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Los efectos de las sustancias psicoactivas y los neurolépticos sobre el lenguaje en sujetos normales y pacientes esquizofrénicos: una revisión

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2020

F. Salomé ,
P. Boyer  and
M. Fayol
F. Salomé
Affiliation:
CNRS UMR 7593, Hospital de la Pitié-Salpétriére, 47, Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651París, Francia
P. Boyer
Affiliation:
CNRS UMR 7593, Hospital de la Pitié-Salpétriére, 47, Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75651París, Francia
M. Fayol
Affiliation:
LAPSCO/CNRS, Université Blaise Pascal, 34 Avenue Carnot, 63037Clermont-Ferrand, Francia
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Resumen

El propósito de este estudio es presentar una visión general de la investigación en psicofarmacología con respecto a los efectos de diferentes sustancias psicoactivas y neurolépticos (NL) sobre el lenguaje en sujetos normales y pacientes esquizofrénicos. Se revisan dieciocho estudios que han investigado los efectos a este respecto de sustancias psicoactivas (alcohol, anfetaminas, secobarbital, L-dopa, psilocibina, ketamina, fenfluramina) y neurolépticos (convencionales y atípicos) diferentes. No hay estudios acerca de los efectos de los neurolépticos sobre el lenguaje en los sujetos sanos. Los resultados obtenidos con otras moléculas indican que la producción del lenguaje puede aumentar (alcohol, anfetamina, secobarbital), hacerse más compleja (d-anfetamina), más enfocada (L-dopa) o más desenfocada (psilocibina) y deteriorate claramente (ketamina). Para los pacientes esquizofrénicos, la mayoría de los estudios muestra que los tratamientos neurolépticos convencionales en dosis terapéuticas y en modo breve o prolongado, reducen los trastornos del lenguaje en todos los niveles (clínico, linguistico, psicolingüístico). Los NL cIásicos, cuando se administran en dosis moderadas y de modo prolongado en unión con otras moléculas, modifican el lenguaje en la esquizofrenia, mejorando la fluidez verbal y reduciendo las pausas y el trastorno positivo de pensamiento (NL+ anfetamina), o induciendo un deterioro en las medidas de lenguaje (NL+ fenfluramina). Se debaten consideraciones clínicas, metodológicas y teóricas de los resultados en el marco de los trastornos de lenguaje de los esquizofrénicos.

Keywords

lenguajeneurolépticospsicofármacosesquizofreniahablatrastorno del pensamiento
Type
Artículo original
Information
European Psychiatry (Ed. Española) , Volume 8 , Issue 2 , March 2001 , pp. 107 - 116

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