Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T18:08:17.226Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Exploring depression in schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Carlo Maggini*
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Section, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, P.le Matteotti, 43100Parma, Italy
Andrea Raballo
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Section, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, P.le Matteotti, 43100Parma, Italy Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service, Department of Mental Health, Reggio-Emilia, Italy
*
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 0521 20 6561; fax: +39 0521 23 0611. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (C. Maggini), [email protected] (A. Raballo).
Get access

Abstract

Background

A consistent amount of empirical research suggests that depression, besides interfering with quality of life and social functioning, may influence other symptom dimensions in schizophrenia, thus constituting an important domain for treatment strategies, outcome, and prognosis.

Aim. –

This study investigated the factorial structure of the Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia (CDSS) in a sample of schizophrenic patients and explored the relationships between such factors, major symptom dimensions and subjective experiences.

Methods

One hundred and sixty-one subjects were examined to assess the severity of schizophrenic symptoms (scored according to the five-dimensional model of Toomey et al. [28]), the distress due to the subjective experience of negative symptoms, and the degree of subjectively-felt cognitive-affective vulnerability (i.e. basic symptoms).

Results

Principal component analysis revealed CDSS to include three main factors, namely: “depression-hopelessness” (factor I), “guilty idea of reference-pathological guilt” (factor II) and “early wakening” (factor III).

Whereas the last factor did not correlate with any of the other psychopathological domains, the first two factors revealed multiple correlations with both diagnostic symptoms and subjective experiences.

Conclusions

The results confirm the threefold factorial structure of the CDSS previously reported by the authors of the scale and could shed further light on the psychopathological nature of the components of depression in schizophrenia. The specific correlation patterns with diagnostic and subjective psychopatholgy substantiate the clinical distinction between a general depression factor (“depression-hopelessness”) and a cognitive-guilt factor (“guilty idea of reference-pathological guilt”).

Type
Original articles
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Abbreviations: BSABS, Bonn scale for the assessment of basic symptoms; CDSS, Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia; SANS, scale for the assessment of negative symptoms; SAPS, scale for the assessment of positive symptoms; SENS, subjective experience of negative symptoms.

References

Addington, D, Addington, J, Matincka-Tyndale, EReliability and validity of a depression rating scale for schizophrenics. Schizophr. Res. 1992;6:201208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addington, D, Addington, J, Atkinson, MA psychometric comparison of the Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia and the Hamilton depression rating scale. Schizophr. Res. 1996;19:205212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Ed. 4. DSM IV Washington, DC: APA; 1994.Google Scholar
Andreasen, NCThe scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS). Iowa City, IA: The University of Iowa; 1983.Google Scholar
Andreasen, NCThe scale for the assessment of positive symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City, IA: The University of Iowa; 1984.Google Scholar
Angst, JEpidemiology of depression. In: Honig, A, Van Praag, HMDepression, neurobiological, psychopathological and therapeutical advances. Chichester: Wiley; 1997. p. 1730.Google Scholar
Bachdolf, A, Schultze-Lutter, F, Klosterkötter, JSelf-experienced vulnerability, prodromal symptoms and coping strategies preceding schizophrenic and depressive relapses. Eur. Psychiatry 2002;17:384393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, TR, Curson, DA, Liddle, PF, Patel, MThe nature and prevalence of depression in chronic schizophrenic in-patients. Br. J. Psychiatry 1989;154:486491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartels, SJ, Drake, REDepressive symptoms in schizophrenia: comprehensive differential diagnosis. Compr. Psychiatry 1988;29:467483.10.1016/0010-440X(88)90062-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dollfus, S, Everitt, BSymptom structure in schizophrenia: two-, three- or four-factor models?. Psychopathology 1998;31:120130.10.1159/000066235CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
First, MB, Spitzer, RLStructured clinical interview for DSM IV Axis I disorders. New York, NY: Patients Edition;.Google Scholar
Gross, G, Huber, G, Klosterkoetter, J, Linz, MBSABS. Bonner Skala für die Beurteilung von Basissymptomen (Bonn scale for the assessment of basic symptoms). Springer; 1992. (Berlin–Heidelberg–New York, 1987, It. Tr.: Maggini C, Dalle Luche R : Scala di Bonn per la valutazione dei sintomi di base. ETS, Pisa,).Google Scholar
Gross, GThe onset of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1997;28:1995. p. 187198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsch, SR, Jolley, AG, Barnes, T.R.E.Dysphoric and depressive symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1989;2:259264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huber, G, Gross, GThe concept of basic symptoms and basic stages and its meaning for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses. In: Maggini, C, editor. Psicopatologia e clinica della Schizofrenia. Pisa, Italy: ETS; 1995. p. 4158.Google Scholar
Huber, G, Gross, GEndogenous-depressive symptoms in the course of schizophrenic disorder. Neurol. Psych. Brain Res. 1995;3:183188.Google Scholar
Kay, SR, Sevy, SPyramidical model of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1990;16:537545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klosterkötter, J, Gross, G, Huber, G, Wieneke, A, Steinmeyer, E, Schultze-Lutter, FEvaluation of the ‘Bonn scale for the assessment of basic symptoms—BSABS’ as an instrument for the assessment of schizophrenia proneness: a review of recent findings. Neurol. Psychiatr. Brain Res. 1997;5:137150.Google Scholar
Klosterkoetter, J, Schulze-Lutter, F, Gross, G, Huber, G, Steinmeyer, EMEarly self-experienced neuropsychological deficits and subsequent schizophrenic diseases: an 8-year average follow-up prospective study. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1997;95:369404.Google Scholar
Koreen, AR, Siris, G, Chakos, M, Alvir, J, Mayerhoff, D, Lieberman, JDepression in first-episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1993;150:16431648.Google ScholarPubMed
Liddle, PF, Barnes, T.R.E.The subjective experience of deficit in schizophrenia. Compr. Psychiatry 1988;29:157164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liddle, PF, Barnes, T.R.E., Curson, DADepression and the experience of psychological deficits in schizophrenia. Acta Psych. Scand. 1993;88:243247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindenmayer, JPPsychopathology of schizophrenia: initial validation of a five-factor model. Psychopathology 1995;28:2231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, A, Thompson, R, Kennedy, SDepression in chronic schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 1983;142:465470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selten, JP, Sijben, A, Van den Bosch, RJThe subjective experience of negative symptoms. Compr. Psychiatry 1993;34:192197.10.1016/0010-440X(93)90047-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selten, JP, Wiersma, D, Van den Bosch, RJDistress attributed to negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2000;26:737744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selten, JP, Wiersma, D, Van den Bosch, RJDiscrepancy between subjective and objective ratings for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Jnl. Psych. Res. 2000;34:1113.10.1016/S0022-3956(99)00027-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toomey, R, Kremen, WS, Simpson, JA, Seidman, LJet al.Revisiting the factor structure for positive and negative symptoms: evidence from a large heterogeneous group of psychiatric patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 1997;154:371377.Google ScholarPubMed
Wassink, TH, Flaum, M, Nopoulos, P, Andreasen, NCPrevalence of depressive symptoms early in the course of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1999;156:315326.Google ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.