Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T10:15:55.678Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Who wants to pay for deliberative democracy? The crowdfunders of the G1000 in Belgium

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2016

Vincent Jacquet*
Affiliation:
Institut de sciences politiques Louvain-Europe (ISPOLE), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Montesquieu 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Min Reuchamps
Affiliation:
Institut de sciences politiques Louvain-Europe (ISPOLE), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Montesquieu 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
*

Abstract

Thanks to crowdfunding, deliberative mini-publics can be funded bottom-up to reach a wider support in the population and secure financial autonomy for their design. But who are the people willing to pay for deliberative democracy and why? This article answers this twofold question using an original survey with crowdfunders of the G1000 in Belgium. First, the financial support for deliberative democracy mainly comes from the more socially advantaged groups. But second, the crowdfunders largely diverge in their democratic preferences. Some are critical and favour any forms of alternative decision-making process, including technocratic forms. Others demonstrate a stronger attachment to electoral institutions and their political actors. Hence, the study of the crowdfunders of the G1000 shows that deliberative democracy attracts the support of citizens with different political orientations. This sheds light on the complex and intertwined links between a mini-public and its larger maxi-public.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© European Consortium for Political Research 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Armingeon, K. and Schädel, L. (2014), ‘Social inequality in political participation: the dark sides of individualisation’, West European Politics 38(1): 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bächtiger, A., Niemeyer, S., Neblo, M., Steenbergen, M.R. and Steiner, J. (2010), ‘Disentangling diversity in deliberative democracy: competing theories, their blind spots and complementarities’, Journal of Political Philosophy 18(1): 3263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, B.R. (1984), Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, S. and Kaase, M. (eds) (1979), Political Action. Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies, London: Sage.Google Scholar
Bekkers, R. and Wiepking, P. (2007), Generosity and Philanthropy: A Literature Review. Science of generosity Working Paper. Retrieved 21 June 2016 from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1015507 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengtsson, Å. and Mattila, M. (2009), ‘Direct democracy and its critics: support for direct democracy and “stealth” democracy in Finland’, West European Politics 32(5): 10311048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengtsson, Å. and Christensen, H. (2014), ‘Ideals and actions: do citizens’ patterns of political participation correspond to their conceptions of democracy?’, Government and Opposition 51(2): 234260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bovens, M. and Wille, A. (2010), ‘The education gap in participation and its political consequences’, Acta Politica 45(4): 393422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, A.C. (2005), ‘Does social capital make you generous?’, Social Science Quarterly 86(1): 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, E. and Ferris, J.M. (2007), ‘Social capital and philanthropy: an analysis of the impact of social capital on individual giving and volunteering’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 36(1): 8599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, M.B. (2006), ‘Survey article: citizen panels and the concept of representation’, The Journal of Political Philosophy 14(2): 203225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, N., Schlozman, K.L. and Verba, S. (2001), The Private Roots of Public Action: Gender, Equality, and Political Participation, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caluwaerts, D. and Reuchamps, M. (2012), ‘The G1000: facts, figures and some lessons from an experience of deliberative democracy in Belgium’. Paper presented at the Re-Bel initiative conference, 24 May 2012, Brussels.Google Scholar
Caluwaerts, D. and Reuchamps, M. (2014a), ‘Does inter-group deliberation foster inter-group appreciation? Evidence from two experiments in Belgium’, Politics 34(2): 101115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caluwaerts, D. and Reuchamps, M. (2014b), ‘Deliberative stress in linguistically divided Belgium’, in J. Ugarriza and D. Caluwaerts (eds), Democratic Deliberation in Deeply Divided Societies. From Conflict to Common Ground, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 3552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caluwaerts, D. and Reuchamps, M. (2016), ‘Generating democratic legitimacy through deliberative innovations: the role of embeddedness and disruptiveness’, Representation (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caluwaerts, D. and Reuchamps, M. (2015), ‘Strengthening democracy through bottom-up deliberation: an assessment of the internal legitimacy of the G1000 project’, Acta Politica 50(2): 151170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castiglione, D., Van Deth, J.W. and Wolleb, G. (eds) (2008), The Handbook of Social Capital, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chambers, S. (2009), ‘Rhetoric and the public sphere: has deliberative democracy abandoned mass democracy?’, Political Theory 37(3): 323350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claisse, F., Laviolette, C., Reuchamps, M. and Ruyters, C. (eds) (2013), La Participation en Action, Bruxelles: P.I.E.-Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Coffé, H. and Michels, A. (2014), ‘Education and support for representative, direct and stealth democracy’, Electoral Studies 35: 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. (1989), ‘Deliberation and democratic legitimacy’, in A. Hamlin and P. Petit (eds), The Good Polity, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 1734.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. and Fung, A. (2004), ‘The radical-democratic project’, Swiss Journal of Political Science 10(4): 2334.Google Scholar
Dalton, R.J. and Welzel, C. (eds) (2014), The Civic Culture Transformed. From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
della Porta, D. (2005), ‘Deliberative in movement: why and how to study deliberative democracy and social movements’, Acta Politica 40(3): 336350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dryzek, J.S. (2000), Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Felicetti, A., Niemeyer, S. and Curato, N. (2016), ‘Improving deliberative participation: connecting mini-publics to deliberative systems’, European Political Science Review 8(3): 427448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishkin, J.S. (1995), The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Fishkin, J.S. (2009), When the People Speak. Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fondation Roi Baudouin and Itinera Institute (2014), ‘Les Belges à nouveau prêts à donner plus’. Journée de la philantropie, 24 April. Retrieved 1 July 2016 from https://www.kbs-frb.be/fr/Newsroom/Press-releases/2014/311044 Google Scholar
Font, J., Wojcieszak, M. and Navarro, C.J. (2015), ‘Participation, representation and expertise: citizen preferences for political decision-making processes’, Political Studies 63(s1): 153172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fung, A. (2003), ‘Survey articles: recipes for public spheres: eight institutional design choices and thier consequences’, The Journal of Political Philosophy 11(3): 338367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fung, A. (2006), ‘Varieties of participation in complex governance’, Public Administration Review 66(s1): 6675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fung, A. (2007), ‘Minipublics: deliberative designs and their consequences’, in S.W. Rosenberg (ed.), Deliberation, Participation and Democracy: Can the People Govern?, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 159183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
G1000 (2012), Final Report: Democratic Innovation in Practice, Brussels: G1000.Google Scholar
Gastil, J. (2000), By Popular Demand. Revitalizing Representative Democracy Through Deliberative Election, London: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geissel, B. and Newton, K. (eds) (2012), Evaluating Democratic Innovations: Curring the Democratic Malaise?, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Goodin, R.E. and Dryzek, J.S. (2006), ‘Deliberative impacts: the macro-political uptake of mini-publics’, Politics Society 34(2): 219244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grönlund, K., Bächtiger, A. and Setälä, M. (eds) (2014), Deliberative Mini-Publics: Involving Citizens in the Democratic Process, Colchester: ECPR Press.Google Scholar
Groves, R.M., Fowler, F.J., Couper, M.P., Lepkowski, J.M., Singer, E. and Tourangeau, R. (2009), Survey Methodology, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Gutmann, A. and Thompson, D.F. (2004), Why Deliberative Democracy?, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, J. (1996), Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy., Cambridge: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Held, D. (2006), Models of Democracy, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hibbing, J. R. and Theiss-Morse, E. (2002), Stealth Democracy: Americans’ Beliefs About How Government Should Work, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husson, F., Josse, J. and Pagès, J. (2010), ‘Principal component methods – hierarchical clustering – partitional clustering: why would we need to choose for vizualizing data?’ Technical Report, Agrocampus, Rennes.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. (1997), Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglehart, R. and Catterberg, G. (2002), ‘Trends in political action: the developmental trend and the post-honeymoon decline’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology 43(3–5): 300316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacquet, V., Biard, B., Caluwaerts, D. and Reuchamps, M. (2015), ‘Changer la démocratie ? Attitudes des citoyens envers la démocratie actuelle et ses alternatives’, in K. Deschouwer, P. Delwit, M. Hooghe, P. Baudewyns and S. Walgrave (eds), Décrypter l’électeur : Le comportement électoral et les motivations de vote, Louvain: Lannoo Campus, pp. 235250.Google Scholar
Jacquet, V., Moskovic, J., Caluwaerts, D. and Reuchamps, M. (2016), ‘The macro political uptake of the G1000 in Belgium’, in M. Reuchamps and J. Suiter (eds), Constitutional Deliberative Democracy in Europe, Colchester: ECPR Press, pp. 5373.Google Scholar
Landemore, H. (2015), ‘Inclusive constitution-making: the Icelandic experiment’, Journal of Political Philosophy 23(2): 166191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehner, O.M. (2013), ‘Crowdfunding social ventures: a model and research agenda’, Venture Capital 15(4): 289311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manin, B. (1987), ‘On legitimacy and political deliberation’, Political Theory 15(3): 338368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manin, B. (1997), The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marien, S., Hooghe, M. and Quintelier, E. (2010), ‘Inequalities in non-institutionalised forms of political participation: a multi-level analysis of 25 countries’, Political Studies 58(1): 187213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McHugh, D. (2006), ‘Wanting to be heard but not wanting to act? Addressing political disengagement’, Parliamentary Affairs 59(3): 546552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mollick, E. (2014), ‘The dynamics of crowdfunding: an exploratory study’, Journal of Business Venturing 29(1): 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutz, D.C. (2006), Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative Versus Participatory Democracy, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neblo, M.A., Esterling, K.M., Kennedy, R.P., Lazer, D.M.J. and Sokhey, A.E. (2010), ‘Who wants to deliberate? And why?’, American Political Science Review 104(3): 566583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niemeyer, S. (2011), ‘The emancipatory effect of deliberation: empirical lessons from mini-publics’, Politics and Society 39(1): 103140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, P. (1999), ‘Introduction: the growth of critical citizens’, in P. Norris (ed.), Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, P. (2002), Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Flynn, I. and Sood, G. (2014), ‘What would Dahl say?: an appraisal of the democratic credentials of deliberative polls and other mini-publics’, in K. Grönlund, A. Bächtiger and M. Setälä (eds), Deliberative Mini-Publics, Colchester: ECPR Press, pp. 4158.Google Scholar
Pastorella, G. (2015), ‘Technocratic governments in Europe: getting the critique right’, Political Studies, 118. (online first).Google Scholar
Pateman, C. (2012), ‘Participatory democracy revisited’, Perspectives on Politics 10(1): 719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, P.H. (1983), ‘The participatory consequences of internal and external political efficacy: a research note’, The Western Political Quarterly 36(3): 400409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pourtois, H. (2013), ‘Mini-publics et démocratie délibérative’, Politique et Sociétés 32(1): 2141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, P.B. and Selbee, L.K. (2001), ‘The civic core in Canada: disproportionality in charitable giving, volunteering, and civic participation’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 30(4): 761780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuchamps, M. (2013), ‘The current challenges on the Belgian federalism and the sixth reform of the state’, in A. López-Basaguren and L. Escajedo San-Epifanio (eds), The Ways of Federalism in Western Countries and the Horizons of Territorial Autonomy in Spain, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 375392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuchamps, M. and Suiter, J. (eds) (2016), Constitutional Deliberative Democracy in Europe, Colchester: ECPR Press.Google Scholar
Ryfe, D.M. (2002), ‘The practice of deliberative democracy: a study of 16 deliberative organizations’, Political Communication 19(3): 359377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryfe, D.M. (2005), ‘Does deliberative democracy work?’, Annual Review of Political Science 8(1): 4971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schervish, P. and Havens, J. (1997), ‘Social participation and charitable giving: a multivariate analysis’, Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 8(3): 235260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D.H. (1994), ‘Determinants of voluntary association participation and volunteering: a literature review’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 23(3): 243263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, G. (2009), Democratic Innovations. Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, G. (2012), ‘Deliberative democracy and mini-public’, in B. Geissel and K. Newton (eds), Evaluating Democratic Innovations. Curing the Democratic Malaise?, Oxon, MD: Routledge, pp. 90111.Google Scholar
Stolle, D. and Hooghe, M. (2005), ‘Inaccurate, exceptional, one-sided or irrelevant? The debate about the alleged decline of social capital and civic engagement in western societies’, British Journal of Political Science 35(1): 149167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stolle, D., Hooghe, M. and Micheletti, M. (2005), ‘Politics in the supermarket: political consumerism as a form of political participation’, International Political Science Review/Revue internationale de science politique 26(3): 245269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, D.F. (2008), ‘Deliberative democratic theory and empirical political science’, Annual Review of Political Science 11(1): 497520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uslaner, E.M. and Brown, M. (2005), ‘Inequality, trust, and civic engagement’, American Politics Research 33(6): 868894.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Reybrouck, D. (2011), Het Manifest van de G1000, Brussels: G1000.Google Scholar
Verba, S., Schlozman, K.L. and Brady, H.E. (1995), Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, M.E. (2008), ‘Citizen representatives’, in M.E. Warren and H. Pearse (eds), Designing Deliberative Democracy. The British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 5069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, P. (2013), ‘Who is willing to participate? Dissatisfied democrats, stealth democrats and populists in the United Kingdom’, European Journal of Political Research 52(6): 747772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, I.M. (2001), ‘Activist challenges to deliberative democracy’, Political Theory 29(5): 670690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar