Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T22:05:37.488Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Les sociétés chalcolithiques de la Palestine et l'émergence des chefferies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Thomas E. Levy  and
Augustin Holl
Get access

Extract

Des données en nombre croissant montrent que dès la fin du Ve millénaire B.C., les sociétés de la Palestine ont connu de profondes transformations sociales et technologiques. Certaines d'entre elles sont attestées par l'apparition de lieux de culte, de sanctuaires et de cimetières, par la spécialisation artisanale, et la métallurgie, en relation avec une formidable augmentation de la population et l'organisation de sites en entités hiérarchisées avec des centres qui régulaient tant l'organisation socio-économique que les activités religieuses. C'est au cours du IVe millénaire B.C. que se sont constitués les fondements de toutes les sociétés historiques du Levant. En termes archéologiques, cette période protohistorique, datant de 4500 à 3200 B.C., est appelée chalcolithique.

Type
Research Article
Information
European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , November 1988 , pp. 283 - 316
Copyright
Copyright © Archives Européenes de Sociology 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

Albright, W. F., 1931. Recent progress in the late prehistory of Palestine, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, XLII, 13–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albright, W. F., 1932. The Chalcolithic age in Palestine, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, XLVIII, 10–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albright, W. F., 1957. From Stone Age to Christianity (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press).Google Scholar
Alon, D., 1976. Two cult vessels from Gilat, Atiqot, XI, 116–118.Google Scholar
Alon, D., 1977. A Chalcolithic temple at Gilat, Biblical Archaeologist, XL, 63–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alon, D. et Lévy, T. E., 1980. Preliminary note on the distribution of Chalcolithic sites on the Wadi Beershéva and lower wadi Besor drainage system, Israel Exploration Journal, XXX, 140–147.Google Scholar
Amiran, R., 1981. Some observations on Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age sanctuaries and religion, in Biran, A. (ed.), Temples and High Places (Jerusalem, Hebrew Union College), pp. 47–53.Google Scholar
Amiran, R., 1985. The transition from Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age, in Aviram, J. et al. (eds.), Biblical Archaeology Today (Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society, Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the American Schools of Oriental Research), pp. 108–112.Google Scholar
Amiran, R. et Porat, N., 1984. The basalt vessels of the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age I, Tel Aviv, XI, 11–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anati, E., 1963. Palestine before the Hebrews (London, Jonathan Cape).Google Scholar
Baechler, J., 1982. La nourriture des hommes : essai sur le néolithique, Archives européennes de sociologie, XXIII, 241–293.Google Scholar
Baechler, J., 1985, Démocraties (Paris, Calmann-Lévy).Google Scholar
Bar-Adon, P., 1962. Expedition C. The Cave of the Treasure, Israel Exploration Journal, XII, 215–226.Google Scholar
Bar-Adon, P., 1980. The Cave of the Treasure (Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society).Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., 1977. The neolithic cultures in Eretz Israel, Qadmoniot, X, 38–59.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., 1980. Prehistory of the Levant, Annual Review of Anthropology, IX, 101–133.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., Belfer, A., Goren, A. et Smith, P., 1977. The Nawamis near Ein Huderah (Eastern Sinaï), Israel, Exploration Journal, XXVII, 67–88.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O.Hershkovitz, J., Arbel, G., et Goren, A., 1983. The orientation of Nawamis entrances in southern Sinaï: expressions of religious belief and seasonality? Tel Aviv, X, 52–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beit-Arieh, I., 1980. A Chalcolithic site near Serabit el-Khadim, Tel Aviv, VII, 45–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commenge-Pellerin, C., 1987. La poterie d'Abou Matar et de l'Ouadi Zoumeli (Beershéva) au IVe millénaire avant l'ère chrétienne (Paris, Association Paléorient).Google Scholar
Childe, V. G., 1936. Man makes himself (London, Watts).Google Scholar
Contenson, H. de, 1956. La céramique chalcolithique de Beershéva : étude typologique, Israel Exploration Journal, VI, 163–179, 226–38.Google Scholar
Ducos, P., 1968. L'origine des animaux domestiques en Palestine (Bordeaux, Publications de l'Institut de Préhistoire de l'université de Bordeaux).Google Scholar
Earle, T., 1978. Economic and Social Organization of a Complex Chiefdom: the Halelea District, Kaua'i, Hawaii (Ann Arbor, Anthropological Papers, no 63).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eldar, I et Baumgarten, Y., 1985. Neve-Noy: a chalcolithic site in the Deer-Shéba culture, Biblical Archaeologist, XLVIII, 134–139.Google Scholar
Epstein, C., 1977. The Chalcolithic culture of the Golan, Biblical Archaeologist, XL, 57–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, C., 1982. Cult symbols in chalcolithic Palestine, Bolletino del Centro di Studi prehistorici, XIX, 63–82.Google Scholar
Epstein, C., 1985. Laden animal figurines from the Chalcolithic period in Palestine, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, CCLVIII, 53–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fried, M. H., 1967. The Evolution of Political Society (New York, Random House).Google Scholar
Friedman, J. et Rowlands, M. J. (eds.), 1977. The Evolution of Social Systems (London, Duckworth).Google Scholar
Garstang, J., 1935. Jericho: City and Necropolis, Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, XXII, 143–168.Google Scholar
Garstang, J. et Garstang, J. B. E., 1940. The Story of Jericho (London, Hodder and Stoughton Ltd).Google Scholar
Gilead, I., 1984. The micro-endscraper: a new tool type of the Chalcolithic period, Tel Aviv, XI, 3–10.Google Scholar
Gilead, I. et Goren, Y., 1986. Stations of the Chalcolithic period in Nahal Sekher, Northern Negev, Paléorient, XII, 1, 83–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gitin, S., 1985. Stratigraphy and its application to chronology and terminology, in Aviram, J. et al. (eds.), Biblical Archaeology Today (Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society), pp. 99–107.Google Scholar
Goldstein, L. G., 1976. Spatial Structure and Social Organization: regional manifestations of Mississipi societies. Thèse de PH. D., Northwestern University.Google Scholar
Goldstein, L. G., 1981. One-dimensional archaeology and multidimensional people spatial organization and mortuary analysis, in Chapman, R. et al. (eds.), The Archaeology of Death (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), pp. 53–69.Google Scholar
Grigson, C., 1987. Shiqmim: Pastoralism and other aspects of animal management in the Chalcolithic of the Northern Negev, in Lévy, T. E. (ed.), Shiqmim I (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports, International Series), pp. 219–241.Google Scholar
Haggett, P., 1971. Locational Analysis in Human Geography (London, Edward Arnold).Google Scholar
Harris, M., 1978. Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches (Glasgow, W. Collins Sons and Co.).Google Scholar
Helms, S. W., 1981. Jawa: lost city of the Black desert (London, Methuen and Co.).Google Scholar
Hennesy, J. B., 1969. Preliminary report on a first season of excavations at Teleilat Ghassul, Levant, I, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennesy, J. B., 1982. Teleilat Ghassul: its place in the archaeology of Jordan, in Hadidi, A. (ed.), Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan [Amman, Department of Antiquities], pp. 55–58.Google Scholar
Holl, A., 1985. Background to the Ghana Empire: archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (Mauritania), Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, IV, 73–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kangas, S. E. (en préparation). Social and Economic Organization during the Chalcolithic Period in the N. Negev, Israel: a study of ceramic variability.Google Scholar
King, P. J., 1983. American Archaeology in the Middle-East (Philadelphie, The American Schools of Oriental Research).Google Scholar
Koeppel, R. et al. , 1940. Teleilat Ghassul II (Rome, Institut biblique pontifical).Google Scholar
Lee, J. R., 1978. Tuleilat el-Ghassul, in Avi-Yonah, M. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land 4 (London, Oxford University Press), pp. 1205–1213.Google Scholar
Levy, T. E., 1983. The emergence of specialized pastoralism in the southern Levant, World Archaeology, XV, 15–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, T. E. (ed.), 1987. Shiqmim I: Studies Concerning Chalcolithic Societies in the Northern Negev Desert, Israel (1982–1984) (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports), 2 vols.Google Scholar
Levy, T. E. et Alon, D., 1982. The Chalcolithic mortuary site near Mezad Aluf, Northern Negev Desert: a preliminary study, Bulltin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, CCXLVIII, 37–59.Google Scholar
Levy, T. E., 1983. Chalcolithic settlement patterns in the Northern Negev desert, Current Anthropology, XXIV, 105–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, T. E., 1985. Shiqmim: a Chalcolithic village and mortuary centre in the Northern Negev, Paléorient, XI, 1, 71–83.Google Scholar
Macdonald, B. et al. , 1982. The Wadi El Hasa Survey 1981, Annals of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, XXVI, 117–131.Google Scholar
Macdonald, E., Starkey, J. L. et Harding, G. L., 1932. Beth Pelet II: Prehistoric Fara (London, British School of Archaeology in Egypt, no52).Google Scholar
Mallon, A., Koeppel, R. et Neuville, R., 1934. Teleilat Ghassul I: 1929–1932 (Rome, Institut biblique Pontifical).Google Scholar
Miller, D. et Tilley, C. (eds.), 1984. Ideology, Power and Prehistory (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neuville, R., 1930 a. Notes de préhistoire palestinienne, Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, X, 114–121.Google Scholar
Neuville, R., 1930 b. La nécropole mégalithique d'el Adeimeh, Biblica, XI, 249–265.Google Scholar
Peebles, C. S. et Kus, S. M., 1977. Some archaeological correlates of ranked societies, American Antiquity, XLII, 421–448.Google Scholar
Perrot, J., 1955. The excavations at Tell Abu Matar, Israel Exploration Journal, V, 17–40, 73–84, 167–89.Google Scholar
Perrot, J., 1959. Statuettes en ivoire et autres objets en ivoire provenant des gisements préhistoriques de la région de Beershéba, Syria, XXXVI, 8–19.Google Scholar
Perrot, J., 1961. Une tombe à ossuaires du IVe millénaire à Azor près de Tel Aviv, Atiqot, III, 1–83.Google Scholar
Perrot, J., 1968. La préhistoire palestinienne, in Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible 8 (Paris, Letouzey et Ané), pp. 286–446.Google Scholar
Perrot, J., 1984. Structures d'habitat, mode de vie et environnement : les villages souterrains des pasteurs de Beershéva dans le sud d'Israël, au IVe millénaire avant l'ère chrétienne, Paléorient, X, 1, 75–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrot, J. et Ladiray, D., 1980. Les tombes à ossuaires de la région côtière palestinienne au IVe millénaire avant l'ère chrétienne [Les Cahiers du Centre de Recherche Français de Jérusalem] (Paris, Association Paléorient).Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. C., 1973. Monuments, mobilization and social organization in Neolithic Essex, in Renfrew, C. (ed.), The Explanation of Culture Change: models in prehistory (London, Duckworth), pp. 539–558.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. C., 1974. Beyond a subsistence economy, the evolution of social organization in Europe, in Moore, C. B. (ed), Reconstructing Complex Societies: an archaeological colloquium (Cambridge. M.A., American Schools of Oriental Research), pp. 69–95.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. C., 1976. Before Civilization: the radiocarbon revolution and prehistoric Europe (Suffolk, Penguin Books).Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. C., 1982. Socio-economic change in ranked societies, in Renfrew, C. et Shennan, S. (eds.), Ranking, Resource and Exchange (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), pp. 1–8.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. C., 1984. Approaches to Social Archaeology (Edinburgh, The University Press).Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. C. et Cherry, J. F. (eds.), 1986. Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-political Change (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Rollefson, G. O., 1985. The 1983 season at the early Neolithic site of Ain Ghazal, National Geographic Research, I, 44–62.Google Scholar
Rosen, A. M., 1987. Phytolith studies at Shiqmim, in Levy, T. E. (ed.), Shiqmim I (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports, International Series), pp. 243–249.Google Scholar
Rosen, S., 1983. Tabular scraper trade: a model of material culture dispersion, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, CCXLIX, 79–86.Google Scholar
Rosen, S., 1987. The potentials of lithic analysis in the Chalcolithic of Northern Negev, in Levy, T. E. (ed.), Shiqmim I(Oxford, British Archaeological Reports, International Series), pp. 295–312.Google Scholar
Roshwald, A. F., 1981. Protohistory in the Wadi Ghazzeh: a typological study based on the Macdonald excavations (London, Institute of Archaeology).Google Scholar
Rothenberg, B., 1978. Timna: valley of the Biblical copper mines (London, Thames and Hudson).Google Scholar
Rowlands, M. J. et Kristiansen, K. (eds.), 1987. Centre and Peripheries (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Sahlins, M., 1968. Tribesmen (New Jersey, Prentice Hall).Google Scholar
Sahlins, M., 1974. Stone Age Economics (London, Tavistock Publications).Google Scholar
Schaub, R. T., 1982. The origins of the Early Bronze Age walled town Culture of Jordan, in Hadidi, A. (ed.), Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan (Amman, Department of Antiquities), pp. 67–75.Google Scholar
Service, E. R., 1962. Primitive Social Organization (New York, Random House).Google Scholar
Sherratt, A., 1981. Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution, in Hodder, I. et al. (eds.), Patterns of the Past: studies in honour of David Clarke (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), pp. 261–305.Google Scholar
Stekélis, M., 1935. Les monuments mégalithiques de Palestine (Paris, Archives de l'Institut de paléontologie humaine, Mémoire 15).Google Scholar
Sukénik, E. L., 1937. A Chalcolithic necropolis at Hadéra, Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, XVII, 15–30.Google Scholar
Torrence, R., 1986. Production and Exchange of Stone Tools (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Tylecote, R. F., 1979. A History of Metals (London, The Metal Society).Google Scholar
Ussishkin, D., 1971. The ‘Ghassulian’ temple in En Gedi and the origin of the hoard from Nahal Mishmar, Biblical Archaeologist, XXXIV, 23–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ussishkin, D., 1980. The Ghassulian shrine at Engedi, Tel Aviv, VII, 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinton-Kirch, P., 1984. The Evolution of Polynesian Chiefdoms (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Weinstein, J. M., 1984. Radiocarbon dating in the Southern Levant, Radiocarbon, XXVI, 297–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zohary, D., 1969. The progenitors of wheat and barley in relation to domestication and agricultural dispersal in the Old World, in Ucko, P. J. et Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.), The Domestication and Exploitation of plants and Animals (London, Duckworth), pp. 47–66.Google Scholar
Zohary, D. et Spiegel-Roy, P., 1975. Beginnings of fruit growing in the Old World, Science, CLXXXVII, 319–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar