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Velvet fists: The paradox of defence diplomacy in Southeast Asia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 October 2020

Jun Yan Chang Open the ORCID record for Jun Yan Chang [Opens in a new window]  and
Nicole Jenne Open the ORCID record for Nicole Jenne [Opens in a new window]
Jun Yan Chang*
Affiliation:
S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Nicole Jenne
Affiliation:
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Institute of Political Science, Santiago, Chile
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

Defence diplomacy represents a notable paradox. On the one hand, it is a cooperative activity to build strategic and moralistic trust between states and thus positively shape the environment in which foreign policy is made. On the other hand, defence diplomacy also involves competition and demonstrations of military power, which may contravene its goal of building moralistic trust and undermine confidence between states. This article deals with the latter competitive realpolitik elements of defence diplomacy in terms of secrecy, swaggering, and shows of force that have largely been ignored in the literature. Building on a theoretical discussion of whether defence diplomacy works, the case of peacekeeping in Southeast Asia is analysed to illustrate how defence diplomatic activities produce effects contrary to their stated aims.

Keywords

Defence DiplomacyMilitary DiplomacySoutheast AsiaPeacekeeping
Type
Research Article
Information
European Journal of International Security , Volume 5 , Issue 3 , October 2020 , pp. 332 - 349
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British International Studies Association

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31 For instance, Andrew Carr and Daniel Baldino, ‘An Indo-Pacific norm entrepreneur? Australia and defence diplomacy’, Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 11:1 (2015), pp. 30–47; Brendan Taylor, ‘Time for a stocktake’, in Carr (ed.), Defence Diplomacy, pp. 4–6.

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64 Singh and Tan, ‘Introduction: Defence diplomacy and Southeast Asia’, p. 3. The title From ‘Boots’ to ‘Brogues’ underlines the ‘not-so-improbable image of soldiers shedding their combat boots for leather brogues’ in defence diplomacy activities, as one of the editors write; see See Seng Tan, ‘From talkshop to workshop: ASEAN's quest for practical security cooperation through the ADMM and ADMM-plus processes’, in Singh and Seng Tan (eds), From ‘Boots’ to ‘Brogues’: The Rise of Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia, p. 29.

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70 Marty Natalegawa, Does ASEAN Matter? A View from Within (Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, 2018), p. 53.

71 Cottey and Forster, Reshaping Defence Diplomacy, pp. 9–12.

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75 See Alex J. Bellamy and Paul D. Williams, Providing Peacekeepers: The Politics, Challenges, and Future of United Nations Peacekeeping Contributions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).

76 Dian Septiari, ‘Indonesia committed to greater peacekeeping contribution: FM Retno’, The Jakarta Post (24 January 2019), available at: {https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/24/indonesia-committed-to-greater-peacekeeping-contribution-fm-retno.html} accessed 6 July 2020.

77 Brunei Ministry of Defence, Defending the Nation's Sovereignty: Expanding Roles in Wider Horizons, Defence White Paper 2011 (Bandar Seri Begawan: Brunei Ministry of Defence, 2011), p. 20.

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79 Quoted in Michael Leifer, Singapore's Foreign Policy: Coping with Vulnerability (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 24.

80 Quoted in Heng and Ong, ‘The quest for relevance’, p. 144.

81 ‘A Question & Answer with Royal Thai Armed Forces Rear Adm. Nuttapong Ketsumboon’, Indo-Pacific Defense Forum (22 April 2019), available at: {http://apdf-magazine.com/thailand-deploys-peacekeeping-forces/} accessed 6 September 2019.

82 Alistair D. B. Cook, ‘Southeast Asian perspectives on UN peacekeeping: Indonesia and Malaysia’, Journal of International Peacekeeping, 18:3–4 (2014), p. 171.

83 Nicole Jenne, ‘Indonesia Must Look Beyond Peacekeeping to Impress at the UN’, East Asia Forum (23 February 2019), available at: {https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/02/23/indonesia-must-look-beyond-peacekeeping-to-impress-at-the-un/} accessed 2 September 2019; see also Evan A. Laksmana, ‘Indonesia's rising regional and global profile: Does size really matter?’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, 33:2 (2011), pp. 170–1; Capie, ‘Indonesia as an emerging peacekeeping power’, pp. 1–27.

84 Dewi Fortuna Anwar, ‘Indonesia's peacekeeping operations: History, practice, and future trend’, in Aoi and Heng (eds), Asia-Pacific Nations in International Peace Support and Stability Operations, p. 189.

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88 Siew Mun Tang, ‘Asean peacekeeping force? Points to ponder’, The Straits Times (28 May 2015).

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91 Amitav Acharya, ‘The Association of Southeast Asian Nations: “Security community” or “defence community”?’, Pacific Affairs, 64:2 (1991), p. 161.

92 Mely Caballero-Anthony, ‘Introduction: UN peace operations and Asian security’, International Peacekeeping, 12:1 (2005), p. 8.

93 Adrian Kuah, ‘The ASEAN security community: Struggling with the details’, RSIS Commentary, 21 (2004).

94 Quoted in Belinda Helmke, ‘The absence of ASEAN: Peacekeeping in Southeast Asia’, Pacific News, 31 (2009), pp. 4–6.

95 Chanintira Na Thalang and Pinn Siraprapasiri, ‘ASEAN's (non-)role in managing ethnic conflicts in Southeast Asia: Obstacles to institutionalization’, in Alice D. Ba, Cheng-Chwee Kuik, and Sueo Sudo (eds), Institutionalizing East Asia: Mapping and Reconfiguring Regional Cooperation (New York: Routledge, 2016), pp. 131–55.

96 Songphol Sukchan, ‘New normal of Indonesia-Thailand relations’, The Jakarta Post (27 February 2020), available at: {https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2020/02/27/new-normal-of-indonesia-thailand-relations.html} accessed 6 July 2020.

97 Nicole Jenne, ‘The Thai-Cambodian border dispute: An agency-centred perspective on the management of interstate conflict’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, 39:2 (2017), p. 335.

98 Interview with a high-ranking military officer, Bangkok (5 September 2014).

99 David Capie, ‘Evolving Attitudes to Peacekeeping in ASEAN’, in The National Institute for Defense Studies (ed.), Maintaining Order in the Asia-Pacific, NIDS International Symposium on Security Affairs 2017 (Tokyo: The National Institute for Defense Studies, 2018).

100 See also Kyawt Kyawt Khine, ‘The making of Indonesia's concept of ASEAN security community’, Universities Research Journal, 4:7 (2011), pp. 247–50.

101 Prashanth Parameswaran, ‘Malaysia wants an ASEAN peacekeeping force’, The Diplomat (21 February 2015), available at: {https://thediplomat.com/2015/02/malaysia-wants-an-asean-peacekeeping-force/} accessed 6 September 2019.

102 Cook, ‘Southeast Asian perspectives on UN peacekeeping’, p. 172.

103 See Indonesia Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ‘Indonesia and the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission’ (2018), available at: {https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/91/halaman_list_lainnya/indonesia-and-the-united-nations-peacekeeping-mission} accessed 7 September 2019; United Nations Development Programme in Malaysia Singapore & Brunei Darussalam, ‘Enhancing And Strengthening Civil And Military Coordination During Peacekeeping Operations’ (n.d.), available at: {http://www.my.undp.org/content/malaysia/en/home/ourwork/crisispreventionandrecovery/successstories/74732_Peacekeeping.html} accessed 3 September 2019.

104 Tang, ‘Asean peacekeeping force?’

105 Ibid.

106 Lina A. Alexandra, ‘Consider peacekeeping operations in Myanmar’, The Jakarta Post (22 September 2017).

107 Editorial, ‘Don't ignore the Rohingya’, Bangkok Post (2 November 2019), available at: {https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1785294/dont-ignore-the-rohingya} accessed 6 July 2020.

108 Heng, Yee-Kuang, ‘Confessions of a small state: Singapore's evolving approach to peace operations’, Journal of International Peacekeeping, 16:1–2 (2012), p. 134CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thalang and Siraprapasiri, ‘ASEAN's (Non-)role’, pp. 131–55.

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