Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T07:54:32.108Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

B. Verge ,
Y. Alonso ,
J. Valero ,
C. Miralles ,
E. Vilella  and
L. Martorell
Get access

Abstract

The poorly understood aetiology of schizophrenia is known to involve a major genetic contribution even though the genetic factors remain elusive. Most genetic studies are based on Mendelian rules and focus on the nuclear genome, but current studies indicate that other genetic mechanisms are probably involved. This review focuses on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), a maternally inherited, 16.6-Kb molecule crucial for energy production that is implicated in numerous human traits and disorders. The aim of this review is to summarise the studies that have explored mtDNA in schizophrenia patients and those which provide evidence for its implication in this illness. Alterations in mitochondrial morphometry, brain energy metabolism, and enzymatic activity in the mitochondrial respiratory chain suggest a mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia that could be related to the genetic characteristics of mtDNA. Moreover, evidence of maternal inheritance and the presence of schizophrenia symptoms in patients suffering from a mitochondrial disorder related to an mtDNA mutation suggest that mtDNA is involved in schizophrenia. The association of specific variants has been reported at the molecular level; however, additional studies are needed to determine whether the mitochondrial genome is involved in schizophrenia.

Keywords

mtDNAMitochondrial DNAMutationVariantPsychotic disordersSchizophrenia
Type
Review
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 26 , Issue 1 , January 2011 , pp. 45 - 56
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akande, EXenitidis, KRoberston, MDGorman, JMAutism or schizophrenia: a diagnostic dilemma in adults with intellectual disabilities. J Psychiatr Pract 2004; 10: 190–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alda, MAhrens, BLit, WDvorakova, MLabelle, AZvolsky, Pet al.Age of onset in familial and sporadic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 93: 447–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altar, CAJurata, LWCharles, VLemire, ALiu, PBukhman, Yet al.Deficient hippocampal neuron expression of proteasome, ubiquitin, and mitochondrial genes in multiple schizophrenia cohorts. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58: 85–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amar, SShamir, AOvadia, OBlanaru, MReshef, AKremer, Iet al.Mitochondrial DNA HV lineage increases the susceptibility to schizophrenia among Israeli arabs. Schizophr Res 2007; 94: 354–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amemiya, SHamamoto, MGoto, YKomaki, HNishino, INonaka, Iet al.Psychosis and progressing dementia: presenting features of a mitochondriopathy. Neurology 2000; 55: 600–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, SBankier, ATBarrell, BGde Bruijn, MHCoulson, ARDrouin, Jet al.Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 1981; 290: 457–465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, RMKubacka, IChinnery, PFLightowlers, RNTurnbull, DMHowell, NReanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Nat Genet 23 1999 147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apostolova, LGWhite, MMoore, SADavis, PHDeep white matter pathologic features in watershed regions: A novel pattern of central nervous system involvement in MELAS. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 1154–1156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bataillard, MChatzoglou, ERumbach, LSternberg, DTournade, ALaforêt, Pet al.Atypical MELAS syndrome associated with a new mitochondrial tRNA glutamine point mutation. Neurology 2001; 56: 405–407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballana, EGovea, Nde Cid, RGarcia, CArribas, CRosell, Jet al.Detection of unrecognized low-level mtDNA heteroplasmy may explain the variable phenotypic expressivity of apparently homoplasmic mtDNA mutations. Hum Mutat 2008; 29: 248–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bamne, MNTalkowski, MEMoraes, CTManuck, SBFerrell, REChowdari, KVet al.Systematic association studies of mitochondrial DNA variations in schizophrenia: focus on the ND5 gene. Schizophr Bull 2008; 34: 458–465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandelt, HJOlivieri, ABravi, CYao, YGTorroni, ASalas, A‘Distorted’ mitochondrial DNA sequences in schizophrenic patients. Eur J Hum Genet 15 2007 400402 [author reply 402–4].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandelt, HJYao, YGKivisild, TMitochondrial genes and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2005; 72: 267–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandelt, HMacaulay, VRichards, MHuman mitochondrial DNA and the evolution of homo sapiens. In: Gross, HJ editors. Nucleic acids and molecular biology. Leipzig, Germany: Springer; 2006. p. 3–5.Google Scholar
Ben-Shachar, DMitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: a possible linkage to dopamine. J Neurochem 2002; 83: 1241–1251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Shachar, DBonne, OChisin, RKlein, ELester, HAharon-Peretz, Jet al.Cerebral glucose utilization and platelet mitochondrial complex I activity in schizophrenia: a FDG-PET study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31: 807–813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ben-Shachar, DZuk, RGazawi, HReshef, ASheinkman, AKlein, EIncreased mitochondrial complex I activity in platelets of schizophrenic patients. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 1999; 2: 245–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonawitz, NDClayton, DAShadel, GSInitiation and beyond: multiple functions of the human mitochondrial transcription machinery. Mol Cell 2006; 24: 813–825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandon, MCLott, MTNguyen, KCSpolim, SNavathe, SBBaldi, Pet al.MITOMAP: a human mitochondrial genome database-2004 update. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33: D611–D613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bravo, OBallana, EEstivill, XCochlear alterations in deaf and unaffected subjects carrying the deafness-associated A1555G mutation in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344: 511–516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenner-Lavie, HKlein, EZuk, RGazawi, HLjubuncic, PBen-Shachar, DDopamine modulates mitochondrial function in viable SH-SY5Y cells possibly via its interaction with complex I: relevance to dopamine pathology in schizophrenia. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1777: 173–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, WMPrager, EMWang, AWilson, ACMitochondrial DNA sequences of primates: tempo and mode of evolution. J Mol Evol 1982; 18: 225–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cakir, YYang, ZKnight, CAPompilius, MWestbrook, DBailey, SMet al.Effect of alcohol and tobacco smoke on mtDNA damage and atherogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43: 1279–1288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campos, YGarcia, AEiris, JFuster, MRubio, JCMartin, MAet al.Mitochondrial myopathy, cardiomyopathy and psychiatric illness in a Spanish family harbouring the mtDNA 3303C > T mutation. J Inherit Metab Dis 2001; 24: 685–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantuti-Castelvetri, ILin, MTZheng, KKeller-McGandy, CEBetensky, RAJohns, DRet al.Somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in single neurons and glia. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26: 1343–1355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casademont, JGarrabou, GMiro, OLopez, SPons, ABernardo, Met al.Neuroleptic treatment effect on mitochondrial electron transport chain: peripheral blood mononuclear cells analysis in psychotic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27: 284–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castagna, AEAddis, JMcInnes, RRClarke, JTAshby, PBlaser, Set al.Late onset Leigh syndrome and ataxia due to a T to C mutation at bp 9185 of mitochondrial DNA. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A: 808–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavelier, LJazin, EEEriksson, IPrince, JBave, UOreland, Let al.Decreased cytochrome-c oxidase activity and lack of age-related accumulation of mitochondrial DNA deletions in the brains of schizophrenics. Genomics 1995; 29: 217–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cerezo, MCerný, VCarracedo, ASalas, AApplications of MALDI-TOF MS to large-scale human mtDNA population-based studies. Electrophoresis 2009; 30: 3665–3673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chinnery, PFDiMauro, SShanske, SSchon, EAZeviani, MMariotti, Cet al.Risk of developing a mitochondrial DNA deletion disorder. Lancet 2004; 364: 592–596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chinnery, PFSchon, EAMitochondria, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 1188–1199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chinnery, PFZwijnenburg, PJWalker, MHowell, NTaylor, RWLightowlers, RNet al.Nonrandom tissue distribution of mutant mtDNA. Am J Med Genet 1999; 85: 498–501.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Copeland, WCInherited mitochondrial diseases of DNA replication. Annu Rev Med 2008; 59: 131–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danks, RADorevitch, MCummins, JTByrne, EMitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS): adolescent onset with severe cerebral edema. Aust N Z J Med 1988; 18: 69–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeLisi, LERazi, KStewart, JRelja, MShields, GSmith, ABet al.No evidence for a parent-of-origin effect detected in the pattern of inheritance of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48: 706–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desnuelle, CPellissier, JFSerratrice, GPouget, JTurnbull, DMKearns-Sayre syndrome: mitochondrial encephalomyopathy caused by deficiency of the respiratory chain. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1989; 145: 842–850.Google ScholarPubMed
DiMauro, SSchon, EAMitochondrial respiratory-chain diseases. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2656–2668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doi, NHoshi, YPersistence problem in schizophrenia and mitochondrial DNA. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144: 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doi, NHoshi, YItokawa, MUsui, CYoshikawa, TTachikawa, HPersistence criteria for susceptibility genes for schizophrenia: a discussion from an evolutionary viewpoint. PloS One 4 2009 e7799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dror, NKlein, EKarry, RSheinkman, AKirsh, ZMazor, Met al.State-dependent alterations in mitochondrial complex I activity in platelets: a potential peripheral marker for schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 995–1001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fattal, OBudur, KVaughan, AJFranco, KReview of the literature on major mental disorders in adult patients with mitochondrial diseases. Psychosomatics 2006; 47: 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fearnley, IMWalker, JEInitiation codons in mammalian mitochondria: differences in genetic code in the organelle. Biochemistry 1987; 26: 8247–8251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finsterer, JCentral nervous system manifestations of mitochondrial disorders. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 114: 217–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finsterer, JCognitive decline as a manifestation of mitochondrial disorders (mitochondrial dementia). J Neurol Sci 2008; 272: 20–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujimoto, TNakano, TTakano, THokazono, YAsakura, TTsuji, TStudy of chronic schizophrenics using 31P magnetic resonance chemical shift imaging. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 86: 455–462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuke, SKametani, MKato, TQuantitative analysis of the 4977-bp common deletion of mitochondrial DNA in postmortem frontal cortex from patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2008; 439: 173–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentry, KMNimgaonkar, VLMitochondrial DNA variants in schizophrenia: association studies. Psychiatr Genet 2000; 10: 27–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giles, REBlanc, HCann, HMWallace, DCMaternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77: 6715–6719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, JMFaraone, SVChen, WJTsuang, MTGender and the familial risk for schizophrenia disentangling confounding factors. Schizophr Res 1992; 7: 135–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman, IIBertelsen, AConfirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia risks in the offspring of Fischer's Danish identical and fraternal discordant twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 867–872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman, IILaursen, TMBertelsen, AMortensen, PBSevere mental disorders in offspring with 2 psychiatrically ill parents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 252–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gropman, ALThe neurological presentations of childhood and adult mitochondrial disease: established syndromes and phenotypic variations. Mitochondrion 2004; 4: 503–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guillausseau, PJMassin, PDubois-LaForgue, DTimsit, JVirally, Met al.Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness: a multicenter study. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 721–728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirai, MSuzuki, SOnoda, MHinokio, YHirai, AOhtomo, Met al.Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid 3256C-T mutation in a Japanese family with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 992–994.Google Scholar
Horvath, RKley, RALochmüller, HVorgerd, MParkinson syndrome, neuropathy, and myopathy caused by the mutation A8344G (MERRF) in tRNALys. Neurology 2007; 68: 56–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inagaki, TIshino, HSeno, HOhguni, STanaka, JKato, YPsychiatric symptoms in a patient with diabetes mellitus associated with point mutation in mitochondrial DNA. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 42: 1067–1069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inuwa, IMPeet, MWilliams, MAQSAR modeling and transmission electron microscopy stereology of altered mitochondrial ultrastructure of white blood cells in patients diagnosed as schizophrenic and treated with antipsychotic drugs. Biotech Histochem 2005; 80: 133–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iwamoto, KBundo, MKato, TAltered expression of mitochondria-related genes in postmortem brains of patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, as revealed by large-scale DNA microarray analysis. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14: 241–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jablensky, AVKalaydjieva, LVGenetic epidemiology of schizophrenia: phenotypes, risk factors, and reproductive behavior. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 425–429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaksch, MLochmuller, HSchmitt, FVolpel, BObermaier-Kusser, BHorvath, RA mutation in mt tRNALeu(UUR) causing a neuropsychiatric syndrome with depression and cataract. Neurology 2001; 57: 1930–1931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jun, ASBrown, MDWallace, DCA mitochondrial DNA mutation at nucleotide pair 14459 of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 gene associated with maternally inherited Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and dystonia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 6206–6210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaido, MFujimura, HSoga, FToyooka, KYoshikawa, HNishimura, Tet al.Alzheimer-type pathology in a patient with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). Acta Neuropathol 1996; 92: 312–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kakiuchi, CIshiwata, MKametani, MNelson, CIwamoto, KKato, TQuantitative analysis of mitochondrial DNA deletions in the brains of patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 8: 515–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kameoka, KIsotani, HTanaka, KAzukari, KFujimura, YShiota, Yet al.Novel mitochondrial DNA mutation in tRNA(Lys) (8296A-->G) associated with diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 245: 523–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karry, RKlein, EBen Shachar, DMitochondrial complex I subunits expression is altered in schizophrenia: a postmortem study. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 676–684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kato, TThe other, forgotten genome: mitochondrial DNA and mental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6: 625–633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kazuno, AAMunakata, KMori, KTanaka, MNanko, SKunugi, Het al.Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of patients with ‘atypical psychosis’. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 59: 497–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiejna, ADiMauro, SAdamowski, TRymaszewska, JLeszek, JPachalska, MPsychiatric symptoms in a patient with the clinical features of MELAS. Med Sci Monit 2002; 8: CS66–CS72.Google Scholar
Kolomeets, NSUranova, NASynaptic contacts in schizophrenia: studies using immunocytochemical identification of dopaminergic neurons. Neurosci Behav Physiol 1999; 29: 217–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kung, LRoberts, RCMitochondrial pathology in human schizophrenic striatum: a postmortem ultrastructural study. Synapse 1999; 31: 67–75.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lertrit, PNoer, ASJean-Francois, MJKapsa, RDennett, XThyagarajan, Det al.A new disease-related mutation for mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes (MELAS) syndrome affects the ND4 subunit of the respiratory complex I. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 51: 457–468.Google ScholarPubMed
Li, JZVawter, MPWalsh, DMTomita, HEvans, SJChoudary, PVet al.Systematic changes in gene expression in postmortem human brains associated with tissue pH and terminal medical conditions. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13: 609–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, MTBeal, MFMitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature 2006; 443: 787–795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindholm, ECavelier, LHowell, WMEriksson, IJalonen, PAdolfsson, Ret al.Mitochondrial sequence variants in patients with schizophrenia. Eur J Hum Genet 1997; 5: 406–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magri, CGardella, RBarlati, SDValsecchi, PSacchetti, EBarlati, SMitochondrial DNA haplogroups and age at onset of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144: 496–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maier, WLichtermann, DMinges, JHeun, RHallmayer, JThe impact of gender and age at onset on the familial aggregation of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1993; 242: 279–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malaspina, DFriedman, JHKaufmann, CBruder, GAmador, XStrauss, Det al.Psychobiological heterogeneity of familial and sporadic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43: 489–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mancuso, MRicci, GChoub, AFilosto, MDimauro, SDavidzon, Get al.Autosomal dominant psychiatric disorders and mitochondrial DNA multiple deletions: report of a family. J Affect Disord 2008; 106: 173–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchbanks, RMRyan, MDay, INOwen, MMcGuffin, PWhatley, SAA mitochondrial DNA sequence variant associated with schizophrenia and oxidative stress. Schizophr Res 2003; 65: 33–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mardis, ERNext-generation DNA sequencing methods. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2008; 9: 387–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martorell, LPujana, MAValero, JJoven, JVolpini, VLabad, Aet al.Anticipation is not associated with CAG repeat expansion in parent-offspring pairs of patients affected with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88: 50–56.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martorell, LSegues, TFolch, GValero, JJoven, JLabad, Aet al.New variants in the mitochondrial genomes of schizophrenic patients. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14: 520–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maurer, IZierz, SMoller, HEvidence for a mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation defect in brains from patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001; 48: 125–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Messias, ELChen, CYEaton, WWEpidemiology of schizophrenia: review of findings and myths. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2007; 30: 323–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michikawa, YMazzucchelli, FBresolin, NScarlato, GAttardi, GAging-dependent large accumulation of point mutations in the human mtDNA control region for replication. Science 1999; 286: 774–779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Middleton, FAMirnics, KPierri, JNLewis, DALevitt, PGene expression profiling reveals alterations of specific metabolic pathways in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 2718–2729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Migliore, LCoppede, FEnvironmental-induced oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders and aging. Mutat Res 2009; 674: 73–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mizukami, KSasaki, MSuzuki, TShiraishi, HKoizumi, JOhkoshi, Net al.Central nervous system changes in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy: light and electron microscopic study. Acta Neuropathol 1992; 83: 449–452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulcrone, JWhatley, SAFerrier, INMarchbanks, RMA study of altered gene expression in frontal cortex from schizophrenic patients using differential screening. Schizophr Res 1995; 14: 203–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munakata, KIwamoto, KBundo, MKato, TMitochondrial DNA 3243A>G mutation and increased expression of LARS2 gene in the brains of patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57: 525–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naimi, MBannwarth, SProcaccio, VPouget, JDesnuelle, CPellissier, JFet al.Molecular analysis of ANT1, TWINKLE and POLG in patients with multiple deletions or depletion of mitochondrial DNA by a dHPLC-based assay. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14: 917–922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naneishvili, BRZurabashvili, ZAThe ultrastructure of formed white blood elements (neutrophils) in schizophrenia. Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch 1976; 103: 160–165.Google Scholar
Narita, HOdawara, TMatsumoto, TKimura, SYamada, TIseki, Eet al.A case with late-onset MELAS with hallucination and delusion. No to Shinkei 2004; 56: 345–349.Google ScholarPubMed
Neustadt, JPieczenik, SRMedication-induced mitochondrial damage and disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52: 780–788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Odawara, MArinami, TTachi, YHamaguchi, HToru, MYamashita, KAbsence of association between a mitochondrial DNA mutation at nucleotide position 3243 and schizophrenia in Japanese. Hum Genet 1998; 102: 708–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Odawara, MIsaka, MTada, KMizusawa, HYamashita, KDiabetes mellitus associated with mitochondrial myopathy and schizophrenia: a possible link between diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia. Diabet Med 14 1997 503.3.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Donovan, MCCraddock, NJOwen, MJGenetics of psychosis; insights from views across the genome. Hum Genet 2009; 126: 3–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozawa, TMitochondrial DNA mutations and age. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 854: 128–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pakendorf, BStoneking, MMitochondrial, DNA and human evolution. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2005; 6: 165–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, IBSidani, MZoorob, RMitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like syndrome (MELAS): a case report, presentation, and management. South Med J 2007; 100: 70–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piccoli, CRipoli, MQuarato, GScrima, RD’Aprile, ABoffoli, Det al.Coexistence of mutations in PINK1 and mitochondrial DNA in early onset parkinsonism. J Med Genet 2008; 45: 596–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Picchioni, MMMurray, RMSchizophrenia. BMJ 2007; 335: 91–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pons, RAndreu, ALCheccarelli, NVila, MREngelstad, KSue, CMet al.Mitochondrial DNA abnormalities and autistic spectrum disorders. J Pediatr 2004; 144: 81–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prabakaran, SSwatton, JERyan, MMHuffaker, SJHuang, JTGriffin, JLet al.Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: evidence for compromised brain metabolism and oxidative stress. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9: 684–697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prayson, RAWang, NMitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes (MELAS) syndrome: an autopsy report. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998; 122: 978–981.Google ScholarPubMed
Prezant, TRAgapian, JVBohlman, MCBu, XOztas, SQiu, WQet al.Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA mutation associated with both antibiotic-induced and non-syndromic deafness. Nat Genet 1993; 4: 289–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prince, JABlennow, KGottfries, CGKarlsson, IOreland, LMitochondrial function is differentially altered in the basal ganglia of chronic schizophrenics. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 21: 372–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raspall-Chaure, MSolano, AVázquez, EMacaya-Ruiz, Adel Toro-Riera, MCabezuelo-Briones, Aet al.A patient with bilateral lesion in the striatum and slowly progressive dystonia secondary to T14487C mutation in the ND6 gene of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Rev Neurol 2004; 39: 1129–1132.Google ScholarPubMed
Reardon, WRoss, RJSweeney, MGLuxon, LMPembrey, MEHarding, AEet al.Diabetes mellitus associated with a pathogenic point mutation in mitochondrial DNA. Lancet 1992; 340: 1376–1379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rollins, BMartin, MVSequeira, PAMoon, EAMorgan, LZWatson, SJet al.Mitochondrial variants in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. PLoS One 4 2009 e4913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rotig, APoulton, JGenetic causes of mitochondrial DNA depletion in humans. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1792: 1103–1108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruiz-Pesini, ELott, MTProcaccio, VPoole, JCBrandon, MCMishmar, Det al.An enhanced MITOMAP with a global mtDNA mutational phylogeny. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35: D823–D828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sabunciyan, SKirches, EKrause, GBogerts, BMawrin, CLlenos, ICet al.Quantification of total mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial common deletion in the frontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Neural Transm 2007; 114: 665–674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sacconi, SSalviati, LGooch, CBonilla, EShanske, SDiMauro, SComplex neurologic syndrome associated with the G1606A mutation of mitochondrial DNA. Arch Neurol 2002; 59: 1013–1015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saijo, TNaito, EIto, MTakeda, EHashimoto, TKuroda, YTherapeutic effect of sodium dichloroacetate on visual and auditory hallucinations in a patient with MELAS. Neuropediatrics 1991; 22: 166–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salpietro, CDBriuglia, SMerlino, MVDi Bella, CRigoli, LA mitochondrial DNA mutation (A3243G mtDNA) in a family with cyclic vomiting. Eur J Pediatr 2003; 162: 727–728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santorelli, FMMak, SCEl-Schahawi, MCasali, CShanske, SBaram, TZet al.Maternally inherited cardiomyopathy and hearing loss associated with a novel mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Lys) gene (G8363A). Am J Hum Genet 1996; 58: 933–939.Google ScholarPubMed
Santorelli, FMTanji, KSano, MShanske, SEl-Shahawi, MKranz-Eble, Pet al.Maternally inherited encephalopathy associated with a single-base insertion in the mitochondrial tRNATrp gene. Ann Neurol 1997; 42: 256–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santoro, ASalvioli, SRaule, NCapri, MSevini, FValensin, Set al.Mitochondrial DNA involvement in human longevity. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1757: 1388–1399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sartor, HLoose, RTucha, OKlein, HELange, KWMELAS: a neuropsychological and radiological follow-up study. mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 2002; 106: 309–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schapira, AHMitochondrial disease. Lancet 2006; 368: 70–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, JBKlockgether, TDichgans, JSeibel, PReichmann, HMitochondrial gene mutations and diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1993; 341: 438–439.Google ScholarPubMed
Shao, LMartin, MVWatson, SJSchatzberg, AAkil, HMyers, RMet al.Mitochondrial involvement in psychiatric disorders. Ann Med 2008; 40: 281–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharfstein, SRGordon, MFLibman, RBMalkin, ESAdult-onset MELAS presenting as herpes encephalitis. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 241–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimizu, AKurachi, MYamaguchi, NTorii, HIsaki, KMorbidity risk of schizophrenia to parents and siblings of schizophrenic patients. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1987; 41: 65–70.Google ScholarPubMed
Shirayama, YYano, TTakahashi, KTakahashi, SOgino, TIn vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy shows an increase in glycerophosphorylcholine concentration without alterations in mitochondrial function in the prefrontal cortex of medicated schizophrenic patients at rest. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20: 749–756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shoffner, JMBrown, MDStugard, CJun, ASPollock, SHaas, RHet al.Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy plus dystonia is caused by a mitochondrial DNA point mutation. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 163–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silberberg, GBaruch, KNavon, RDetection of stable reference genes for real-time PCR analysis in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Anal Biochem 2009; 391: 91–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spellberg, BCarroll, RMRobinson, EBrass, EmtDNA disease in the primary care setting. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 2497–2500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sue, CMHolmes-Walker, DJMorris, JGBoyages, SCCrimmins, DSByrne, EMitochondrial gene mutations and diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1993; 341: 437–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, PFThe genetics of schizophrenia. PLoS Med 2 2005 e212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, TKoizumi, JShiraishi, HIshikawa, NOfuku, KSasaki, Met al.Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (MELAS) with mental disorder. CT, MRI and SPECT findings. Neuroradiology 1990; 32: 74–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, YTaniyama, MMuramatsu, TAtsumi, YHosokawa, KAsahina, Tet al.Diabetes mellitus associated with 3243 mitochondrial tRNA(leu(UUR)) mutation: clinical features and coenzyme Q10 treatment. Mol Aspects Med 18Suppl.1997 S181S188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sweeney, MGBundey, SBrockington, MPoulton, KRWiner, JBHarding, AEMitochondrial myopathy associated with sudden death in young adults and a novel mutation in the mitochondrial DNA leucine transfer RNA(UUR) gene. Q J Med 1993; 86: 709–713.Google Scholar
Swerdlow, RHBinder, DParker, WDRisk factors for schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 341 1999 371372 [author reply 372].Google Scholar
Tang, SHuang, TCharacterization of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy using a parallel sequencing system. BioTechniques 2010; 48: 287–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomeer, ECVerhoeven, WMvan de Vlasakker, CJKlompenhouwer, JLPsychiatric symptoms in MELAS; a case report. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 64: 692–693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiranti, VD’Agruma, LPareyson, DMora, MCarrara, FZelante, Let al.A novel mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Val) gene associated with a complex neurological presentation. Ann Neurol 1998; 43: 98–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomita, HVawter, MPWalsh, DMEvans, SJChoudary, PVLi, Jet al.Effect of agonal and postmortem factors on gene expression profile: quality control in microarray analyses of postmortem human brain. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 346–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tordjman, SReunifying autism and early-onset schizophrenia in terms of social communication disorders. Behav Brain Sci 2008; 31: 278–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torroni, APetrozzi, MD’Urbano, LSellitto, DZeviani, MCarrara, Fet al.Haplotype and phylogenetic analyses suggest that one european-specific mtDNA background plays a role in the expression of leber hereditary optic neuropathy by increasing the penetrance of the primary mutations 11778 and 14484. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 60: 1107–1121.Google Scholar
Ueno, HNishigaki, YKong, QPFuku, NKojima, SIwata, Net al.Analysis of mitochondrial DNA variants in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. Mitochondrion 2009; 9: 385–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ugalde, CTriepels, RHCoenen, MJvan den Heuvel, LPSmeets, RUusimaa, Jet al.Impaired complex I assembly in a Leigh syndrome patient with a novel missense mutation in the ND6 gene. Ann Neurol 2003; 54: 665–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uranova, NOrlovskaya, DVikhreva, OZimina, IKolomeets, NVostrikov, Vet al.Electron microscopy of oligodendroglia in severe mental illness. Brain Res Bull 2001; 55: 597–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Ouweland, JMLemkes, HHRuitenbeek, WSandkuijl, LAde Vijlder, MFStruyvenberg, PAet al.Mutation in mitochondrial tRNA(Leu)(UUR) gene in a large pedigree with maternally transmitted type II diabetes mellitus and deafness. Nat Genet 1992; 1: 368–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandesompele, JDe Preter, KPattyn, FPoppe, BVan Roy, NDe Paepe, Aet al.Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol 3 2002 RESEARCH0034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasconcellos, LFLeite, ACCavalcanti, JLMoreira, DMFeijo, DSouza, CFPsychotic syndrome developing into dementia as a clinical manifestation of mitochondrial DNA deletion. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2007; 65: 114–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vawter, MPTomita, HMeng, FBolstad, BLi, JEvans, Set al.Mitochondrial-related gene expression changes are sensitive to agonal-pH state: implications for brain disorders. Mol Psychiatry 11 2006 615663-679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velho, GByrne, MMClément, KSturis, JPueyo, MEBlanché, Het al.Clinical phenotypes, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity in kindreds with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness due to mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) gene mutation. Diabetes 1996; 45: 478–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verdoux, Hvan Os, JSham, PJones, PGilvarry, KMurray, RDoes familiality predispose to both emergence and persistence of psychosis? A follow-up study. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 168: 620–626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vialettes, BHPaquis-Flucklinger, VPelissier, JFBendahan, DNarbonne, HSilvestre-Aillaud, Pet al.Phenotypic expression of diabetes secondary to a T14709C mutation of mitochondrial DNA. Comparison with MIDD syndrome (A3243G mutation): a case report. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1731–1737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volz, HRRiehemann, SMaurer, ISmesny, SSommer, MRzanny, Ret al.Reduced phosphodiesters and high-energy phosphates in the frontal lobe of schizophrenic patients: a (31)P chemical shift spectroscopic-imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 954–961.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, DCBrown, MDLott, MTMitochondrial DNA variation in human evolution and disease. Gene 1999; 238: 211–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, YMichikawa, YMallidis, CBai, YWoodhouse, LYarasheski, KEet al.Muscle-specific mutations accumulate with aging in critical human mtDNA control sites for replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 4022–4027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watanabe, MMita, STakita, TGoto, YUchino, MImamura, SLeber's hereditary optic neuropathy with dystonia in a Japanese family. J Neurol Sci 2006; 243: 31–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weickert, CSSheedy, DRothmond, DADedova, IFung, SGarrick, Tet al.Selection of reference gene expression in a schizophrenia brain cohort. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2010; 44: 59–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolyniec, PSPulver, AEMcGrath, JATam, DSchizophrenia:, Gender and familial risk. J Psychiatr Res 1992; 26: 17–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, LJDiagnostic challenges of mitochondrial DNA disorders. Mitochondrion 2007; 7: 45–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, SJYucel, MPantelis, CBerk, MNeurobiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: the role of oxidative stress. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2009; 38: 396–401.Google ScholarPubMed
Yamazaki, MIgarashi, HHamamoto, MMiyazaki, TNonaka, IA case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with schizophrenic psychosis, dementia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1991; 31: 1219–1223.Google ScholarPubMed
Yuan, HQian, YXu, YCao, JBai, LShen, Wet al.Cosegregation of the G7444A mutation in the mitochondrial COI/tRNA(Ser(UCN)) genes with the 12S rRNA A1555G mutation in a Chinese family with aminoglycoside-induced and nonsyndromic hearing loss. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 138A: 133–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, JAsin-Cayuela, JFish, JMichikawa, YBonafe, MOlivieri, Fet al.Strikingly higher frequency in centenarians and twins of mtDNA mutation causing remodeling of replication origin in leukocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 1116–1121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, XYTan, YLZhou, DFHaile, CNWu, GYCao, LYet al.Nicotine dependence, symptoms and oxidative stress in male patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 2020–2024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeviani, MCarelli, VMitochondrial disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 2003; 16: 585–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeviani, MDi Donato, SMitochondrial disorders. Brain 2004; 127: 2153–2172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.