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On Research History and Neanderthal Occupation at its Northern Margins

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 April 2018

Trine Kellberg Nielsen  and
Felix Riede
Trine Kellberg Nielsen
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, Denmark
Felix Riede
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Abstract

Epistemology and research history significantly shape scientific understandings, debates, and publication strategies, albeit often implicitly. In Palaeolithic archaeology in particular, these factors are rarely examined in depth. Here, we present a historiographic analysis of how research history has influenced the debate concerning the possible Neanderthal occupation in Scandinavia. We provide a qualitative discussion of this contentious research field as well as a citation network analysis that visualizes, quantifies, and hence clarifies some of the underlying conceptual, geographic, and temporal patterns in the development of the debate. Our results show significant regionalism as a structuring principle driving this debate as well as a basic rift between professional and avocational archaeologists in how they interpret and publish the available data. We also identify a troubling lack of cross-referencing, even when taking language barriers into account. We argue that the debate about Neanderthal occupation in Scandinavia has been shaped (negatively) by the following phenomena: regionalism, nationalism, lack of research and researchers, non-cumulative work, publication in Nordic languages, science by press release/sensationalism, and a lamentable trend towards arguments ad hominem. In order to take this research field forward, we propose an epistemological turn towards a cumulative, international, and hypothesis-driven agenda based on renewed research efforts and novel citizen science tools.

L’épistémologie et l'histoire de la recherche ont largement influencé nos connaissances scientifiques, discussions et stratégies de publication, quoique souvent de façon implicite. En archéologie du Paléolithique en particulier, ces facteurs ont rarement fait l'objet d'une étude approfondie. Nous présentons donc une analyse historiographique concernant l'influence que l'histoire de la recherche a exercé sur le débat relatif à l'occupation de la Scandinavie par les Néandertaliens. En dehors d'un examen qualitatif des discussions concernant ce thème de recherche controversé nous soumettons une analyse des réseaux de citations qui nous permet de visualiser et de quantifier, et par conséquent de clarifier, certains concepts géographiques et chronologiques sous-jacents qui ont influencé l’évolution du débat. Nos résultats démontrent que le régionalisme structure ces discussions et qu'il existe une division fondamentale entre archéologues professionnels et amateurs dans l'interprétation et la publication des données de base. Nous mettons également en évidence un manque inquiétant de recoupements entre références, même si l'on tient compte des barrières linguistiques. Nous en concluons que les facteurs suivants ont eu un effet (négatif) dans le débat sur l'occupation de la Scandinavie par les Néandertaliens : régionalisme, nationalisme, manque de chercheurs et de recherche, travaux non cumulatifs, publications en langues scandinaves, science par communiqué de presse ou sensationnalisme et une tendance à entretenir des querelles personnelles. Pour pouvoir enfin avancer dans ce domaine, un changement de position épistémologique menant à une stratégie de recherche cumulative, internationale, fondée sur des hypothèses et soutenue par des initiatives de recherches renouvelées (y compris les nouvelles approches des sciences citoyennes) nous parait essentiel. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Die Epistemologie und die Forschungsgeschichte haben, wenn auch oft implizit, unsere wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse, Diskussionen und Veröffentlichungsstrategien stark beeinflusst. Besonders in der paläolithischen Archäologie sind diese Faktoren nur selten eingehend untersucht worden. Dieser Artikel ist der Frage, wie die Forschungsgeschichte die Debatte über die mögliche Besiedlung Skandinaviens von Neandertalern beeinflusst hat, gewidmet. Neben einer qualitativen Auswertung dieses umstrittenen Forschungsthemas legen wir eine Netzwerkanalyse der Zitate vor, die einige konzeptuelle, räumliche und zeitliche Richtlinien in der Entwicklung der Debatte veranschaulicht, quantifiziert und deswegen auch verdeutlicht. Es ergibt sich, dass der Regionalismus als strukturierendes Prinzip in diesen Diskussionen wirkte, und dass die Facharchäologen und nebenberuflichen Teilnehmer in ihrer Deutung und Veröffentlichungen der vorhandenen Daten grundsätzlich voneinander abweichen. Bedenklich fehlen auch Querverweise, auch wenn man die sprachlichen Hürden berücksichtigt. Unserer Meinung nach haben die folgenden Aspekte die Debatte über die Besiedlung Skandinaviens von Neandertalern (negativ) beeinflusst: Regionalismus, Nationalismus, zu wenige Forscher und mangelnde Forschung, nicht kumulative Arbeit, Veröffentlichungen in skandinavischen Sprachen, Verbreitung der Wissenschaft durch Pressemitteilungen oder Sensationalismus und eine bedauerliche Tendenz miteinander persönlich zu streiten. Um in diesem Forschungsgebiet fortzuschreiten, muss eine epistemologische Wende stattfinden, wobei die Fragestellungen aufgrund erneuter Forschungsarbeit und der neuen Bürgerwissenschaft mit kumulativen, internationalen, hypothesengetriebenen Ansätzen angesprochen werden können. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Keywords

research historycitation network analysisNeanderthalScandinaviacitizen sciencehistoire de la rechercheanalyse des réseaux de citationsNéandertaliensScandinaviedissémination nordiquesciences citoyennesForschungsgeschichteNetzwerkanalyse der ZitateNeandertalerSkandinaviennördliche VerbreitungBürgerwissenschaft
Type
Article
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 21 , Issue 4 , November 2018 , pp. 506 - 527
Copyright
Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 2018 

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