Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T08:33:36.091Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Clase social y tipo de esquizofrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2020

B. J. Gallagher III ,
B. J. Jones ,
J. A. McFalls Jr.  and
A. M. Pisa
B. J. Gallagher III
Affiliation:
Departamento de Sociología, Universidad de Villanova, Villanova, PA19085, EE.UU.
B. J. Jones
Affiliation:
Departamento de Sociología, Universidad de Villanova, Villanova, PA19085, EE.UU.
J. A. McFalls Jr.
Affiliation:
Departamento de Sociología, Universidad de Villanova, Villanova, PA19085, EE.UU.
A. M. Pisa
Affiliation:
Psicólogo clínico, Ejercicio privado de la profesión, EE.UU.
Get access

Resumen

Objetivo

Investigaciones actuales y anteriores indican convincentemente una alta prevalencia de esquizofrenia en la clase baja en los EE.UU. y otras sociedades estratificadas. Hasta la fecha, ningún estudio ha sometido a examen la existencia de una conexión entre el tipo de esquizofrenia y el estatus socioeconómico (ESE). Examinamos la existencia de una interrelación entre el subtipo de esquizofrenia, el ESE y la raza.

Métodos

Se utilizaron escalas de síntomas positivos y negativos para evaluar a 436 pacientes esquizofrénicos en un hospital estatal en los EE.UU. Todos los pacientes recibieron también diagnóstico según las normas del DSM. La clase social de origen se evaluó por las Distribuciones de Clasificación Ocupacional de la Oficina del Censo de EE.UU. Se realizó un análisis multivariante con la χ2 de la razón de verosimilitud.

Resultados

Descubrimos una propensión de la esquizofrenia de déficit a ser elevada entre los pobres. El hallazgo se presenta como un efecto puro del ESE, ya que la probabilidad de la esquizofrenia de déficit no varía con la raza cuando la clase social se mantiene constante.

Conclusión

El hallazgo es potencialmente un descubrimiento nuevo e importante en la epidemiología de la esquizofrenia. Permite comprender mejor la deficiente evolución entre los pacientes de clase baja en sociedades estratificadas como los Estados Unidos. Es coherente también con investigaciones longitudinales de investigadores europeos.

Keywords

EsquizofreniaClase socialSubtipo de esquizofreniaEstatus socioeconómicoRazaSociedades estratificadasDe déficit/no de déficit
Type
Original
Information
European Psychiatry (Ed. Española) , Volume 13 , Issue 7 , October 2006 , pp. 329 - 334
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliografía

American Psychiatric Associadon. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington: American Psychiatric Press; 1987 (DC).Google Scholar
Andreasen, NC, Arndt, S, Alliger, R, Miller, D, Flaum, M. Symptoms of schizophrenia: methods, meaning and mechanisms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:341–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreasen, NC, Olsen, S. Negative vs positive schizophrenia: definition and validations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:789–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bresnahan, M, Susser, E. Investigating socioenvironmental influences in schizophrenia: conceptual and design issues. In: Murray, RM, Jones, PB, Susser, E, Von Os, J, Cannon, M, editors. The epidemiology of schizophrenia. New York (NY) US: Cambridge University Press; 2003.Google Scholar
Brixey, SN, Gallagher, BJ, McFalls, JA, Parmelee, LF. Gestational and neonatal factors in the etiology of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychol 1993;49:447–56.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, AS, Susser, ES, Jandorf, L, Bromet, EJ. Social class of origin and cardinal symptoms of schizophrenic disorders over the early illness course. Soc Psych and Psych Epidemiol 2000;35:53–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, S, Birtwistle, J, Roe, L, Thompson, C. The unhealthy lifestyle of people with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1999;29:697–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, WT. The deficit syndrome. Am J Psychiat 1994;151:327–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Census of Population. Classified index of industries and occupations. Washington: US Government Printing Office; 1971 (DC).Google Scholar
Dollfus, S, Petit, M. Principal component analyses of PANSS and SANSSAPS in schizophrenia: their stability in an acute phase. Eur Psychiatry 1995;10:97–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, WW, Muntaner, C. Social stratification and mental disorder. In: Horwitz, AV, Scheid, TL, editors. A handbook for the study of mental health: social contexts, theories and systems. Cambridge (MA) US: Cambridge University Press; 1999. p. 283–95.Google Scholar
Edwards, J, McGorry, PD, Waddell, FM, Harrigan, SM. Enduring negative symptom in first-episode psychosis: comparison of six methods using follow-up data. Schizophr Res 1999;40:147–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, BJ, Jones, BJ, Pisa, AM, McFalls, JA. Schizophrenic subtype, prenatal factors and social class: an epidemiological analysis. Eur Psychiatry (under review).Google Scholar
Gallagher, BJ. The sociology of mental illness. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ) US: Prentice Hall, 2002.Google Scholar
Gallagher, BJ, McFalls, JA, Jones, BJ, Pisa, AM. Prenatal illness and subtypes of schizophrenia: the winter pregnancy phenomenon. J Clin Psychol 1999;55:915–22.3.0.CO;2-5>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, BJ, McFalls, JA, Jones, BJ. Racial factors in birth seasonality: a preliminary analysis. J Ab Psychol 1983;92:524–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, LK, Lynch, SM. Race differences in depressive symptoms: a dynamic perspective on stress exposure and vulnerability. J Health Soc Behav 2003;44:353–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gore, S, Aseltine, RH. Race and ethnic differences in depressed mood following the transition from high school. J Health Soc Behav 2003;44:370–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Häfner, H, An der Heiden, W. Epidemiology of schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 1997;42:139–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, G, Gunnell, D, Glazebrock, C, Page, K, Kwieczinski, . Association between schizophrenia and social inequality at birth; case control study. Br J Psychiatry 2001;179:346–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollingshead, AB. Four factor index of social position. New Haven (CN) US: Yale University Press; 1975.Google Scholar
Kay, SR, Opler, LA, Fiszlein, A. Positive and negative syndrome scale. New York (NY) US: Multi-Health Systems, Inc; 1992.Google Scholar
Knoke, D, Burke, P. Log-linear models. Beverly Hill (CA) US: Sage Publications; 1981.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, B, Buchanan, RW, McKenney, PD, Alphis, LD, Carpenter, WT. The schedule for the deficit syndrome: an instrument for research in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 1989;30:119–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landrine, H. The social class schizophrenia relationship: a different approach and new hypotheses. J Soc Clin Psychol 1990;8:288–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, R, Caudle, J, Price, L. Race, social class and neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1999;36:48–58.Google Scholar
Malla, AK, Norman, RMG, Takhar, J, Manchanda, R, Townsend, L, Schotten, D, et al. Can patients at risk for persistent negative symptoms be identified during their first episode of psychosis? J Nerv Ment Dis 2004;192:455–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meich, RA, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE, Wright, BRE, Silva, PA. Low socioeconomic status and mental disorders: a longitudinal study of selection and causation during young adulthood. Am J Sociol 1999;104: 1096–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messias, E, Kirkpatrick, B, Bromet, E, Ross, D, Buchanan, RW, Carpenter, WT, et al. Summer deficit and schizophrenia: a pooled analysis from six countries. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:985–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulvany, F, O'Callaghan, E, Takei, N, Byrne, M, Fearon, P, Larken, C. Effect of social class at birth on risk and presentation of schizophrenia: case-control study. BMJ 2001;323:1398–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasrallah, HA, Weinberger, DR. Neurology of schizophrenia. In: Nasrallah, H, Weinberger, DR, editors. Handbook of schizophrenia. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers BV; 1990.Google Scholar
Neugebauer, R, Dohrenwend, BP, Dohrenwend, GS. In: Formulation of hypotheses about the true prevalence of functional disorders among adults in the Untied States, in: Dohrenwend, BP, editor. Mental illness in the United States. New York (NY) US: Praeger; 1980. p. 45–94.Google Scholar
O'Callaghan, E, Cotter, D, Colgan, K, Larkin, D, Walsh, D, Waddington, JL. Confinement of winter birth excess in schizophrenia to the urban-born and its gender specificity. Br J Psychiatry 1995;166:51–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strous, RD, Maayan, R, Lapidus, R, Stryjer, R, Lustig, M, Kotler, M, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone augmentation in the management of negative, depressive, and anxiety symptoms in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:133–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrey, EF, Bowler, AE, Clark, K. Urban birth and residence as risk factors for psychoses: an analysis of 1880 data. Schizophr Res 1997; 25:169–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrey, EF, Miller, J, Rawlings, R, Yolken, RH. Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Schizophr Res 1997;28:1–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vander Stoep, A, Link, B. Social class, ethnicity and mental illness: the importance of being more than earnest. Am J Public Health 1998;88:1396–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Von Os, J, Wright, P, Murray, RM. Follow-up studies of schizophrenia I: natural history and non-psychopathological predictors of outcome. Eur Psychiatry 1997;12:327S–341S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, DR, Takeuchi, D, Adair, R. Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorder among blacks and whites. Soc Forces 1992;71:179–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar