell, R. D., Evans, L. T., Ford, M. A., Morgan, C. L. & Taylor, M. (1980). Genetic improvements in winter wheat yields since 1900 and associated physiological changes. Journal of Agricultura Science, Cambridge 94: 675689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlow, H. W. B. (1971). Effect of cropping on the growth of the apple tree. Report of East Malling Research Station 1970, 52.Google Scholar
Becker, B. (1984). Wildpflanzen in der Ernaehrung der Bevolkerung afrikanischer Trockengebiete: Drei Fallstudien aus Kenia und Senegal. Inst. f. Pflanzenbau u. Tierhyg. i.d. Trop. u. Subtrop, Goettingen: Goettinger Beitrage zur Land- und Forstwirtschaft in den Tropen und Subtropen, Heft 6.Google Scholar
Bené, J. G., Beall, H. W. & Cote, A. (1977). Trees, Food and People. Ottawa: IDRC.Google Scholar
Bergh, B. O. (1969). Avocado. In Outlines of Perennial Crop Breeding in the Tropics, 2351 (Eds Ferwerde, F. P. and Wit, F.). Misc. Papers 4, Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen.Google Scholar
Bergh, B. O. (1976). Avocado. In Evolution of Crop Plants, 148151 (Ed. Simmonds, N. W.). London and New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Browning, G. (1985). Reproductive behaviour of fruit tree crops and its implications for the manipulation of fruit set. In Trees as Crop Plants, 409425 (Eds. Cannell, M. G. R. and Jackson, J. E.) Monks Wood, Huntingdon, UK: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.Google Scholar
Cameron, J. W. & Soost, R. K. (1976). Citrus. In Evolution of Crop Plants, 261265 (Ed. Simmonds, N. W.). London and New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Cannell, M. G. R. (1971). Production and distribution of dry matter in trees of Coffea arabica L. in Kenya as affected by seasonal climatic differences and the presence of fruits. Annals of Applied Biology 67: 99120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannell, M. G. R. & Kimeu, B. S. (1971). Uptake and distribution of macro-nutrients in trees of Coffea arabica L. in Kenya as affected by seasonal climatic differences and the presence of fruits. Annals of Applied Biology 68: 213230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannell, M. G. R., Sheppard, L. J. & Milne, R. (1988). Light use efficiency and woody biomass production of poplar and willow. Forestry 661: 125136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalmers, D. J. & Ende, B. van den (1975). Productivity of peach trees: factors affecting dry weight distribution during tree growth. Annals of Botany 39: 423432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clement, C. R. (1986). The pejibaye palm (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) as an agroforestry component. Agroforestry Systems 4: 205219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corley, R. H. V. (1983). Potential productivity of tropical perennial crops. Experimental Agriculture 19: 217237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAO (1983). Food and Fruit-bearing Forest Species. 1. Examples from Eastern Africa. FAO Forestry Paper 44/1. Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
FAO (1986). Food and Fruit-bearing Forest Species. 3. Examples from Latin America. FAO Forestry Paper 44/3. Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
Getahun, A. (1974). The role of wild plants in the native diet in Ethiopia. Agro-ecosystem. 1: 4556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, P. (1980). Crop load and nutrient translocation. In Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees, 201222 (Ed. Atkinson, D.); London: Butterworth.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IBPGR (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources) (1986). Genetic resources of tropical and subtropical fruits and nuts (excluding Musa). Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. E. & Palmer, J. W. (1977). Effects of shade on the growth and cropping of apple trees. II. Effects on components of yield. Journal of Horticultural Science 52: 253266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarvis, P. G. & Leverenz, J. W. (1983). Productivity of deciduous and evergreen forests. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. New Series Vol. 12D IV, 233280 (Eds Lange, O. L., Nobel, P. S., Osmond, C. B. and Ziegler, H.). Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Jarvis, P. G. & Sandford, A. P. (1986). Temperate forests. In Photosynthesis in Contrasting Environments (Eds Baker, N. R. and Long, S. P.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Kira, T. (1975). Primary production of forests. In Photosynthesis and Productivity in Different Environments, 140 (Ed. Cooper, J. P.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lanner, R. M. (1985). Some attributes of nut-bearing trees of temperate forest origin. In Trees as Crop Plants, 426437 (Eds Cannell, M. G. R. and Jackson, J. E.). Monks Wood, UK: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.Google Scholar
Lenz, F. (1979). Fruit effects on phtosynthesis, light and dark respiration. In Photosynthesis and Plant Development, 271281 (Eds Maralle, R., Clijsters, H. and van Poucke, M.). The Hague: Junk.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, J. E. (1980). Sexual strategies in plants. I. A hypothesis of serial adjustment of maternal investment during one reproductive season. New Phytologist 86: 6979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loomis, R. S. & Gerakis, P. A. (1975). Productivity of agricultural ecosystems. In Photosynthesis and Productivity in Different Environments, 145172 (Ed. Cooper, J. P.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maydell, Von H. J. (1987). Agroforestry in the dry zones of Africa: past, present and future. In Agroforestry, a Decade of Development, 89116 (Eds Steppler, H. A. and Nair, P. K. R.). Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF.Google Scholar
Michon, G. (1983). Village-forest-gardens in West Java. In Plant Research and Agroforestry, 1324 (Ed. Huxley, P. A.). Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF.Google Scholar
Myers, N. (1986). Tree-top based agroecosystems in Java. Forest Ecology and Management 17: 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nair, P. K. R. (1984). Soil productivity aspects of agroforestry. ICRAF, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Nelson, N. D. (1984). Woody plants are not inherently low in photosynthetic capacity. Photosynthetica 18: 600605.Google Scholar
Okafor, J. C. (1978). Development of forest tree crops for food supplies to Nigeria. Forest Ecology and Management 1: 235247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okigbo, B. N. (1977). Neglected plants of horticultural and nutritional importance in traditional farming systems of tropical Africa. Acta Horticultura 53: 131150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, B. S. (1975). Tables of representative values of foods commonly used in tropical countries. Medical Research Council, Special Report No. 302. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Prinz, D. & Rauch, F. (1987). The Bamenda model. Development of a sustainable land-use system in the highlands of West Cameroon. Agroforestry Systems 5: 463747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritts, M. P. & Hancock, J. F. (1985). Lifetime biomass partitioning and yield component relationships in the highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae). American Journal of Botany 72: 446452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sastrapradja, J., Wuligarni-Soetjipto, M., Danimihardja, S. & Soejono, R. (1981). Roots, fruits and vegetables of southeastern Asia. Rome: IBPGR.Google Scholar
Shankarnarayan, K. A., Harsh, L. N. & Kathju, S. (1987). Agroforestry in the arid zones of India. Agroforestry Systems 5: 6988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmonds, N. W. (1985). Perspectives on the evolutionary history of tree crops. In Trees as Crop Plants, 312 (Eds Cannell, M. G. R. and Jackson, J. E.). Monks Wood, Huntingdon, UK: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.Google Scholar
Singh, L. B. (1969). Mango. In Outlines of Perennial Crop Breeding in the Tropics, 309327 (Eds Ferwerde, F. P. and Wit, F.). Misc. Papers 4, Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen.Google Scholar
Squire, G. R. (1984). Light interception, productivity and yield of oil palm. Palm Oil Research Institue of Malaysia (PORIM).Google Scholar
Soemarwoto, O. (1987). Homegardens: a traditional agroforestry system with a promising future. In Agroforestry, a Decade of Development, 157172 (Eds Steppler, H. A. and Nair, P. K. R.). Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF.Google Scholar
Soerjono, R. (1980). Potency of sago as a food-energy source in Indonesia. In Sago. The Equatorial Swamp as a Natural Resource, 3538 (Eds Standon, W. R. and Flach, M.). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Stanton, W. R. & Flach, M. (eds) (1980). Sago. The Equatorial Swamp as a Natural Resource. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Steppler, H. A. & Nair, P. K. R. (1987). Agroforestry. A Decade of Development. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF.Google Scholar
Storey, W. B. (1965). The terrifolia group of Macadamia species. Pacific Science 19: 507514.Google Scholar
Watson, G. A. (1983). Development of mixed tree and food crop systems in the humid tropics: a response to population pressure and deforestation. Experimental Agriculture 19: 311332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, C. N. & Chew, W. Y. (1979). Tree and Field Crops of the Wetter Regions of the Tropics. London: Longman.Google Scholar