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Gift-giving in the great traditions: the case of donations to monasteries in the medieval West

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Ilana F. Silber
Ilana F. Silber
Affiliation:
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem(Jerusalem).
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Abstract

Focusing upon donations to monasteries in the medieval Western world, this paper expands upon extant discussions of religious gift-giving in the ‘great traditions’ , and of its relation to more archaic forms of gift-exchange, hitherto largely based on non-Western and mostly Asian anthropological material. While displaying many of the social functions familiarly associated with the gift in archaic or primitive societies, donations to monasteries are shown to have also entailed a process of immobilisation of wealth not extant in the gift circuit of ‘simpler’ societies. While donations to monasteries clearly attested to the impact of otber-wordly religious orientations, they also entailed a range of symbolic dynamics very different from, and even incompatible with, those analysed by Jonathan Parry with regard to the other-wordly ‘pure’ gift. The paper then brings into relief the precise constellation of ideological ‘gift-theory’, socio-economic ‘gift-circuit’, and macrosocietal context, which enabled this specific variant of the gift-mechanism to operate as a ‘total’ social phenomenon in the two senses of that term suggested, though not clearly distinguished and equally not developed, in Mauss’ pathbreaking essay on the gift.

Partant des donations aux monastères dans 1'Occident médiéval, cet article traite du don religieux dans les grandes traditions et de leurs relations avec des formes plus archaïques de l'échange et du don antérieurement attestées hors d'Occident et plus particulièrement en Asie. En examinant bonne part des fonctions sociales communément associees au don dans les sociétés archaïques ou primitives, nous montrons que les donations aux monastères ont entamé un processus d'immobilisation de la richesse, que l'on ne trouvait pas dans le circuit du don des sociétés moins complexes. Les donations aux monastères manifestent clairement l'impact d'une orientation vers l'autre monde ; elles ont aussi enclanché un ensemble de dynamiques symboliques bien différentes et même incomparables avec celles qu'a analysées Jonathan Parry quand il parle de « don pur ». L'article précise les relations entre le contexte macrosocial et les effets socioeconomiques de l'univers d'une thèse du don. Il se présente comme une tentative de complément a l'essai bien connu de Mauss.

Ausgehend von Schenkungen an Klöster im mittelalterlichen Westen, behandelt dieser Aufsatz die religiöse Schenkung in ihrer grossen Tradition und ihre Beziehung zu älteren Formen des Tausches und der Schenkung, vornehmlich anhand anthropologischen Materials östlichen, beziehungsweise asiatischen Ursprungs. Die Untersuchung der verschiedenen sozialen Aufgaben, die die Schenkung bei archaischen und primitiven Gemeinschaften inne hatte, zeigt, daß die Schenkungen an Klöster einen Prozess der Immobilisierung des Reichtums ausgelöst haben, den man im Schenkungskreislauf weniger komplexer Gemeinschaften nicht gefunden hat. Während die Schenkungen an Klöster ganz eindeutig die religiöse Ausrichtung auf die »andere Welt« zeigen, haben sie gleichzeitig eine Reihe anderer symbolischer Dynamiken ausgelöst, die ganz anders und fast unvereinbar mit denen der »reinen Schenkung«, wie Jonathan Parry sie bezeichnet, sind. Der Aufsatz untersucht anschließend den genauen Aufbau der ideologischen Schenkungstheorie zwischen einem sozial-wirtschaftlichen Schenkungskreislauf und einem makrosozialen Kontext, der es dieser besonderen Form der Schenkung erlaubt hat als »ganzes« soziales Phänomen in beiden Bedeutungen dieses Begriffes zu wirken, ganz wie es Mauss in seinem bahnbrechenden Essai über die Schenkung getan hat, ohne jedoch klar zu unterschieden oder gleichmässig zu entwickeln.

Type
Research Article
Information
European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie , Volume 36 , Issue 2 , November 1995 , pp. 209 - 243
Copyright
Copyright © Archives Européenes de Sociology 1995

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