Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T11:13:59.789Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

National revivals and violence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

David D. Laitin
David D. Laitin
Affiliation:
University of Chicago, (Chicago).
Get access

Abstract

Micro factors that induce violent confrontations amidst national revival movements are identified. These factors include the nature of local social structures, tipping phenomena, and fortuitous events that set off action/reaction cycles. They are shown to he better explanations than reigning macro theories to account for the peaceful nationalist revival in Catalonia in contrast to the violent one in the Basque Country. A robustness test for the micro factors succeeds in differentiating levels of violence in the politics of separation from the Soviet Union in the Ukraine and Georgia.

On recherche dans les mouvements nationalises les microfacteurs de confrontations violentes. Ces fecteurs comprennent la nature même des structures sociales locales, les situations de basculement et les événements fortuits qui déclenchent des cycles action/réaction. Ils expliquent mieux que les macro-théories dominantes le contraste entre un mouvement nationaliste, pacifique en Catalogne et violent au Pays basque. Un test de robustesse de l'explication par les microfacteurs est donné par la différence des niveaux de violence entre les mouvements séparatistes d'Ukraine et ceux de Géorgie.

Es werden diejenigen Mikrofaktoren nationaler Bewegungen herausgearbeitet, die gewalttätige Auseinandersetzungen hervorrufen können. Diese Faktoren beinhalten sowohl die Beschaffenheit der lokalen Sozialstrukturen, als auch Umbruchsituationen und unvorhergesehene Ereignisse, die Aktions/Reaktionszyklen auslösen. Sie erklären besser als die allgemein anerkannten Makrotheorien den Unterschied zwischen der nationalistischen, aber pazifistischen Bewegung Kataloniens und jener gewalttätigen des Baskenlandes. Die Widerstandsfähigkeit der Aussagekraft dieser Mikrofaktoren wird anhand eines Vergleichs zwischen den verschiedenen Gewaltstufen der Autonomiebewegungen der Ukraine und Georgiens getestet.

Type
Research Article
Information
European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie , Volume 36 , Issue 1 , May 1995 , pp. 3 - 43
Copyright
Copyright © Archives Européenes de Sociology 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anderson, Benedict (1983), Imagined Communities (London: Verso).Google Scholar
Bendix, Reinhard (1978), Kings or People (Berkeley: University of California Press).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr, Raymond and Fusi, Juan Pablo (1979), Spain: Dictatorship to Democracy (London: George Allen and Unwin).Google Scholar
Catalunya terra lliure: documents del moviment de defensa de la terra 1985–1988 (1988) (Sant Boi: Lluita).Google Scholar
Clark, Robert (1984), The Basque Insurgents: ETA, 1952–1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press).Google Scholar
Collier, David (1991), The Comparative Method: Two Decades of Change, in Rustow, Dankwart A. and Erickson, Kenneth Paul, eds., Comparative Political Dynamics: Global Research Perspectives (New York: Harper Collins).Google Scholar
Davies, James C. (1969), The J-Curve of Rising and Declining Satisfactions as a Cause of Some Great Revolutions and a Contained Rebellion, in Graham, H. and Gurr, T. eds., Violence in America (New York: Signet), 671–709.Google Scholar
Deutsch, Karl (1954), Nationalism and Social Communication (Cambridge: MIT Press).Google Scholar
Díez, , Medrano, Juan (1995), Divided Nations: Development, Class and Nationalism in the Basque Country and Catalonia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press) (Page numbers in this article refer to a prepublication draft of 1992).Google Scholar
DiGiacomo, , Susan, M. (1985), The Politics of Identity: Nationalism in Catalonia, Ph.D. Thesis (Amherst: University of Massachusetts).Google Scholar
Elorriaga, Gabriel (1983), La Batalla de las Autonomias (Madrid: Azara).Google Scholar
Esprai, no. 2 (1988), organ of Terra Lliure.Google Scholar
Fanon, Frantz (1968), The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press).Google Scholar
FBIS (Foreign Broadcast Information Service) Washington, D.C. [Dates noted as year, month, day, so 91 1001 = 10 1, 1991].Google Scholar
Freedman, Paul (1988), Cowardice, Heroism and the Legendary Origins of Catalonia, Past and Present 121, 11, 3–28.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest (1983), Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark (1978), Threshold Models of Collective Behavior, American Journal of Sociology 83, 1420–1443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunther, Richard et al. (1986), Spain after Franco (Berkeley: University of California Press).Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted (1970), Why Men Rebel (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Haas, Ernst (1993), Nationalism: An Instrumental Social Construction, Millennium 22, 3, 505–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Edward C. (1977), Rural Catalonia under the Franco Regime (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Hayes, Carlton J.H. (1931), Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism (New York: R.R. Smith).Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E.J. (1990), Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Johnston, Hank (1991), Tales of Nationalism: Catalonia, 1939–1979 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press).Google Scholar
Kirkwood, Michael, ed. (1990), Language Planning in the Soviet Union (New York: St. Martin's).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohn, Hans (1944), The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in its Origins and Background (New York: Macmillan).Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur (1991), Now out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989, World Politics 44, 1, 7–48 (10).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laitin, David (1989), Linguistic Revival: Politics and Culture in Catalonia, Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, 2 (04) 297–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laitin, David (1991), The National Uprisings in the Soviet Union, World Politics 44, 1 (10), 139–177.Google Scholar
Laitin, David and Rodríguez, Guadalupe (1992), Language, Ideology and the Press in Catalonia, American Anthropologist 94, 1 (03), 9–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liber, George O. (1992), Soviet nationality policy, urban growth, and identity change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923–1934 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend (1971), Comparative Politics and Comparative Method, American Political Science Review 65, 3 (09).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linz, Juan (1973), Early State-Building and Late Peripheral Nationalisms against the State, in Eisenstadt, S.N. and Rokkan, Stein, eds., Building States and Nations (Beverly Hills: Sage).Google Scholar
Little, David (1991), Ukraine: The Legacy of Intolerance (Washington, DC: USIP Press).Google Scholar
Mardin, Ṣerif (1978), Youth and Violence in Turkey, Arch. europ. sociol., XIX (1978), 229–254.Google Scholar
Mars, Gerald and Altman, Yochanan (1983), The Cultural Bases of Soviet Georgia's Second Economy, Soviet Studies 35, 4, 546–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marwell, Gerald and Oliver, Pamela E. (1993), The Critical Mass in Collective Action: A Micro-Social Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otyrba, Gueorgui (1994), War in Abkhazia, in Szporluk, Roman, ed., National Identity and Ethnicity in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (London: M.E. Sharpe), 281–309.Google Scholar
Payne, Stanley (1975), Basque Nationalism (Reno: University of Nevada Press).Google Scholar
Perez-Agote, Alfonso (1984), La Reproducción del nacionalismo: el caso vasco (Madrid: CIS).Google Scholar
Petersen, Roger (1991), Rebellion and Resistance, Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Petersen, Roger (1993) A Community-Based Theory of Rebellion, European Journal of Sociology XXXIV, 41–78.Google Scholar
Posen, Barry (1993a), Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power, International Security 18, 2, 80–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posen, Barry (1993b), The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict, Survival 35, 1, 27–47 (Spring).Google Scholar
RFE (Radio Free Europe) Reports [Dates noted as year, month, day, so 91 1001 = 10 1, 1991].Google Scholar
Ramírez, Goicoechea Eugenia (1991), De jóvenes y sus identidades: socioanthropología de la etnicidad en Euskadi (Madrid: CIS).Google Scholar
Reinares, Fernando (1990), Sociogénesis y Evolución del Terrorismo en España, in Giner, Salvador (ed.), España: sociedad y política (Madrid: España Calpe).Google Scholar
Romero, Maura, J., (1968), Terrorism in Barcelona and its impact on Spanish politics, 1904–1909, Past and Present 41, 130–183.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas (1978), Micromotives and Macrobehavior (New York: Norton).Google Scholar
Shabad, Goldie (1992), Still the exception? Democratization and Ethnic Nationalism in the Basque Country of Spain.Paper presented at the Conference of Europeanists,Chicago, Illinois.Google Scholar
Shabad, Goldie and Llera, Francisco (1994), Political Violence in a Democratic State: Basque Terrorism in Spain, in Crenshaw, Martha, ed., Terrorism in Context (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press).Google Scholar
Shafir, Gerson (forthcoming), Nationalism and Ethnic Exclusivity in Relatively Overdeveloped Regions: A Comparison of Catalonia, the Basque Country, and the Baltic Republics (Albany: SUNY Press) (Page numbers refer to a prepublication draft).Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda and Somers, Margaret (1980), The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry, Comparative Studies in Society and History 22, 2, 174–197 (04).Google Scholar
Smith, A. D. (1979), Nationalism in the Twentieth Century (New York: New York University Press).Google Scholar
Subtelny, Orest (1988), Ukraine: A History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).Google Scholar
Suny, Ronald Grigor (1988), The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).Google Scholar
Suny, Ronald Grigor (1995), Elite Transformation in Late-Soviet and Post-Soviet Transcaucasia, or What Happens When the Ruling Class Can't Rule, Studies in Post-Soviet Leadership, Colton, Timothy J. and Tucker, Robert C., eds. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press).Google Scholar
Waldmann, Peter (1985), Gewaltsamer Separatismus. Am Beispiel der Basken, Franko-Kanadier und Nordiren, Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 37.Google Scholar
Weber, Max (1968), Economy and Society, 2 vols. (Berkeley: University of California Press).Google Scholar
Zulaika, Joseba (1988), Basque Violence (Reno: University of Nevada Press).Google Scholar