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Earned Citizenship

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 April 2021

Christian Joppke
Christian Joppke*
Affiliation:
Institute of Sociology, University of Bern, Switzerland [[email protected]]
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Abstract

This paper argues that conceptualizing Western state citizenship from the vantage point of advancing liberalism is insufficient. Instead, recently restrictive trends may be summarized under the umbrella of earned citizenship. Conceived of as privilege not right, this is a citizenship that is simultaneously more difficult to get and easier to lose, and it inheres elements of neoliberalism and of nationalism in tandem. One could even call it an instance of neoliberal nationalism, which is neither ethnic nor civic but including on the basis of merit and desert. The rise of earned citizenship is a convergent trend across Western Europe and the classic immigrant nations of North America and Australia.

Résumé

Résumé

Conceptualiser la citoyenneté de l’État occidental du point de vue de l’avancement du libéralisme est insuffisant. Au lieu de cela, des tendances récemment restrictives peuvent être résumées sous l’égide de la citoyenneté acquise. Conçue comme privilège et non droit, c’est une citoyenneté qui est à la fois plus difficile à obtenir et plus facile à perdre, et elle hérite des éléments du néolibéralisme et du nationalisme en tandem. On pourrait même la designer comme un exemple de nationalisme néolibéral, qui n’est ni ethnique ni civique, mais qui inclut sur la base du mérite. L’augmentation de la citoyenneté acquise est une tendance convergente à travers l’Europe occidentale et les nations d’immigration classiques d’Amérique du Nord et d’Australie.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung

Eine Konzeption von Staatsbürgerschaft unter dem Gesichtspunkt fortschreitender Liberalisierung ist unzureichend. Eine Reihe von in jüngerer Zeit eher restriktiven Trends können im Begriff der verdienten Staatsbürgerschaft (earned citizenship) zusammengefasst werden. Dies ist eine Staatsbürgerschaft, die nicht Recht, sondern Privileg ist, und sie ist sowohl schwerer zu erhalten als auch leichter zu verlieren. Diese Staatsbürgerschaft ist zugleich neoliberal und nationalistisch. Sie könnte sogar als Ausdruck eines genuin neoliberalen Nationalismus verstanden werden, der weder ethnisch noch zivil ist, sondern auf der Grundlage von individuellem Verdienst und Leistung ein- bzw. ausschliesst. Der Trend zur verdienten Staatsbürgerschaft lässt sich gleichermassen in Westeuropa und in den klassischen Einwanderungsländern Nordamerikas und Australiens nachweisen.

Keywords

CitizenshipLiberalismNeoliberalismNationalismWestern societiesCitoyennetéLibéralismeNéolibéralismeNationalismeSociétés occidentalesStaatsbürgerschaftLiberalismLiberalismusNeoliberalismusNationalismusWestliche Gesellschaften
Type
Research Article
Information
European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie , Volume 62 , Issue 1 , April 2021 , pp. 1 - 35
Copyright
© European Journal of Sociology 2021

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