The attempt was made to investigate the relationship between patients' impaired role performance within their families and the burden on caregivers.

128 patients suffering either from schizophrenia, depression or anxiety were interviewed upon admission to the mental hospital using Groningen Social Disability Schedule (GSDS). Their caregivers who lived with them were asked to fill in the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (IEQ). The following GSDS roles were considered: “self-care”, “contribution to family atmosphere and economic independence”, “kinship – parents and siblings”, “parental role”, “relationship with partner”, “quality of social contacts”. Patients were classified as disabled/not disabled in a given role. Caregivers' burden dimensions i.e.: “worrying”, “tension”, “urging” and “supervision” were measured according to patients' disability status. Statistics included Mann-Whitney's and t Student's tests.

Only disabilities in some roles were associated with higher caregiver's burden: neglected personal care resulted in higher “urging”, withdrawal from family life led to higher “tension” whereas lack of adequate contribution to the family's economic independence did not. Disability in parental role proved to be a family's “trouble spot” and led to high “tension” and “supervision” in spouses. Surprisingly, impaired relationships with partner, siblings and parents as well as disturbed social contacts were not associated with higher burden.

Disability in parental role may be an important factor contributing to the higher burden on patient's spouse. Helping strategies for families with mental illness and children should consider this fact, should also aim at improving patient's self-care and their emotional input to family climate.

The aim is to define the effectiveness of antipsychiatric activity of Civil Committee on Human Rights.

Cohort of 67 patients and relatives of mentally ill patients were studied after presentation of film “Industry of Death” in a framework of international exhibition “Destroying of life – exposure of psychiatry”.

88% of patients who were hospitalized into psychiatric clinics before considered that film consists calumny on psychiatry but some facts of misuse of drugs sets a trap. 47% of them said that they will not follow advises of psychiatrist to avoid side effects and consequences of treatment with “chemical substances”.

Relatives of psychiatric patients showed negative attitude to psychiatry after watching this film. They said that they regret that they put their relatives to psychiatric hospital before and they will refuse of hospitalization even in a case of worsening of psychic state of patient.

All of them did not consider that the film was tendentious, and facts were finding specially to discredit the profession of psychiatrist.

Civil Committee on Human Rights acts like extremists organization to inspire hatred to psychiatrist as professional group and makes harm to mental health provoking patients to refuse of treatment.

Depressive disorders are highly prevalent in the general population while there are marked diagnostic and therapeutic deficits resulting in direct and socioeconomic costs. Pharmacists represent important community facilitators in primary health care but their role in counselling and monitoring of depressed patients has rarely been investigated.

In order to improve knowledge about depressive disorders and practical skills, nationwide seminars were held for staff members [N=102] of German public pharmacies followed by an evaluation of personal views and seminar.

Personal estimates of proportion of depressed customers reached an extremely wide range from 1-70%. This view and further beliefs (regarding depression as an illness like any other; confidence in counselling) of pharmaceutical staff were correlated with age and years of practise rather than with professional position. Comprehensive education and specific training programmes (e.g. communication skills), especially in the younger and less experienced staff, may promote successful counselling of depressive individuals.

Mental health care systems need to more implement personnel of public pharmacies by training programmes to increase identification and treatment outcome of depression and reduction of health care expenses.

To do the complexity of being a caregiver of a psychiatric inpatient justice, it is imperative to broaden the lopsided perspective of the burden of caregivers in research studies to the also existing rewards of caregiving.

Semi-structured interviews with ever 15 caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorders and personality disorders were analysed by using a summarizing content analysis. The interviews focus on negative and positive aspects of providing care for a family member. Furthermore, the coping strategies of the caregivers were analysed by using the Freiburg Questionnaire on Coping with Illness (FQCI).

The burden of the relatives (n=60) are many-sided (787 individual statements are named), but the rewards are surprisingly numerous, too. 413 individual statements of rewards could be summarized in 23 global statements, which were assigned to six categories: “Appreciation for providing care from the patient and others and satisfaction about providing care” (30.3%), “Gain in personality and experience of life” (22.8%), “Gain in successful coping strategies” (13.6%), “Increase of cohesion and relationship within the family” (13.1%), “Changes of attitudes and opinions” (12.1%) and “Experiences of support by others” (8.2%). The most frequent coping strategies of the relatives are “Active problem-oriented coping” (mean value 3.5), “Distraction and building self-esteem” (2.7) and “Religiousness and search for meaning” (2.7).

Results demonstrate the relevance and variety of both positive and negative aspects of caregiving and targets for intervention in psychoeducation programmes as well as in self-help groups to encourage relatives in their skills and resources.

To identify level of emotional burnout in secondary and junior medical staff of the hospice according to data obtained with various questionnaires.

Medical staff of the Department “Hospice” of a city hospital is represented by women (20-52 years) working in regime of twenty-four-hour duties. Secondary (15) and junior (13) medical staff were questioned according to Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Boyko Emotional Burnout Method. Boyko Method represents an original inventory for revealing the symptoms associated with stress and identification of stage of stress: tension, resistance, exhaustion.

According to data of MBI 40% medical workers present with high level of emotional exhaustion, 23% - high level of depersonalization, 13% - high level of personal achievements. Results obtained with Boyko Method have identified: 44% of examined personas are at stage of tension, 36% - at stage of resistance and 20% - at stage of emotional exhaustion. Level of emotional burnout and stress was interrelated with duration of work at hospice.

High indices of emotional exhaustion and stage of tension and resistance among medical staff of the hospice have been revealed. Use of various questionnaires provides an important and more objective information about psychological state of secondary and junior staff for further study and practical activity.

One of the most important affecting factors on mental health of elderly people residing in nursing home is previous preparing for living in nursing home, therefore this study has been performed to assess relationship between mental health and previous agreement of elderly people on living in nursing home.

A descriptive-Analytical study with aim-centered sampling was performed on 56 elderly people residing on Golabchi nursing house –Kashan-IRAN 2007. including factors were normal IQ, and lack of serious mental disease and Alzheimer .The standard mental health Questionnaire (GHQ28) was used and the scores less than 23 was mentioned as health .some other like demographic factors, family residing in nursing house and …were assessed too. The descriptive statistics and χ2 were used to analyze the data.

There was significant relationship between previous agreement on living in nursing home and mental health (p<%4).the rate of mental health in whom completely disagreed on living in nursing home was 42/2% whereas in whom completely agreed on living in nursing home was 66/07% . There was no significant relationship between mental health with gender, Education, previous job, existence of other family in nursing home .the rate of male and female in this research were 35/7% and 64/3% respectively.

Regards to importance of previous agreement on living in nursing home for elderly people it's a must to prepare them and establish appositive attitude on living in these centers on them.

Although there are studies showing that empathic concern and perspective taking is well correlated with a better outcome of therapy, little is known about the “natural history” of empathy in health care professionals. Within a transversal design, this study attempted to estimate the evolution of empathy components in nurses.

Using Davis's “organizational model”, we administered the Interpersonal Reactivity Index to 127 nursing students and nurses of both genders, working in various medical fields. Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated for the 4 scores and variables such as age, years of experience, and the medians of the scores were compared for gender, marital status, number of children, number of brothers and sisters.

significant negative correlations were found between fantasy and personal distress scales, and age and years of experience. Women had higher scores of all 4 components. Significant correlations between scores were found as well.

apparently, nurses have different patterns of empathy than doctors (who have shown an increased personal distress over time in previous studies). Women are more empathic and e.

Indicated that the OCD group differed significantly from the social phobia group on generalized self-esteem assessments (p<0.001). Both groups showed a lower self-esteem but there was some evidence of OCD specific effects; depressive cognitions altered significantly self-esteem in OCD patients (p<0.001). Obsessionals were more likely than anxious controls to link their self-worth to other people and their relationships. They also regarded the possibility of causing harm as likely to result in other people making extreme negative and critical judgements of them. The implications for future research and for treatment of OCD are discussed.

Punding, defined as a disinhibition of motor learning programs, may be induced by STN DBS, and its prevalence is much more common than previously suspected. In our sample punding was ego-syntonic, non-disruptive, “cue elicited” and characterized by low craving.

Various psychological, social, genetic, biochemical, factors are to be involved in the etiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)(1). Some molecules of free radicals are also found to play role in OCD(2). In the present study, we compared ceruloplasmin and total sulphydryl(SH) levels as antioxidants in the plasma of OCD patients and controls and evaulated the diagnostic performance of those meausures.

26 only OCD, 9 co-morbid OCD patients from Gaziantep University Sahinbey Research Hospital, Psychiatry Clinic, diagnosed according to the DSM IV criteria and 40 healthy volunteer controls were included. Blood samples were collected; ceruloplasmin and SH levels were measured. The mean levels of measures were compared within groups and ROC curves were drawn in order to see the diagnostic performance of biochemical markers.

The mean ceruloplasmin levels in only OCD patients, co-morbid OCD patients and control group persons were 544.46±26.53μmol/dl, 424.43±31.50μmol/dl and 222.35±8.88μmol/dl respectively. The mean SH levels in only OCD patients, co-morbid OCD patients and control group persons were 0.47±0.006μmol/L, 0.48±0.01μmol/L and 0.46±0.003μmol/L respectively. The mean ceruloplasmin levels were significantly higher in only OCD and Co-morbid OCD patients than those of controls. (p<0.01). There were no significance between SH levels of only OCD, co-morbid OCD patients and control group(p>0.01). OCD can be predicted for ceruloplasmin over 342.85 level with %87.5 sensitivity and %100 specifity.

Elevated serum ceruloplasmin levels may play a role in OCD by exacerbating or perpetuating dopaminergic dysregulation as in schizophrenia(3). Ceruloplasmin levels may be used in OCD diagnosis.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) typically begins early in life and has a chronic course. Despite the need for long-term treatment, the information about therapeutic effect on different clinical subtypes is limited.

Continuous out patients with OCD were evaluated for response to a 2months Fluoxetine therapy course by Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale according to the clinical subtype of the disease.

Of 265 patients, Fluoxetine significantly decrease the symptoms in general. Yale-Brown Average score in washers and patients with obsessive thoughts significantly decreased after the intervention, while the decrease in Y-BOCS in checkers didn't reach the statistical significance.

Fluoxetine demonstrated sustained efficacy among patients with OCD and was generally well tolerated. Fluoxetine demonstrated greater efficacy in washers and on obsessive thoughts than checkers.

Clinical research is largely focused on depressive comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However in practice, treating resistant or severe OCD sufferes revealed many cases who seem to have an authentic OCD with a hidden co morbid bipolar disorder.

To explore mood co morbidity, a sample of 33 OCD patients were administered structured self-rating questionnaires for major depression, hypomania and mania (DSM-IV criteria), and self-rated Angst's checklist of hypomania and cyclothymic temperament.

The rate of bipolar co morbidity in OCD was notable; 18% of the patients were BPI. Furthermore, the hypomania checklist of Angst showed that 39% had a cut-off score of 10. Analysis of the self-rated questionnaire for cyclothymic temperament showed that 52% scored 10.

Our data extend previous research on « OCD-bipolar comorbidity » as a highly prevalent and largely under-recognised and untreated class of OCD patients.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the emotional burden, psychological morbidity and level of family accommodation in caregivers of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients, according to sociodemographic and clinical factors.

Fifty Brazilian DSM-IV OCD patients and their caregivers were evaluated using the Family Accommodation Scale, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), the Self Report Questionnaire (caregivers), the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (patients).

Most caregivers (80%) were aged between 30 and 59 years-old and lived with the patient (88%). Forty-two percent presented a common mental disorder and their mean ZBI score was 28.9. Family accommodation was moderate in 26% and severe or very severe in 24%. Caregivers' levels of psychological morbidity, accommodation and emotional burden were associated with each other and with the severity of patient obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms.

The results suggest that caregivers of OCD patients have important levels of burden and psychological morbidity and should receive orientation and support to minimize this emotional impact.

obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder is Approximately 2% of the general population. Recent reports suggest that OCP occurs in mensturum, Pregnancy perperium periods. The aim of study determined of onset OCP in women.

in a retrospective study 53 women out patients with OCP metting DSM-IV criteria For (OCP) completed and asked a questionnaire by interview.

Finding showed the in 88.7%(47)of samples onset o obsessive disorder not in menstruation priod.85.4%(41)of obsessive not onset in pregnancy 51.7%(4) of obsessive samples onset of obsessive in second pregnancy.81.1%onest of OCP not beginning after delivery.28.8%after first pregnancy onset once of OCP.30% after delivery had mental disorders.

the menstrual, pregnancy, post partum may be a periods of risk for development or onset of obsessive compulsive disorder. Midwife clinicians caring for women need to be aware of the impact of these symptoms and attention for mental health in women.

The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest interhemispheric white matter commissure connecting the cerebral hemispheres and plays a crucial role in interhemispheric communication and cognitive processes. The subdivisions of the CC were attempted to define corresponding areas of the cortex from which the fibers originate. Previous neuroanatomic studies of the CC provide impetus for investigating its role in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

In this study diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was employed to microstructural abnormalities of white matter of the CC in OCD patients. Nine patients with OCD and matched control subjects underwent DTI. Fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of the integrity of white matter tracts, was determined in the seven subdivisions of the CC.

Significant reduction in FA was found in the rostrum of the CC of patients with OCD compared with one of controls. FA of the other subdivisions except the rostrum in OCD patients did not differ compared with control subjects. Higher FA in the rostrum correlated with lower Y-BOCS scores (r = -0.852, p = 0.004).

The rostrum contains fibers from inferior premotor as well as medial and caudate/orbital prefrontal regions. These results supported the theory of dysfunction of prefrontal cortex and striatal circuits in OCD and suggested the implication of the orbitofrontal circuit for symptom severity in the OCD patients.