Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T11:48:25.350Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Association between excessive frontal cerebrospinal fluid and illness duration in males but not in females with schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Vicente Molina ,
Javier Sanz ,
Fernando Sarramea ,
José M. Misiego ,
Carlos Benito  and
Tomás Palomo
Vicente Molina*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007Salamanca, Spain
Javier Sanz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Doce de Octube, Madrid, Spain
Fernando Sarramea
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
José M. Misiego
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007Salamanca, Spain
Carlos Benito
Affiliation:
Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
Tomás Palomo
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007Salamanca, Spain
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Molina).
Get access

Abstract

Objective

Excessive cortical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been acknowledged as a possible marker of a gray matter loss. This excess in schizophrenia is found predominantly in the prefrontal and temporal regions. We hypothesized that the poorer global outcome and treatment response in males with schizophrenia are related to a greater cortical volume loss as compared to females.

Subjects and methods

In order to test this hypothesis we have used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the cortical (prefrontal, temporal, and hemispheric) CSF values in a group of 85 patients with schizophrenia, of whom 56 were males and 29, females. We calculated the residual values of CSF in the patients based on the data pertaining to 45 control subjects and linear regression, from which the normal effects of age and intracranial volume were discounted. These residual scores constitute a quantitative measurement of the excess of CSF due to the disease.

Results

Males, but not females, presented a trend-level significant excess of left prefrontal CSF. The prefrontal and temporal residual values were significantly associated with illness duration in males, but not in females.

Discussion

These results conform to the worse outcome and the higher severity of structural abnormalities generally found in schizophrenia in male subjects.

Conclusion

Our data support the hypothesis of accelerated prefrontal cortical loss in males, but not in females with schizophrenia.

Keywords

SchizophreniaPrefrontalTemporalCerebrospinal fluidDurationNeurodegeneration
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 20 , Issue 4 , June 2005 , pp. 332 - 338
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier SAS 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

☆

Supported in part by grants from the Dirección General de Investigación (Consejería de Educación) of the Community of Madrid (97/024), from the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (98/1084 and 00/0036) and the Fundación La Caixa (99/ 00-42).

References

Andreasen, NC, Flashman, L, Flaum, M, Arndt, S, Swayze, V. 2nd OL, DSet al.Regional brain abnormalities in schizophrenia measured with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Med Assoc. 1994;272:1763–1769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, NC, Rajarethinam, R, Cizadlo, T, Arndt, S, Swayze, V.W. 2nd Flashman, LAet al.Automatic atlas-based volume estimation of human brain regions from MR images. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1996;20:98–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashburner, J, Friston, KJMultimodal image coregistration and partitioning—a unified framework. Neuroimage. 1997;6:209–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashburner, J, Friston, KJVoxel-based morphometry—the methods. Neuroimage. 2000;11:805–821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beiser, M, Bean, G, Erickson, D, Zhang, J, Iacono, WG, Rector, NABiological and psychosocial predictors of job performance following a first episode of psychosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:857–863.Google ScholarPubMed
Cannon, TD, van Erp, TG, Huttunen, M, Lönnqvist, J, Salonen, O, Valanne, Let al.Regional gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid distributions in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:1084–1091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, TD, van Erp, TG, Huttunen, M, Lonnqvist, J, Salonen, O, Valanne, Let al.Regional gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid distributions in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:1084–1091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childers, SE, Harding, CMGender, premorbid social functioning, and long-term outcome in DSM-III schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1990;16:309–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeLisi, LE, Sakuma, M, Tew, W, Kushner, M, Hoff, AL, Grimson, RSchizophrenia as a chronic active brain process: a study of progressive brain structural change subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1997;74:129–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desco, M, Benito, C, López, J, Santos, A, Reig, S, Molina, Vet al.Quantification of multimodality studies in schizophrenia. Lemke, HComputer assisted radiology and surgery. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1999. 218–222.Google Scholar
Desco, M, Pascau, J, Reig, S, Gispert, JD, Santos, A, Benito, Bet al.Multimodality image quantification using Talairach grid. Proc SPIE Medical Imaging. 2001;4422:1385–1392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gur, RC, Mozley, PD, Resnick, SM, Gottlieb, GL, Kohn, M, Zimmerman, Ret al.Gender differences in age effect on brain atrophy measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:2845–2849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gur, RE, Cowell, P, Turetsky, BI, Gallacher, F, Cannon, T, Bilker, Wet al.A follow-up magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia. Relationship of neuroanatomical changes to clinical and neurobehavioral measures. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:145–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gur, RE, Mozley, PD, Shtasel, DL, Cannon, TD, Gallacher, F, Turetsky, Bet al.Clinical subtypes of schizophrenia: differences in brain and CSF volume. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:343–350.Google ScholarPubMed
Gur, RE, Turetsky, BI, Bilker, WB, Gur, RCReduced gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:905–911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harms, C, Lautenschlager, M, Bergk, A, Katchanov, J, Freyer, D, Kapinya, Ket al.Differential mechanisms of neuroprotection by 17 beta-estradiol in apoptotic versus necrotic neurodegeneration. J Neurosci. 2001;21:2600–2609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, G, Croudace, T, Mason, P, Glazebrook, C, Medley, IPredicting the long-term outcome of schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 1996;26:697–705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollingshead, A, Frederick, RSocial stratification and psychiatric disorders. Am Soc Rev. 1953;18:163–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honda, K, Shimohama, S, Sawada, H, Kihara, T, Nakamizo, T, Shibasaki, Het al.Nongenomic antiapoptotic signal transduction by estrogen in cultured cortical neurons. J Neurosci Res. 2001;64:466–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lauriello, J, Hoff, A, Wieneke, MH, Blankfeld, H, Faustman, WO, Rosenbloom, Met al.Similar extent of brain dysmorphology in severely ill women and men with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:819–825.Google ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, J, Chakos, M, Wu, H, Alvir, J, Hoffman, E, Robinson, Det al.Longitudinal study of brain morphology in first episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49:487–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, JA, Koreen, AR, Chakos, M, Sheitman, B, Woerner, M, Alvir, JMet al.Factors influencing treatment response and outcome of first-episode schizophrenia: implications for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(Suppl 9):5–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Maccioni, RB, Munoz, JP, Barbeito, LThe molecular bases of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Arch Med Res. 2001;32:367–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molina, V, Reig, S, Sanz, J, Benito, C, Pascau, J, Collazos, Fet al.Association between relative frontal and temporal cortical CSF and illness duration in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2002;58:305–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molina, V, Reig, S, Sarramea, F, Sanz, J, Artaloytia, J, Luque, Ret al.Anatomical and functional brain variables associated to clozapine response in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging. 2005;124:153–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nasrallah, HA, Schwarzkopf, SB, Olson, SC, Coffman, JAGender differences in schizophrenia on MRI brain scans. Schizophr Bull. 1990;16:205–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nopoulos, P, Flaum, M, Andreasen, NCSex differences in brain morphology in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:1648–1654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfefferbaum, A, Lim, KO, Zipursky, RB, Mathalon, DH, Rosenbloom, MJ, Lane, Bet al.Brain gray and white matter volume loss accelerates with aging in chronic alcoholics: a quantitative MRI study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1992;16:1078–1089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapoport, JL, Giedd, JN, Blumenthal, J, Hamburger, S, Jeffries, N, Fernandez, Tet al.Progressive cortical change during adolescence in childhood- onset schizophrenia. A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:649–654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, LS, Finch, CECan estrogens prevent neurodegeneration?. Drugs Aging. 1997;11:87–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schultz, SK, Miller, DD, Oliver, SE, Arndt, S, Flaum, M, Andreasen, NCThe life course of schizophrenia: age and symptom dimensions. Schizophr Res. 1997;23:15–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stoltzner, SE, Berchtold, NC, Cotman, CW, Pike, CJEstrogen regulates bcl-x expression in rat hippocampus. Neuroreport. 2001;12:2797–2800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, EV, Lim, KO, Mathalon, D, Marsh, L, Beal, DM, Harris, Det al.A profile of cortical gray matter volume deficits characteristic of schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex. 1998;8:117–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talairach, J, Tournoux, PCo-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. New York: Thieme Medical; 1988.Google Scholar
Woods, BTIs schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary pathogenetic mechanism. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:1661–1670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.