Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T05:44:08.173Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

From Landscape to Portable Art: The Changing Settings of Simple Rock Art in South-West Britain and its Wider Context

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Andy M. Jones  and
Graeme Kirkham
Andy M. Jones*
Affiliation:
Historic Environment Projects, Cornwall Council, Truro, UK
Graeme Kirkham*
Affiliation:
Historic Environment Projects, Cornwall Council, Truro, UK
*
[email: [email protected]]
[email: [email protected]]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

South-west Britain—Cornwall, Devon and west Somerset—has featured little in discussions of British rock art. However, although it lacks the complex motifs found in northern Britain or the rich ornamentation of the Irish passage graves, it has a growing number of sites with simple cup-marks and stands at a pivotal location in the wider distribution of this form of rock art within north-west Europe. This paper considers the cup-mark tradition in south-west Britain and its wider European context, drawing attention to comparable traditions in western France, Wales, and south-west Ireland where simple cup-marks occur in analogous contexts. We propose a chronology for cup-marks in the south-west, from suggested Neolithic origins associated with rock outcrops and chambered tombs through to their use in Bronze Age barrows and subsequently roundhouses in the second millennium BC.

Le sud-ouest de la Grande-Bretagne—Cornwall, Devon et l'ouest du Somerset—ne figure guère dans les discussions sur l'art rupestre britannique. Toutefois, bien qu'on ne trouve pas les motifs complexes découverts dans le nord du Royaume-Uni ou les riches ornementations des chambres à couloir irlandaises, il y existe un nombre croissant de sites avec de simples cupules. De plus, cette région se trouve à un endroit clé de la répartition de cette forme d'art rupestre en Europe du nord-ouest. Cet article examine la tradition des cupules dans le sud-ouest et dans son contexte européen en général, en attirant l'attention sur des traditions comparables dans l'ouest de la France, au Pays de Galle et en Irlande du sud-ouest, où des cupules simples ont été découvertes dans des contextes similaires. Nous proposons une chronologie pour les cupules du sud-ouest britannique, en suggérant des origines néolithiques associées à des affleurements de rochers et des tombes à chambres, et en allant jusqu’à leur utilisation dans des tumuli de l'Âge du Bronze et plus tard dans les maisons rondes du 2e millénaire cal BC. Translation by Isabelle Gerges.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung

Südwestbritannien (Cornwall, Devon und das westliche Somerset) spielt bei den Diskussionen der britischen Felskunst meist nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Wenngleich diese Region nicht die Vielfalt komplexer Motive, die aus dem nördlichen Britannien bekannt sind, oder die reiche Ornamentik irischer Ganggräber besitzt, gibt es hier doch eine wachsende Anzahl von Plätzen mit einfachen Schälchensteinen. Sie befindet sich zudem in einer zentralen Lage innerhalb der weiteren Verbreitung dieser Art von Felskunst in Nordwesteuropa. Dieser Beitrag betrachtet die Tradition der Schälchensteine im südwestlichen sowie im weiteren europäischen Kontext unter besonderer Berücksichtigung vergleichbarer Traditionen in Westfrankreich, Wales und Südwestirland, wo einfache Schälchen in analogen Kontexten erscheinen. Es wird eine Chronologie für Schälchenvertiefungen in Südwestbritannien mit mutmaßlich neolithischen Wurzeln im Zusammenhang mit Felsaufschlüssen und Kammergräbern über ihre Nutzung in bronzezeitlichen Hügelgräbern und später Rundhäusern im 2. Jt. v. Chr. vorgestellt. Translation by Heiner Schwarzberg.

Keywords

cup-markrock artchambered tombSouth-West BritainNeolithicBronze Agecupuleart rupestreGrande-Bretagne du sud-ouesttombe à chambreNéolithiqueÂge du BronzeSchälchensteineFelskunstSüdwestbritannienKammergräberNeolithikumBronzezeit
Type
Articles
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 16 , Issue 4 , 2013 , pp. 636 - 659
Copyright
Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abélanet, J. 1990. Les roches gravées nord-catalanes. Perpignan: Centre de Recherches d'études Catalanes.Google Scholar
ApSimon, A. 1973. Tregiffian Barrow. Archaeological Journal, 130: 241–44.Google Scholar
ApSimon, A. 1977. L'architecture du dolmen de Tregiffian à Saint-Buryan (Cornwall) et la question des relations mégalithiques entre l'ouest de la France et la Grande-Bretagne. L'Architecture mégalithique: colloque du 150e anniversaire de la Société polymathique du Morbihan. Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Polymathique du Morbihan, 104: 15–29.Google Scholar
Ashbee, P. 1958. The Excavation of the Tregulland Barrow, Treneglos Parish, Cornwall. Antiquaries Journal, 38: 174–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashbee, P. 1960. The Bronze Age Barrow in Britain. London: Phoenix House.Google Scholar
Barnatt, J. 1982. Prehistoric Cornwall: The Ceremonial Monuments. Wellingborough: Turnstone.Google Scholar
Baudouin, M. 1916. Les cupules de la table du dolmen de la Court du Breuil, au Bernard (Vendée). Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, 6th series, 7 (1): 2–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckensall, S. 1999. British Prehistoric Rock Art. Stroud: Tempus.Google Scholar
Beckensall, S. 2012. Advances in the Study of British Prehistoric Rock Art. In: Jones, A., Pollard, J., Allen, M., Gardiner, J., eds. Image, Memory and Monumentality: Archaeological Engagements with the Material World. Oxford: Prehistoric Society, pp. 273–78.Google Scholar
Beckensall, S., Laurie, T. 1998. Prehistoric Rock Art of County Durham, Swaledale and Wensleydale. Durham: County Durham Books.Google Scholar
Blight, J.T. 1867. Account of Rock Markings at Sancreed, Cornwall. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, 3: 302–03.Google Scholar
Boughey, K.J.S., Vickerman, E.A. 2003. Prehistoric Rock Art of the West Riding: Cup-and-Ring Marked Rocks of the Valley of the Aire, Wharfe, Washburn and Nidd. Leeds: West Yorkshire Archaeology Service.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 1997. Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2000a. An Archaeology of Natural Places. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2000b. The Good Stones: A New Investigation of the Clava Cairns. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2005. Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2011. Image and Audience: Rethinking Prehistoric Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bradley, R., Criado Boado, F., Fabregas Valcarce, R. 1994. Rock Art Research as Landscape Archaeology: A Pilot Study in Galicia, North-West Spain. World Archaeology, 25: 374–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britnell, W. 1982. The Excavation of Two Round Barrows at Trelystan, Powys. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 48: 133–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgess, C. 1989–90. The Chronology of Cup-and-Ring Marks in Britain and Ireland. Northern Archaeology, 10: 21–6.Google Scholar
Burgess, C. 1990. The Chronology of Cup and Cup-and-Ring Marks in Atlantic Europe. La Bretagne et l'Europe préhistorique: mémoire en hommage à Pierre-Roland Giot. Révue Archéologique de l'Ouest, (supplement 2):157–71Google Scholar
Burl, A. 1985. Megalithic Brittany. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Butcher, S. 1978. Excavations at Nornour, Isles of Scilly, 1969–73: The Pre-Roman Settlement. Cornish Archaeology, 17: 29–112.Google Scholar
Camm, S. 2011. The Geology and Landscape of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Penzance: Alison Hodge.Google Scholar
Christie, P. 1985. Barrows on the North Cornish Coast: Wartime Excavations by C.K. Croft Andrew. Cornish Archaeology, 24: 23–122.Google Scholar
Christie, P. 1988. A Barrow Cemetery on Davidstow Moor, Cornwall: Wartime Excavations by C.K. Croft Andrew. Cornish Archaeology, 27: 27–169.Google Scholar
Claustre, F. 1998. Monuments mégalithiques et grottes sépulcrale en Roussillon. In: Soulier, P. ed. La France des dolmens et des sépultures collectives (4500–2000 avant J.-C.). Paris: Éditions Errance, pp. 159–76.Google Scholar
Coles, J., Gestsdottir, H., Minnitt, S. 2000. A Bronze Age Decorated Cist from Pool Farm, West Harptree. Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeology and Natural History Society, 144: 25–30.Google Scholar
Daniel, G. 1950. The Prehistoric Chamber Tombs of England and Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Darvill, T., Wainwright, G. 2003. A Cup-marked Stone from Dan-y-garn, Mynachlog-Ddu, Pembrokeshire, and the Prehistoric Rock Art from Wales. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 69: 253–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, H. 1911. Note on an Unrecorded Cromlech in North Cornwall. Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 18: 362–64.Google Scholar
Du Chatellier, P. 1902. La pointe de Kermorvan, en Ploumoguer, ses monuments, pierres à cupules. Bulletin de la Societé archéologique du Finistère, 30: 90–6.Google Scholar
Dudley, D. 1961. The Excavation of the Otterham Barrow, Cornwall. Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 4 (1): 62–80.Google Scholar
Dudley, D. 1962. The Excavation of a Barrow at Glendorgal, Newquay 1957. Cornish Archaeology, 1: 9–16.Google Scholar
Dudley, D. 1964. The Excavation of the Carvinack Barrow, Tregavethan, near Truro, Cornwall. Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 4 (4): 414–50.Google Scholar
Dudley, P. 2011. Goon, Hal, Cliff and Croft: The Archaeology and Landscape History of West Cornwall's Rough Ground. Truro: Historic Environment, Cornwall Council.Google Scholar
Eogan, G. 1986. Knowth and the Passage Tombs of Ireland. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Gibson, A. 1999. The Walton Basin Project: Excavation and Survey in a Prehistoric Landscape, 1993–7. London: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Gillings, M., Pollard, J., Taylor, J. 2010. The Miniliths of Exmoor. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 76: 297–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouezin, P. 1994. Les mégalithes du Morbihan intérieur: des Landes de Lanvaux au nord du département. Rennes: Institut Culturel de Bretagne.Google Scholar
Gouezin, P. 2007. Les mégalithes du Morbihan littoral: au sud des Landes de Lanvaux, de Guidel à Quiberon. Alet: Dossiers du Centre régional d'archéologie d'Alet.Google Scholar
Greeves, T. 1981. Three Prehistoric (?) Cup-Marked Boulders on Dartmoor. Proceedings of the Devon Archaeology Society, 39: 27–32.Google Scholar
Grinsell, L.V. 1957. A Decorated Cist Slab from Mendip. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 53: 231–32.Google Scholar
Grinsell, L.V. 1959. Dorset Barrows. Dorchester: Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Haddingham, E. 1974. Ancient Carvings in Britain: A Mystery. London: Garnstone Press.Google Scholar
Harding, P. 1988. The Chalk Plaque Pit, Amesbury. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 54: 320–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartgroves, S. 1987. The Cup-Marked Stones of Stithians Reservoir. Cornish Archaeology, 26: 69–84.Google Scholar
Haszeldine, R., Haszeldine, R. 2003. Neolithic, Natural or New? Critical Observations of Cup and Ring Petroglyphs in Langdale, Cumbria. Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 3: 1–22.Google Scholar
Herring, P. 1986. National Trust West Penwith Archaeological Survey: Treveglos, Zennor. 4 volumes. Truro: Cornwall Archaeological Unit.Google Scholar
Herring, P. 2008. Quarrying. In: Herring, P., Sharpe, A., Smith, J., Giles, C., eds. Bodmin Moor: An Archaeological Survey. Volume 2: The Industrial and Post-Medieval Landscapes. Swindon: English Heritage, pp. 83–99.Google Scholar
Herring, P. forthcoming. Boscawen-Un: Stone Circle and Stone Axes. Cornish Archaeology.Google Scholar
Hewitt, C. 1990–91. Prehistoric Decorated Stones: Mobiliary Examples. Northern Archaeology, 11: 51–6.Google Scholar
Iago, W. 1890. On some Recent Archaeological Discoveries in Cornwall (Rock-Markings, Cinerary-urns, Celtic, Roman, Saxon, Norman, and Mediaeval Remains). Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 10: 185–96.Google Scholar
Ingold, T. 1991. The Appropriation of Nature: Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations. Manchester: University of Manchester.Google Scholar
Johnston, S. 1991. Distributional Aspects of Prehistoric Irish Petroglyphs. In: Bahn, P., Rosenfield, A., eds. Rock Art and Prehistory: Papers Presented to Symposium G of the AURA Congress, Darwin 1988. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 86–95.Google Scholar
Johnston, S.A. 1993. The Relationship Between Prehistoric Irish Rock Art and Irish Passage Tomb Art. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 12 (3): 257–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, A., Freedman, D., O'Connor, B., Lamdin-Whymark, H., Tipping, R., Watson, A. 2011. An Animate Landscape: Rock Art and the Prehistory of Kilmartin, Argyll, Scotland. Oxford: Windgather Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, A.M. 1998–9. The Excavation of a Later Bronze Age Structure at Callestick. Cornish Archaeology, 37–8: 5–55.Google Scholar
Jones, A.M. 2004–5. Settlement and Ceremony: Archaeological Investigations at Stannon Down, St Breward, Cornwall. Cornish Archaeology, 43–4: 1–141.Google Scholar
Jones, A.M. 2008. Houses for the Dead and Cairns for the Living: A Reconsideration of the Early to Middle Bronze Age Transition in South-west England. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 27: 153–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, A.M. 2011. Without Wessex: The Local Character of the Early Bronze Age in the South West. In: Pearce, S., ed. Recent Archaeological Work in South-Western Britain: Papers in Honour of Henrietta Quinnell. British Archaeological Reports British Series, 548. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp. 61–74.Google Scholar
Jones, A.M., Kirkham, G. In preparation. A Corpus of Cup-Marked Stones from Cornwall. Cornish Archaeology.Google Scholar
Jones, A.M., Quinnell, H. 2011. The Neolithic and Bronze Age Periods in Cornwall, c. 4000 cal BC to c. 1000 cal BC: An Overview of Recent Developments. Cornish Archaeology, 50: 197–230.Google Scholar
Jones, A.M., Quinnell, H. In preparation. Lines of Archaeological Investigation across the North Cornwall Landscape.Google Scholar
Jones, A.M., Taylor, S. 2010. Scarcewater, Pennance, Cornwall: Archaeological Excavation of a Bronze Age and Roman Landscape. British Archaeological Reports British Series, 516. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Kirkham, G. 2011. Something Different at the Land's End. In: Jones, A.M., Kirkham, G., eds. Beyond the Core: Reflections on Regionality in Prehistory. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 101–11.Google Scholar
Kirkham, G. 2012. ‘Rip it Up, and Spread it Over the Field’: Post-Medieval Agriculture and the Destruction of Monuments; a Case Study from Cornwall. Landscapes, 13 (2): 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kytmannow, T. 2008. Portal Tombs in the Landscape: The Chronology, Morphology and Landscape Setting of the Portal Tombs of Ireland, Wales and Cornwall. British Archaeological Reports British Series, 455. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Langouet, L. 2005. Les mégalithes de l'arrondissement de Saint-Brieuc. Vannes: Institut Culturel de Bretagne, and Alet, Centre Régional d'Archéologie d'Alet.Google Scholar
Lecornec, J. 2003. Le problème des cupules dans l'architecture mégalithique, protohistorique et historique. Bulletin et mémoires de la Société polymathique du Morbihan 129: 7–16.Google Scholar
Lewis, H., French, C., Green, M. 2000. A Decorated Megalith from Knowlton Henges, Dorset, England. Past, 35: 1–3.Google Scholar
Lynch, F. 1972. Portal Dolmens in the Nevern Valley, Pembrokeshire. In: Lynch, F., Burgess, C., eds. Prehistoric Man in Wales and the West. Bath: Adams and Dart, pp. 67–91.Google Scholar
Lynch, F., Jenkins, D. 1974. Cup and Ring Mark Stones at Llwydiarth, Esgob. Transactions of the Anglesey Antiquarian Society, 1974: 118–21.Google Scholar
Marcigny, C., Bétard, D. 2012. La France racontée par les archéologues. Fouilles et découvertes au XXI siècle. Paris: Éditions Gallimard/Inrap.Google Scholar
Mens, E. 2003. Carrière et cupules préhistoriques sur le rocher du Méné-Kermarais (île du Pradel, Guérande). Bulletin de l'association préhistorique et historique de la région nazairienne, 67: 21–3.Google Scholar
Mens, E. 2004. Les gravures du rocher de Saint-Second à Besné (Loire-Atlantique, Pays de la Loire). Bulletin Association pour la promotion des recherches sur l'âge du bronze, 1: 20–1.Google Scholar
Mens, E. 2008. Refitting Megaliths in Western France. Antiquity, 315: 25–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mens, E., Large, J. 2009. Megalithic Technology: A New Approach to the Earliest Stone Architecture of the West of France. In: O'Connor, B., Cooney, G., Chapman, J., eds. Materialitas: Working Stone, Carving Identity. Oxford: Prehistoric Society, pp. 42–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, W. 1989. The Prehistoric Rock Art of Great Britain: A Survey of all Sites Bearing Motifs More Complex than Simple Cup-marks. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 55: 45–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, G. 2006. The Architecture of Death: Neolithic Chambered Tombs in Wales. Little Logaston: Logaston Press.Google Scholar
Nash, G., Brook, C., George, A., Hudson, D., McQueen, E., Parker, C., Stanford, A., Smith, A., Swann, J., Waite, L. 2005. Notes on Newly Discovered Rock-Art on and around Neolithic Burial Chambers in Wales. Archaeology in Wales, 45: 11–6.Google Scholar
Newman, P. 2011. The Field Archaeology of Dartmoor. Swindon: English Heritage.Google Scholar
Noble, G. 2006. Neolithic Scotland: Timber, Stone, Earth and Fire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowakowski, J. 1989. Gwithian: An Assessment of the Bronze Age Excavations 1954–1961. Truro: Cornwall Archaeological Unit.Google Scholar
Nowakowski, J. 1991. Trethellan Farm, Newquay: The Excavation of a Lowland Bronze Age Settlement and Iron Age Cemetery. Cornish Archaeology, 30: 5–242.Google Scholar
Nowakowski, J., Herring, P. 1987. The National Trust West Penwith Archaeological Survey: Tregerthen Farm, Zennor. 2 volumes. Truro: Cornwall Archaeological Unit.Google Scholar
Nowakowski, J., Quinnell, H., Sturgess, H., Thomas, C., Thorpe, C. 2007. Return to Gwithian: Shifting the Sands of Time. Cornish Archaeology, 46: 13–76.Google Scholar
O'Connor, B. 2009. Re-Collected Objects: Carved, Worked and Unworked Stones in Bronze Age Funerary Traditions. In: O'Connor, B., Cooney, G., Chapman, J., eds. Materialitas: Working Stone, Carving Identity. Oxford: Prehistoric Society, 147–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Kelly, M. 1982. Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Patton, M. 1987. Jersey in Prehistory. La Haule: La Haule Books.Google Scholar
Payne, R., Lewsey, R. 1999. The Romance of the Stones. Fowey: Alexander Associates.Google Scholar
Penhallurick, R. 1986. Tin in Antiquity. London: Institute of Metals.Google Scholar
Penneck, H. 1849. The Mên Skryfa in Cornwall—Protection of Our National Monuments. Gentleman's Magazine, 32: 494.Google Scholar
Piggott, S. 1971–2. Excavation of the Dalladies Long Barrow, Fettercairn, Kincardineshire. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 104: 23–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polles, R. 1993. Le tumulus de Renongar en Plovan (Finistère). Étude d'une fouille ancienne de Paul Du Chatellier. Revue archéologique de l'ouest, 10: 33–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purcell, A. 2002. The Rock-art Landscape of the Iveragh Peninsula, County Kerry, South-West Ireland. In: Nash, G., Chippendale, C. eds. European Landscapes of Rock-Art. London: Routledge, pp. 71–92.Google Scholar
Roe, F. 1985. Report on the Cupped Pebble. In: Christie, P. eds. Barrows on the North Cornish Coast: Wartime Excavations by C.K. Croft Andrew. Cornish Archaeology, 24: 56–9.Google Scholar
Rose, P. 2009. Mulfra Hill, Madron, Cornwall, Archaeological Survey 1998–9. Truro: Historic Environment, Cornwall Council.Google Scholar
Santos Estévez, M. 2008. A New Proposal for the Chronology of Atlantic Rock Art in Galicia (NW Iberian Peninsula). In: Nash, G., Children, G., eds. The Archaeology of Semiotics and the Social Order of Things. British Archaeological Reports International Series, 1833. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 141–52.Google Scholar
Scarre, C. 2009. Stones with Character: Animism, Agency and Megalithic Monuments. In: O'Connor, B., Cooney, G., Chapman, J., eds. Materialitas: Working Stone, Carving Identity. Oxford: Prehistoric Society, pp. 9–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarre, C. 2011. Landscapes of Neolithic Brittany. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, M. 2012. Living with the Dead. In: Britnell, W., Silvester, R.J., eds. Reflections on the Past: Essays in Honour of Frances Lynch. Welshpool: Cambrian Archaeological Association, pp. 4–17.Google Scholar
Sharpe, K., Watson, A. 2010. Moving Images: Interpreting the Copt Howe Petroglyphs. In: Barnett, T., Sharpe, K., eds. Carving a Future for British Rock Art: New Directions for Research, Management and Presentation. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 57–64.Google Scholar
Simpson, D.D.A., Thawley, J.E. 1972. Single Grave Art in Britain. Scottish Archaeological Forum, 4: 81–104.Google Scholar
Smith, G. 1996. Archaeology and Environment of a Bronze Age Cairn and Prehistoric and Romano-British Field System at Chysauster, Gulval, Near Penzance, Cornwall. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 62: 167–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, R., Healy, F., Allen, M., Morris, E., Barnes, I., Woodward, P. 1997. Excavations along the Route of the Dorchester By-Pass, Dorset, 1986–8. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology.Google Scholar
Stanier, P. 1988. The Work of Giants: Great Granite Rocks of Cornwall and Scilly. St Ives: St Ives Printing and Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Stanier, P. 1999. South-West Granite: A History of the Granite Industry in Cornwall and Devon. St Austell: Cornish Hillside.Google Scholar
Thomas, C. 1993. Tintagel, Arthur and Archaeology. London: Batsford.Google Scholar
Tilley, C. 1991. Material Culture and Text: The Art of Ambiguity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tilley, C. 2008. Body and Image: Explorations in Landscape Phenomenology. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.Google Scholar
Tilley, C., Bennett, W. 2001. An Archaeology of Supernatural Places: The Case of West Penwith. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 7: 335–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toulmin Nicolle, E. 1948. La Hougue Bie. St Helier: Société Jersiaise.Google Scholar
Trudgian, P. 1976a. Cup-Marked Stones from a Barrow at Starapark near Camelford. Cornish Archaeology, 15: 48–9.Google Scholar
Trudgian, P. 1976b. Observations and Excavation at the Tichbarrow, Davidstow. Cornish Archaeology, 15: 31–45.Google Scholar
Vyner, B. 1988. The Street House Wossit: The Excavation of a Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Palisaded Ritual Monument at Street House, Loftus, Cleveland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 54: 173–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, C. 1998. Cup and Rings in Context. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 8 (1): 29–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, C. 2007a. Neolithic Rock Art in the British Isles: Retrospect and Prospect. In: Mazel, A., Nash, G., Waddington, C., eds. Art as Metaphor: The Prehistoric Rock-Art of Britain. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 49–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, C. 2007b. Cup and Rings and Passage Grave Art: Insular and Imported Traditions. In: Burgess, C., Topping, P., Lynch, F., eds. Beyond Stonehenge: Essays on the Bronze Age in Honour of Colin Burgess. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 11–9.Google Scholar
Waddington, C., Mazel, A., Johnson, B. 2005. Excavation of a Rock Art Site at Hunterheugh Crag, Northumberland. Archaeologia Aeliana, 34: 29–54.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, R. 2000. A Cup-Marked Stone from Chilverstone, South Devon, England. Past, 36: 1–3.Google Scholar
Westlake, S. 2005. Routeways and Waterways: The Neolithic-Bronze Age Rock Carvings of the Dingle Peninsula in South-West Ireland from a Landscape Perspective. Archaeological Journal, 162: 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, M., Richardson, K.M. 1957. The Hill-Forts of Northern France. London: Society of Antiquaries.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, S.H. 1988. Dartmoor Stone. Exeter: Devon Books.Google Scholar
Worth, R.H. 1994. Worth's Dartmoor, Compiled from the Published Works of the Late R. Hansford Worth. Newton Abbot: David and Charles.Google Scholar