Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T21:52:32.443Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Thieves, Fools, Fraudsters, and Gamblers? The Ambivalence of Moral Criticism in the Credit Crunch of 2008

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2015

Sascha Münnich*
Affiliation:
Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen [[email protected]].
Get access

Abstract

This article examines public debates on the legitimacy of banking profits in the 2008 credit crunch. A content analysis of 957 newspaper articles published in Germany and the UK in the early weeks after the Lehman Brothers collapse examines critical statements directed at illegitimate forms of financial profit in order to identify the cultural legitimacy of financial capitalism. The conceptual framework provided by the French sociology of justification points to the role of shared orders of value as a normative reference for public discourses. In both national debates, four important boundaries for legitimate profits were drawn that concerned the problems of ownership, risk-management capacities of traders, fraudulent client relations, and speculative gambling. The meaning of this classical moral criticism of banks was transformed in the context of the 2008 crisis: a line between “normal” and “excessive” financial profits was drawn, defining an area of legitimate profit-seeking that hewed to the basic assumptions of the market model. Economic theory was used as a scheme of public economic morality. The seemingly harsh critical debate effectively reproduced a legitimate image of a functioning financial market, deflecting public attention away from the structural ambivalences of financial profit-seeking and granting legitimacy to the institutional status quo of financial capitalism.

Résumé

Cet article étudie les débats publics consacrés à la légitimité des profits bancaires à l'occasion de la crise du crédit de 2008. Une analyse du contenu de 957 articles de journaux publiés en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni dans les premières semaines qui suivirent la faillite de Lehman Brothers recense les principales critiques dénonçant l'illégitimité des profits financiers. Le cadre conceptuel apporté par la sociologie française de la Justification souligne le rôle des ordres partagés de valeurs comme référence normative pour les discours publics. Dans les deux débats nationaux étudiés, sont particulièrement discutés en rapport avec l'idée de profit légitime des problèmes d'appropriation, la capacité des traders à gérer les risques, les relations frauduleuses avec la clientèle et les paris purement spéculatifs. La critique morale classique des banques prend un sens nouveau dans le contexte de la crise de 2008 : une ligne est désormais tirée entre les profits financiers « normaux » et les profits financiers « excessifs » définissant du même coup une zone de recherche du profit légitime. La théorie économique apparaît alors comme un schème de moralité publique. Le débat critique en apparence virulent ne fait que reproduire l'image d'un marché financier fonctionnel, détournant l'attention publique des ambivalences structurelles de la recherche de profit financier et accordant une nouvelle légitimité au statu quo institutionnel du capitalisme financier.

Zusammenfassung

In diesem Artikel werden öffentliche Debatten über die Legitimität von Finanzprofiten in der Bankenkrise von 2008 untersucht. In einer Inhaltsanalyse von 957 Zeitungsartikeln, die in Deutschland und Großbritannien in den ersten Wochen nach dem Zusammenbruch von Lehman Brothers erschienen, werden kritische Angriffe auf die Legitimität von Finanzprofiten betrachtet um die kulturelle Dimension des Finanzkapitalismus in den Blick zu nehmen. Aus Sicht der französischen Soziologie der Rechtfertigung geraten geteilte Wertordnungen als normative Bezugspunkte einer öffentlichen Moralökonomie in den Blick.

In beiden nationalen Diskursen finden sich vier wichtige Grenzziehungen des legitimen Profits die den Eigentumsstatus der gehandelten Gelder, die professionelle Kompetenz der Risk-Manager, die Frage von betrügerischen Kundenbeziehungen und die Rolle von spekulativem Glücksspiel betreffen. Die Bedeutung dieser klassischen Elemente jeder moralischen Kritik an Banken veränderte sich im Kontext der Krise von 2008: So wurden Profite aus Finanzgeschäften nicht generell in Frage gestellt, sondern in der Debatte wurde eine Linie zwischen „normalen“ und „exzessiven“ Finanzprofiten gezogen. Als Maßstab für die so definierte Zone des legitimen Profits diente das ökonomische Marktmodell. So wurde ökonomische Theorie in den Debatten von 2008 zum Maßstab öffentlicher Wirtschaftsmoral.

Die scheinbar radikale öffentliche Kritik am Profitmodell der Banken reproduzierte somit letztlich das legitime Bild eines funktionierenden Finanzmarktes „in greifbarer Nähe“, wenn nur die Akteure sich moralisch, d.h. systemkonform verhalten würden. Dies zog die öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit weg von den strukturellen Ambivalenzen aller Finanzprofite und legitimierte so den institutionellen Status Quo des Finanzmarktes.

Type
Economic Culture in the Public Sphere
Copyright
Copyright © A.E.S. 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Amable, Bruno, 2003. The diversity of modern capitalism, Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press. Available online athttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0620/2004297869-d.html.Google Scholar
Bandelj, Nina, 2008. “Economic objects as cultural objects: discourse on foreign investment in post-socialist Europe”, Socio-Economic Review, 4: 671-702, checked on 14/02/2014.Google Scholar
Beckert, Jens, 1996. “What is sociological about economic sociology? Uncertainty and the embeddedness of economic action”, Theory and Society, 6: 803-840.Google Scholar
Beunza, Daniel and Stark, David, 2004. “Tools of the Trade. The Socio-Technology of Arbitrage in a Wall Street Trading Room”, Industrial and Corporate Change, 2: 369-400.Google Scholar
Block, Fred, 2014. Democratizing Finance, Politics & Society, 1: 3-28.Google Scholar
Boltanski, Luc and Thévenot, Laurent, 1999. “The Sociology of Critical Capacity”, European Journal of Social Theory, 3: 359-377.Google Scholar
Boltanski, Luc and Thévenot, Laurent, 2006. On Justification. Economies of Worth (Princeton, Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Claessens, Stijn, Dell'Ariccia, Giovanni G., Igan, Deniz and Laeven, Luc, 2010. “Cross-Country Experiences and Policy Implications from the Global Financial Crisis”, Economic Policy: 267-293.Google Scholar
Clary, B Betsy J., 2011. “Institutional Usury and the Banks”, Review of Social Economy, 4.Google Scholar
Congleton, Roger, 2009. “On the Political Economy of the Financial Crisis and Bailout of 2008-2009”, Public Choice: 297-317.Google Scholar
Deeg, Richard, 1999. Finance capitalism unveiled. Banks and the German political economy, (Ann Arbor, Univ. of Michigan Press). Available online athttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/umich051/98025519.html.Google Scholar
Esposito, Elena, 2011. The future of futures. The time of money in financing society (Cheltenham, Elgar).Google Scholar
Financial Stability Forum (2008) Report of the Financial Stability Forum on Enhancing Market and Institutional Resilience. Edited by Financial Stability Forum. Available online athttp://www.financialstabilityboard.org/publications/r_0804.pdf.Google Scholar
Franke, Günter and Krahnen, Jan Pieter, 2008. The Future of Securitization (Frankfurt, Center for Financial Studies).Google Scholar
Goede, M. de (2004) Repoliticizing financial risk. In Economy and Society, 2, pp. 197-217, checked on 14/02/2014.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mariekede, 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure. The Problem of Embeddedness”, American Journal of Sociology, 3: 481-510.Google Scholar
Haas, Peter M., ed., 1992. Knowledge, Power, and International Policy Coordination. International Organization, Special issue, Columbia, University of South Carolina Press (1).Google Scholar
Hall, Peter A. and Soskice, David, 2001. “An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism”, in Hall, P. A. and D. Soskice, eds., Varieties of Capitalism. The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage (Oxford, Oxford University Press: 1-70).Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A., 2002. “Competition as a Discovery Procedure. Translated by Marcellus S. Snow”, The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, 3: 9-23, checked on 10/02/2014.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O., 1986. “Rival Views of Market Societyin Hirschman A. O., ed., Rival Views of Market Society and Other Recent Essays (New York, Viking).Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert, O., 1997. The Passions and the Interests. Political Arguments for Capitalism before its Triumph (Princeton, Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Knight, Frank H., 2002. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (Washington, Beard Books).Google Scholar
Lamont, Michèle and Thévenot, Laurent, 2000. “Introduction. Toward a Renewed Comparative Cultural Sociology”, in Lamont M. and L. Thévenot, eds., Comparative Cultural Sociology. Repertoires of Evaluation in France and the United States (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 1-22).Google Scholar
MacKenzie, Donald, 2011. “The Credit Crisis as a Problem in the Sociology of Knowledge”, American Journal of Sociology, 6: 1778-1841.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, Donald and Millo, Yuval, 2003. “Constructing a Market, Performing Theory. The Historical Sociology of a Financial Derivatives Exchange”, American Journal of Sociology, 1: 107-145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKenzie, Donald and Spears, Taylor(Unpublished Manuscript). The Formula That Killed Wall Street. The Gaussian Copula and Modelling Practices in Investment Banking, Edinburgh. http://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/129947/Formula11.pdf.Google Scholar
Markowitz, Harry M., 1991. Foundations of Portfolio Theory, Journal of Finance, 2, 469-477, checked on 13/02/2014.Google Scholar
Polillo, Simone, 2011. “Wildcats in banking fields: the politics of financial inclusion”, Theor Soc, 4347-4383.Google Scholar
Preda, Alex, 2009. Framing finance. The boundaries of markets and modern capitalism (Chicago, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Sandel, Michael J. and Reuter, Helmut, 2012. Was man für Geld nicht kaufen kann. Die moralischen Grenzen des Marktes, 5th ed. (Berlin, Ullstein).Google Scholar
Satz, Debra, 2010. Why some things should not be for sale. The moral limits of markets (Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press). Available online athttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1010/2009035769-b.html.Google Scholar
Seabrooke, Leonard, 2010. “What Do I Get? The Everyday Politics of Expectations and the Subprime Crisis”, New Political Economy, 1: 51-70.Google Scholar
Swidler, Ann, 1986. “Culture in Action. Symbols and Strategies”, American Sociological Review, 273-286.Google Scholar
Thompson, Edward P., 1971. “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century”, Past & Present: 76-136.Google Scholar
Vitols, Sigurt, 2003. “From Banks to Markets. The Political Economy of Liberalization of the German and Japanese Financial Systems”, in Yamamura K. and W. Streeck, eds.: The end of diversity? Prospects for German and Japanese capitalism (Ithaca, Cornell University Press (Cornell studies in political economy: 240-260).Google Scholar
Weber, Max and Parsons, Talcott, 1998. The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, 2nd ed. (Los Angeles, Calif, Roxbury).Google Scholar
Zelizer, Viviana, 1992. “Human Values and the Market. The Case of Life Insurance and Death in 19th-Century America”, in Granovetter M. and R. Swedberg, eds., The Sociology of Economic Life (Boulder, Westview Press: 285-304).Google Scholar
Zucker, Lynne G., 1986. “Production of Trust. Institutional Sources of Economic Structure, 1840-1920”, Research in Organizational Behavior: 53-111.Google Scholar