Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T19:11:30.814Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm as a Sensory Learning Process in Patients with Schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

L. Lev-Ari*
Affiliation:
Psychology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer40250, Israel
S. Hirschmann
Affiliation:
Sha’ar Menashe Mental Health Center, affiliated with the Technion Institute of Technology, Hadera, Israel
O. Dyskin
Affiliation:
Sha’ar Menashe Mental Health Center, affiliated with the Technion Institute of Technology, Hadera, Israel
O. Goldman
Affiliation:
Psychology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer40250, Israel
I. Hirschmann
Affiliation:
Sha’ar Menashe Mental Health Center, affiliated with the Technion Institute of Technology, Hadera, Israel
*
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +972 52 863 2434. E-mail address: [email protected], [email protected] (L. Lev-Ari).
Get access

Abstract

Objective:

The Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) has previously been used to depict the hierarchy between visual, tactile and perceptual stimuli. Studies on schizophrenia inpatients (SZs) have found mixed results in the ability to first learn the illusion, and have yet to explain the learning process involved. This study's aim was two-fold: to examine the learning process of the RHI in SZs and healthy controls over time, and to better understand the relationship between psychotic symptoms and the RHI.

Method:

Thirty schizophrenia inpatients and 30 healthy controls underwent five different trials of the RHI over a two-week period.

Results:

As has been found in previous studies, SZs felt the initial illusion faster than healthy controls did, but their learning process throughout the trials was inconsistent. Furthermore, for SZs, no correlations between psychotic symptoms and the learning of the illusion emerged.

Conclusion:

Healthy individuals show a delayed reaction to first feeling the illusion (due to latent inhibition), but easily learn the illusion over time. For SZs, both strength of the illusion and the ability to learn the illusion over time are inconsistent. The cognitive impairment in SZ impedes the learning process of the RHI, and SZs are unable to utilize the repetition of the process as healthy individuals can.

Type
Original article
Copyright
European Psychiatric Association 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

Lilac Lev-Ari and Shmuel Hirschmann share first authorship of this article.

References

Bermúdez, JLThe paradox of self-consciousness. MIT Press; 2000.Google Scholar
Botvinick, M, Cohen, J. Rubber hands “feel” touch that eyes see. Nature 1998;391(6669):756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canetti, L, Shalev, AY, De-Nour, A. Israeli adolescents’ norms of the brief symptom inventory (BSI). Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1994;31(1):1318.Google Scholar
Cash, TF, Pruzinsky, TBody image: a handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. The Guilford Press; 2004.Google Scholar
Costantini, M, Haggard, P. The rubber hand illusion: sensitivity and reference frame for body ownership. Conscious Cogn 2007;16(2):229240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derogatis, LR, Cleary, PA. Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: a study in construct validation. J Clin Psychol 1977;33(4):981989.Google Scholar
Derogatis, LR, Fitzpatrick, MThe SCL-90-R, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the BSI-18, In: The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Volume 3: Instruments for adults 3rd ed. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2004. p. 141.Google Scholar
Ehrsson, HH, Wiech, K, Weiskopf, N, Dolan, RJ, Passingham, RE. Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104(23):98289833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elvevag, B, Goldberg, TE. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is the core of the disorder. Crc Rev Neurob 2000;14(1).Google ScholarPubMed
Fisher, S, Cleveland, SE Body image and personality; 1958.Google Scholar
Gallace, A, Spence, CThe cognitive and neural correlates of tactile memory. Psychol Bull 2009;135(3):380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Germine, L, Benson, TL, Cohen, F, Hooker, CIPsychosis-proneness and the rubber hand illusion of body ownership. Psychiatry Res 2013;207(1):4552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gras-Vincendon, A, Danion, J, Grangé, D, Bilik, M, Willard-Schroeder, D, Sichel, J, Singer, LExplicit memory, repetition priming and cognitive skill learning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1994;13(2):117126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holt, DJ, Lebron-Milad, K, Milad, MR, Rauch, SL, Pitman, RK, Orr, SP, Cassidy, BS, Walsh, JP, Goff, DCExtinction memory is impaired in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65(6):455463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honma, M, Yoshiike, T, Ikeda, H, Kim, Y, Kuriyama, KSleep dissolves illusion: sleep withstands learning of visuo-tactile-proprioceptive integration induced by repeated days of rubber hand illusion training. PloS One 2014;9(1):e85734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, RA, Enticott, PG, Hohwy, J, Castle, DJ, Rossell, SLIs body dysmorphic disorder associated with abnormal bodily self-awareness? A study using the rubber hand illusion. PloS One 2014;9(6):e99981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liddle, PFSchizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction. Psychol Med 1987;17(01):4957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lubow, R, Weiner, I, Schlossberg, A, Baruch, ILatent inhibition and schizophrenia. B Psychon Soc 1987;25(6):464467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makin, TR, Holmes, NP, Ehrsson, HHOn the other hand: dummy hands and peripersonal space. Behav Brain Res 2008;191:110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Overall, JE, Gorham, DRThe brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol Rep 1962;10(3):799812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulsen, JS, Heaton, RK, Sadek, JR, Perry, W, Delis, DC, Braff, D, Kuck, J, Zisook, S, Jeste, DVThe nature of learning and memory impairments in schizophrenia. J Int Neuropsych Soc 1995;101:8899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peled, A, Ritsner, M, Hirschmann, S, Geva, AB, Modai, ITouch feel illusion in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48(11):11051108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peled, A, Pressman, A, Geva, AB, Modai, ISomatosensory evoked potentials during a rubber-hand illusion in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2003;64(2):157163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saykin, AJ, Gur, RC, Gur, RE, Mozley, PD, Mozley, LH, Resnick, SM, Kester, DB, Stafiniak, PNeuropsychological function in schizophrenia: selective impairment in memory and learning. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48(7):618624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swerdlow, NR, Braff, DL, Hartston, H, Perry, W, Geyer, MALatent inhibition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1996;20(1):91103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thakkar, KN, Nichols, HS, McIntosh, LG, Park, SDisturbances in body ownership in schizophrenia: evidence from the rubber hand illusion and case study of a spontaneous out-of-body experience. PLoS One 2011;6(10):e27089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thakkar, KN, Nichols, HS, McIntosh, LG, Park, SDisturbances in body ownership in schizophrenia: Evidence from the rubber hand illusion and case study of a spontaneous out-of-body experience. PLoS One 2011;6:e27089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsakiris, M, Prabhu, G, Haggard, PHaving a body versus moving your body: how agency structures body-ownership. Conscious Cogn 2006;15(2):423432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsakiris, M, Carpenter, L, James, D, Fotopoulou, AHands only illusion: multisensory integration elicits sense of ownership for body parts but not for non-corporeal objects. Exp Brain Res 2010;204:343352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.