Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T03:01:41.308Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Clinical features and co-morbidity of social phobics in Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

P.G. Gökalp ,
R. Tükel ,
D. Solmaz ,
T. Demir ,
E. Kiziltan ,
D. Demir  and
A.N. Babaoðlu
R. Tükel
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
D. Solmaz
Affiliation:
2nd Department of Neurosis, Bakirköy State Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurologic Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
T. Demir
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
E. Kiziltan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
D. Demir
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
A.N. Babaoðlu
Affiliation:
2nd Department of Neurosis, Bakirköy State Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurologic Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
Get access

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical features and frequency and importance of related co-morbid disorders of social phobia in a clinical sample. Eighty-seven patients meeting DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for social phobia were studied. All patients were assessed by using a semi-structured socio-demographic form, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. Sixty-eight (78.2%) of the group were male, 19 (21.8%) were female. The ages varied between 16–58 years, with a mean of 26.2 years (SD = 8.5). Fifty-one point seven percent of the subjects were assessed as having a co-morbid axis I disorder, of which 12.6% consisted of panic disorder and 10.3% agoraphobia. An additional axis II disorder had been found in 67.8% of the subjects, and 54.0% of them had been diagnosed as having avoidant personality disorder. The frequency of co-morbid disorders in our social phobic sample is lower than most of the studies in the literature. The interface between social phobia and avoidant personality disorder needs to be studied and discussed further.

Keywords

anxietyclinical featuresco-morbiditydepressionpersonality disorderssocial phobia
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 16 , Issue 2 , March 2001 , pp. 115 - 121
Copyright
Copyright © Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 3rd ed, revWashington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4thWashington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.Google Scholar
Amies, P.L., Gelder, M.G., Shaw, P.M.Social phobia: a comparative clinical study Br J Psychiatry 1983; 142: 174–179.Google Scholar
Bisserbe, J.C., Weiller, E., Boyer, P., Lepine, J.P., Lecrubier, Y.Social phobia in primary care: level of recognition and drug use Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11 Suppl 3: 25–28.Google Scholar
Cox, B.J., Direnfeld, D.M., Swinson, R.P., Norton, G.R.Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in panic disorder and social phobia Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 882–887.Google Scholar
Davidson, J.R.T., Hughes, D.C., George, L.K., Blazer, D.G.the epidemiology of social phobia: findings from the Duke Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study Psychol M 1993; 23: 709–718.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M.The assessment of anxiety states by rating Br J Med Psychol 1959; 32: 50–55.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M.Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness Br J Clin Psychol 1967; 6: 278–296.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R.M.The impact of health care reform on social phobia J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 5 Suppl: 13–17.Google Scholar
Jansen, M.A., Arntz, A., Merckelbach, H., Mersch, P.P.A.Personality disorders and features in social phobia and panic disorders J Abnorm Psychol 1994; 103: 391–395.Google Scholar
Kushner, M.G., Sher, K.J., Beitman, B.D.The relation between alcohol problems and the anxiety disorders Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 685–695.Google Scholar
Lepine, J.P., Pélissolo, A.Comorbidity and social phobia: clinical and epidemiological issues Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 1 Suppl 3: 35–41.Google Scholar
Liebowitz, M.R., Gorman, M.J., Fyer, A.J., Klein, D.F.Social phobia. Review of a neglected anxiety disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 729–736.Google Scholar
Mannuzza, S., Schneier, F.R., Chapman, T.F., Liebowitz, M.R., Klein, D.F., Fyer, A.J.Generalized social phobia Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 230–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, I.M., Gelder, M.G.Different onset ages in varieties of phobia Am J Psychiatry 1966; 123: 218–221.Google Scholar
Marshall, J.R.The diagnosis and treatment of social phobia and alcohol abuse Bull Menninger Clin 1994; 58 Suppl A: 59–65.Google Scholar
Raguram, R., Bhide, V.A.Patterns of phobic neurosis: a retrospective study Br J Psychiatry 1985; 147: 557–560.Google Scholar
Schneier, F.R., Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon, M., Fyer, A.J., Liebowitz, M.R.The relationship of social phobia subtypes and avoidant personality disorder Compr Psychiatry 1991; 32: 496–502.Google Scholar
Schneier, F.R., Johnson, J., Hornig, C.D., Liebowitz, M.R., Weissman, M.M.Social phobia: comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 282–288.Google Scholar
Solyom, L., Ledwidge, B., Solyom, C.Delineating social phobia Br J Psychiatry 1986; 149: 464–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., Gibbon, M.Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1987.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., Gibbon, M., First, M.Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990.Google Scholar
Stein, M.B., Tancer, M.E., Gelernter, C.S., Vittone, B.J., Uhde, T.W.Major depression in patients with social phobia Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 637–639.Google Scholar
Tran, G.Q., Chambless, D.L.Psychopathology of social phobia: effects of subtype and avoidant personality disorder J Anxiety Disord 1995; 9: 489–501.Google Scholar
Turk, C.L., Heimberg, R.G., Orsillo, S.M.An investigation of gender differences in social phobia J Anxiety Disord 1998; 12: 209–223.Google Scholar
Turner, S.M., Beidel, D.C., Townsley, R.M.Social phobia: a comparison of specific and generalized subtypes and avoidant peronality disorder J Abnorm Psychol 1992; 101: 326–331.Google Scholar
van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., Stayn, G., Donyson, D.Relationship of social phobia with other psychiatric illness J Affect Disord 1991; 21: 93–99.Google Scholar
Weissman, M.M., Bland, R.C., Canino, G.J., Greenwald, S., Lee, C.K., Newman, S.C.et al.The cross-national epidemiology of social phobia: a preliminary report Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11 Suppl 3: 9–14.Google Scholar
Wittchen, H.U., Beloch, E.The impact of social phobia on quality of life Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11 Suppl 3: 15–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WPA Social Phobia Task Force Social phobia: clinical review Montgomery SA, Ed. City: World Psychiatric Association; 1995.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.