Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T01:49:17.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Influence of depressive symptoms and premorbid adjustment on factor structure of phenomenology of schizophrenia: a study from India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Parmanand Kulhara  and
Ajit Avasthi
Get access

Abstract

This study investigated the nature of factor structure of schizophrenia syndromes using a sample of 151 patients with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV. The patients were assessed on the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Phillips Rating Scale of Premorbid Adjustment in schizophrenia. Three factors—negative syndrome, reality-distortion syndrome and disorganized syndrome were extracted when only SAPS and SANS were analysed. Addition of the Phillips Rating Scale scores to SAPS and SANS ratings in the factorial equation led to splitting of the negative syndrome though reality-distortion and disorganized syndromes remained stable. Factor analysis of the HDRS scores with SAPS and SANS ratings resulted in the HDRS loading highly on reality-distortion syndrome and splitting of negative syndrome. Factor analysis of all the variables taken together resulted in delineation of four factors. The study suggests a link between depression and reality distortion. Apathy and anhedonia seem to be linked to premorbid adjustment.

Keywords

SchizophreniaPsychopathologyDepressionFactor structure
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 18 , Issue 5 , August 2003 , pp. 226 - 232
Copyright
Copyright © Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Addington, D, Addington, J, Patten, S.Depression in people with first-episode schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1998;172:90–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed (DSM-IV). Washington (DC): APA; 1994.Google Scholar
Andreasen, NC. Scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: University of Iowa; 1984.Google Scholar
Andreasen, NC. Scale for the assessment of positive symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City: University of Iowa; 1984.Google Scholar
Andreasen, NC, Olsen, S.Negative v. positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:789–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arora, A, Avasthi, A, Kulhara, P.Subsyndromes of chronic schizophrenia: a phenomenological study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997; 96:225–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, TR, Curson, DA, Liddle, PF, Patel, M.The nature and prevalence of depression in chronic schizophrenic in-patients. Br J Psychiatry 1989;154:486–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilder, RM, Mukherjee, S, Rieder, RO, Pandurangi, AK.Symptomatic and neuropsychological components of defect state. Schizophr Bull 1985;11:409–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, TJ. Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? BMJ 1980;i:66–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dollfus, S, Petit, M, Menard, L.Relationship between depressive and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. J Affec Disord 1993;28:61–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emsley, RA, Niehaus, DJ, Mbanga, NI, Oosthuizen, PP, Stein, DJ, Martiz, JS, et al. The factor structure for positive and negative symptoms in South African Xhosa patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001;47:149–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grube, BS, Bilder, RM, Goldman, RS.Meta-analysis of symptoms of factors in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1998;31:113–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, JG Jr. An abbreviated form of the Phillip’s Rating Scale of Premorbid Adjustment in schizophrenia. J Abnorml Psychol 1975;84: 129–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrow, M, Yonan, CA, Sands, J, Marengo, J.Depression in schizophrenia: are neuroleptics, akinesia or anhedonia involved? Schizophr Bull 1994;20:327–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsch, SR. Depression “revealed” in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1982;140:421–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karakula, H, Grzywa, A.Dimensions of psychopathology in paranoid schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999;249:247–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kay, S, Sevy, S.Pyramidical model of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1990;16:537–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitamura, T, Suga, R.Depression and negative symptoms in major psychiatric disorders. Comp Psychiatry 1991;32:88–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulhara, P, Kota, S, Joseph, S.Positive and negative subtypes of schizophrenia. A study from India. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986;74:353–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulhara, P, Avasthi, A, Chadda, R, Chandiramani, K, Mattoo, SK, Kota, SK, et al. Negative and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1989;154:207–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenzenweger, MF, Dworkin, RH.The dimensions of schizophrenia phenomenology. Not one or two, at least three, perhaps four. Br J Psychiatry 1996;168:432–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lenzenweger, MF, Dworkin, RH, Wethington, E.Examining the underlying structure of schizophrenic phenomenology: evidence for a three-process model. Schizophr Bull 1991;17:515–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liddle, PF. The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: a re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. Br J Psychiatry 1987;151:145–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liddle, PF, Barnes, TRE. Syndromes of chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1990;157:558–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindenmayer, JP, Bernstein-Hyman, R, Grochowski, S.Five-factor model of schizophrenia: initial validation. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994;182: 631–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Lykouras, L, Oulis, P, Psarros, K, Daskalopoulou, E, Botsis, A, Christodoulou, GN, et al. Five-factor model of schizophrenic psychopathology: how valid is it? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000;250:93–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marengo, J, Harrow, M, Herbener, ES, Sands, J.A prospective longitudinal 10-year study of schizophrenia’s three major factors and depression. Psychiatry Res 2000;97:61–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mass, R, Schoemig, T, Hitschfeld, K, Wall, E, Haasen, C.Psychopathological syndromes of schizophrenia: evaluation of the dimensional structure of the positive and negative syndrome scale. Schizophr Bull 2000;26:167–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, MJ, Szegedi, A, Wetzel, H, Benkert, O.Depressive factors and their relationships with other symptom domains in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and psychotic depression. Shizophr Bull 2001;27:19–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norman, RM, Malla, AK.Correlations over time between dysphoric mood and symptomatology in schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 1994;35:34–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norman, RM, Malla, AK, Cortese, L, Diaz, F.Aspects of dysphoria and symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1998;28:1433–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peralta, V, Cuesta, MJ.How many and which are the psychopathological dimensions in schizophrenia? Issues influencing their ascertainment. Schizophr Res 2001;49:269–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peralta, V, Cuesta, MJ.Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a confirmatory factor analysis of competing models. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1450–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Peralta, V, Cuesta, MJ, de Leon, J.An empirical analysis of latent structures underlying schizophrenic symptoms: a four-syndrome model. Biol Psychiatry 1994;36:726–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sax, KW, Strakowski, SM, Keck, PE, Upadhyaya, VH, West, SA, McElroy, SL.Relationships among negative, positive and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia and psychotic depression. Br J Psychiatry 1996;168:68–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siris, SG. Depression in schizophrenia. In: Hirsch, SR, Weinberger, DR, editors. Schizophrenia. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1995. p. 128–45.Google Scholar
Smith, DA, Mar, CM, Turoff, BK.The structure of schizophrenic symptoms: a meta-analytic confirmatory factor analysis. Schizophr Res 1998;31:57–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabares, R, Sanjuan, J, Gomez-Beneyto, M, Leal, C.Correlates of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia obtained with the Spanish version of the Manchester Scale. Psychopathology 2000;33:259–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toomey, R, Faraone, SV, Simpson, JC, Tsuang, MT.Negative, positive and disorganized symptom dimensions in schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998;186:470–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Putten, T., May, RP. “Akinetic Depression” in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:1101–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.