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Interpersonal Violence as an Intrinsic Part of The Civilizing Process

A Neurosociological Approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 August 2019

Andreas Braun
Andreas Braun*
Affiliation:
Bielefeld University, Faculty of Sociology [[email protected]]
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Abstract

Even though Elias himself does not focus on an explicit theory on violence in The Civilizing Process, due to his research question on pacific social processes, violence is not generally theoretically excluded. Against this backdrop, and contrary to criticisms regarding a general loss as well as a biological rather than a sociological explanation of violence, and besides theories that explain meso and macro-level violence within Elias’s framework, this article considers interpersonal micro-level violence as an intrinsic part of the civilizing process. Especially by supplementing Elias’s assumptions of drive control and self-constraint with recent neuroscientific findings, it is possible to conceptualize interpersonal micro-level violence as situational exceedance of a subjective threshold of pain. Here, despite a normative civilized frame of behavior, aggression, as a (neuro)biologically-based reactive drive, is no longer controlled by socially learned self-constraint, leading to violence as a subjectively perceived rewarding behavior and socially performed action.

Résumé

Même si Norbert Elias n’a jamais proposé une théorie explicite de la violence dans son ouvrage Sur Le processus de Civilisation, notamment en raison de la priorité accordée aux processus sociaux pacifiques, la violence n’est pour autant jamais exclue de son cadre théorique. Contrairement aux critiques qui dénoncent tour à tour un vide théorique ou une approche plus biologique que sociologique de la violence, et outre les théories qui expliquent la violence aux niveaux méso et macro à l’intérieur du cadre proposé par Elias, cet article montre que la violence interpersonnelle au niveau micro constitue un élément à part entière du processus civilisationnel. En complétant les hypothèses d’Elias concernant le contrôle des pulsions et la maîtrise de soi par les découvertes neuroscientifiques récentes, il est possible de conceptualiser la violence interpersonnelle au niveau micro comme le dépassement situé d’un seuil subjectif de douleur. Ici, malgré l’existence d’un cadre normatif de comportement civilisé, l’agression, considérée comme pulsion réactive (neuro) biologique, n’est plus contrôlée par une maîtrise de soi socialement apprise, ce qui conduit à une conception de la violence comme comportement subjectivement gratifiant et action accomplie socialement.

Zusammenfassung

Selbst wenn Norbert Elias in seinem Werk ”Über den Prozess der Zivilisation“ nie eine ausdrückliche Gewalttheorie anvisierte, insbesondere aufgrund seines Forschungsinteresses an friedlichen sozialen Prozessen, so ist die Gewalt in seiner Theorie nicht ganz abwesend. Im Gegensatz zu seinen Kritikern, die mal eine theoretische Leere, mal einen mehr biologischen als soziologischen Ansatz der Gewalt kritisieren, und neben den Theorien, die die Gewalt auf Meso- und Makroebene innerhalb des von Elias gesteckten Rahmen erklären, beschreibt dieser Beitrag, die interpersonale Gewalt auf der Mikroebene als ein vollwertiges Element des Zivilisationsprozesses. Ergänzend zu Elias Hypothesen bezüglich Trieb und Selbstkontrolle im Rahmen neuester neurowissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse, kann die interpersonale Gewalt auf der Mikroebene als Überwindung einer subjektiven Schmerzschwelle definiert werden. Trotz des bestehenden normativen Rahmens eines zivilisierten Verhaltens kann die Aggression, als reaktiver (neuro)biologischer Trieb verstanden, nicht durch die gesellschaftlich erlernte Selbstbeherrschung kontrolliert werden, was zu einem Gewaltkonzept führt, das ganz subjektiv als befriedigendes Verhalten und sozial vollkommene Handlung verstanden werden kann.

Keywords

Civilizing processNorbert EliasNeuroscienceA threshold of painviolenceProcessus de civilisationNorbert EliasNeuroscienceSeuil de douleurViolenceZivilisationsprozessNorbert EliasNeurowissenschaftenSchmerzgrenzeGewalt
Type
Revisiting The Classics
Information
European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie , Volume 60 , Issue 2 , August 2019 , pp. 283 - 312
Copyright
Copyright © A.E.S. 2019 

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