Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T20:18:17.590Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Prevalence and Some Psychosocial Characteristics of Social Anxiety Disorder in an Urban Population of Turkish Children and Adolescents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 April 2012

T. Demir ,
G. Karacetin ,
D. Eralp Demir  and
O. Uysal
T. Demir*
Affiliation:
University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Fatih, 34098Istanbul, Turkey
G. Karacetin
Affiliation:
Corum State Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19000Corum, Turkey
D. Eralp Demir
Affiliation:
Private Practice, Valikonagi Cad. No:141/5, Sisli, 34363Istanbul, Turkey
O. Uysal
Affiliation:
Bezmialem Vakif University Medical School, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics. Fatih, 34093Istanbul, Turkey
*
⁎Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 212 414 30 00/22739; fax: +90 212 291 96 70. E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Demir).
Get access

Abstract

Purpose

To define the prevalence and some of the psychosocial characteristics of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in an urban population of Turkish children and adolescents.

Subjects and methods

This was a two-stage cross-sectional urban-based study conducted in Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey. The initial sample included 1,482 students between the 4th and 8th grades. The first stage involved screening using the Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised (SASC-R) and the Capa Social Phobia Scale for Children and Adolescents (CSPSCA). According to the test results, 324 children were interviewed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) in the second stage.

Results

The SAD prevalence rate was 3.9%. According to the multiple regression analysis, low paternal education and trait anxiety were associated with SASC-R scores, whereas female gender and trait anxiety were associated with CSPSCA scores. According to logistic regression analysis, the anxiety subscale of the self-concept scale and trait anxiety were associated with SAD.

Conclusion

SAD is a relatively common disorder that is associated with lower self-concept in children and adolescents. Low paternal education, trait anxiety, and low self-concept may be the intervention targets for SAD prevention and treatment.

Keywords

Social phobiaAdolescent psychiatryEpidemiology
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , January 2013 , pp. 64 - 69
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Almqvist, F.Puura, K.Kumpulainen, K.Tuompo-Johansson, E.Henttonen, I.Huikko, E.Psychiatric disorders in 8–9-year-old children based on a diagnostic interview with parents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;8:17–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, E.R.Hope, D.A.The relationship among social phobia, objective and perceived physiological reactivity, and anxiety sensitivity in an adolescent population. J Anxiety Disord 2009;23:18–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aydin, A.Tekinsav Sutcu, S.Sorias, O.Evaluation of the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral therapy program for alleviating the symptoms of social anxiety in adolescents. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2010;21:25–36.Google ScholarPubMed
Bayramkaya, E.Fevziye, T.Ozge, C.The relationship between social phobia and depression, self-concept, smoking habit in adolescents. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;15:165–173.Google Scholar
Beidel, D.C.Turner, S.M.Dancu, C.V.Physiological, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of social anxiety. Behav Res Ther 1985;23:109–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beidel, D.C.Turner, S.M.Morris, T.L.Psychopathology of childhood social phobia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38:643–650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bögels, S.M.Alden, L.Beidel, D.C.Clark, L.A.Pine, D.S.Stein, M.B.Social anxiety disorder: questions and answers for the DSM-V. Depress Anxiety 2010;27:168–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cakin Memik, N.Sismanlar, S.G.Yildiz, O.Karakaya, I.Isik, C.Agaoglu, B.Social anxiety level in Turkish adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010;19:765–772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chartier, M.J.Walker, J.R.Stein, M.B.Social phobia and potential childhood risk factors in a community sample. Psychol Med 2001;31:307–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demir, T.Eralp-Demir, D.Ozmen, E.Uysal, O.The reliability and validity of Capa Social Phobia Scale for Children and Adolescents. Dusunen Adam-J Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1999;12:23–30.Google Scholar
Demir, T.Eralp-Demir, D.Turksoy, N.Ozmen, E.Uysal, O.The reliability and validity of the social anxiety scale for children-revised. Dusunen Adam-J Psychiatry Neurol Sci 2000;13:42–48.Google Scholar
Eckman, P.S.Shean, G.D.Habituation of cognitive and physiological arousal and social anxiety. Behav Res Ther 1997;35:1113–1121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Essau, C.A.Conradt, J.Petermann, F.Frequency and comorbidity of social phobia and social fears in adolescents. Behav Res Ther 1999;37:831–884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gau, S.S.Chong, M.Y.Chen, T.H.Cheng, A.T.A 3-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:1344–1350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gokler, B.Unal, F.Pehlivanturk, B.Kültür, E.C.Akdemir, D.Taner, Y.Okul cagi cocuklari icin duygulanım bozuklukları ve sizofreni gorusme cizelgesi -simdi ve yasam boyu sekli- turkce uyarlamasının gecerlik ve guvenilirligi. Cocuk ve Genclik Ruh Sagliği Dergisi 2004;11:109–116.Google Scholar
Gökalp, P.G.Tükel, R.Solmaz, D.Demir, T.Kiziltan, E.Demir, D.Clinical features and co-morbidity of social phobics in Turkey. Eur Psychiatry 2001;16:115–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gren-Landell, MAho, NAndersson, GSvedin, CG.Social anxiety disorder and victimization in a community sample of adolescents. J Adolesc 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.03.007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gren-Landell, M.Tillfors, M.Furmark, T.Bohlin, G.Andersson, G.Svedin, C.G.Social phobia in Swedish adolescents: prevalence and gender differences. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2009;44:1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heiervang, E.Stormark, K.M.Lundervold, A.J.Heimann, M.Goodman, R.Posserud, M.B.Psychiatric disorders in Norwegian 8- to 10-year-olds: an epidemiological survey of prevalence, risk factors, and service use. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:438–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, H.S.Inderbitzen-Nolan, H.M.Schapman, A.M.A comparison between socially anxious and depressive symptomatology in youth: a focus on perceived family environment. J Anxiety Disord 2005;19:423–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, J.Birmaher, B.Brent, D.Rao, U.Flynn, C.Moreci, P.Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:980–988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kearney, C.A.Social anxiety and social phobia in youth: Characteristics, assessment and psychological treatment. New York: Springer; 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R.C.McGonagle, K.A.Zhao, S.Nelson, C.B.Hughes, M.Eshleman, S.Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkcaldy, B.Siefen, G.Furnham, A.Gender, anxiety-depressivity and self-image among adolescents. Eur Psychiatry 2003;18:50–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuusikko, S.Pollock-Wurman, R.Ebeling, H.Hurtig, T.Joskitt, L.Mattila, M.L.Psychometric evaluation of social phobia and anxiety inventory for children (SPAI-C) and social anxiety scale for children-revised (SASC-R). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009;18:116–124.Google Scholar
La Greca, A.M.Lopez, N.Social anxiety among adolescents: linkages with peer relations and friendships. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1998;26:83–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
La Greca, A.M.Stone, W.L.Social anxiety scale for children-revised: factor structure and concurrent validity. J Clin Child Psychol 1993;22:17–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauth, B.Levy, S.R.Júlíusdóttir, G.Ferrari, P.Pétursson, H.Implementing the semi-structured interview Kiddie-SADS-PL into an in-patient adolescent clinical setting: impact on frequency of diagnoses. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2008;2:14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lecrubier, Y.Wittchen, H.U.Faravelli, C.Bobes, J.Patel, A.Knapp, M.A European perspective on social anxiety disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2000;15:5–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewinsohn, P.M.Gotlib, I.H.Lewinsohn, M.Seeley, J.R.Allen, N.B.Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. J. Abnorm Psychol 1998;107:109–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magee, W.J.Eaton, W.W.Wittchen, H.U.McGonagle, K.A.Kessler, R.C.Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:159–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mennin, D.S.Heimberg, R.G.Jack, M.S.Comorbid generalized anxiety disorder in primary social phobia: symptom severity, functional impairment, and treatment response. J Anxiety Disord 2000;14:325–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, P.R.Dasher, R.Collins, R.Griffiths, P.Brown, F.Inpatient Diagnostic assessments: 1. Accuracy of structured vs. unstructured interviews. Psychiatry Res 2001;105:255–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oner, N.Piers-Harris’in cocuklar icin oz kavram olcegi el kitabi. Ankara: Turk Psikologlar Dernegi Yayinlari; 1996.Google Scholar
Ozturk, M.Sayar, M.Ugurad, I.Tuzun, U.The prevalence of social phobia in mothers of social phobic children. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;15:60–64.Google Scholar
Ozusta, H.S.Cocuklar icin durumluk-surekli kaygı envanteri uyarlama, gecerlik ve guvenirlik calısmasi. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi 1995;10:32–44.Google Scholar
Pawlak, C.Pascual-Sanchez, T.Raë, P.Fischer, W.Ladame, F.Anxiety disorders, comorbidity, and suicide attempts in adolescence: a preliminary investigation. Eur Psychiatry 1999;14:132–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfister, G.Equality and social missions: muslim women and their opportunities to participate in sport and physical activities. Hacettepe J Sport Sci 2008;19:250–260.Google Scholar
Piers, E.V.Manual for the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale. Acklen, TN: The Western Psychological Services; 1984.Google Scholar
Ranta, K.Kaltiala-Heino, R.Rantanen, P.Marttunen, M.Social phobia in Finnish general adolescent population: prevalence, comorbidity, individual and family correlates, and service use. Depress Anxiety 2009;26:528–536.Google ScholarPubMed
Rapee, R.M.Spence, S.H.The etiology of social phobia: empirical evidence and an initial model. Clin Psychol Rev 2004;24:737–767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaffer, D.Fisher, P.Dulcan, M.K.Davies, M.Piacentini, J.Schwab-Stone, M.E.The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA Study. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:865–877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonntag, H.Wittchen, H.U.Höfler, M.Kessler, R.C.Stein, M.B.Are social fears and DSM-IV social anxiety disorder associated with smoking and nicotine dependence in adolescents and young adults?. Eur Psychiatry 2000;15(1):67–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, C.D.State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. California: Mind Garden Inc; 1983.Google Scholar
Steinhausen, H.C.Metzke, C.W.Meier, M.Kannenberg, R.Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: the Zurich Epidemiological Study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1998;98:262–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strauss, C.C.Last, C.G.Social and simple phobias in children. J Anxiety Disord 1993;7:141–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Gastel, W.Ferdinand, R.F.Screening capacity of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) for DSM-IV anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 2008;25:1046–1052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wittchen, H.U.Beesdo, K.Bittner, A.Goodwin, R.D.Depressive episodes – evidence for a causal role of primary anxiety disorders?. Eur Psychiatry 2003;18:384–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wittchen, H.U.Fuetsch, M.Sonntag, H.Müller, N.Liebowitz, M.Disability and quality of life in pure and comorbid social phobia. Findings from a controlled study. Eur Psychiatry 2000;15:46–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wittchen, H.U.Nelson, C.B.Lachner, G.Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med 1998;28:109–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wittchen, H.U.Stein, M.B.Kessler, R.C.Social fears and social phobia in a community sample of adolescents and young adults; prevalence, risk factors and co-morbidity. Psychol Med 1999;29:309–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.