Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T23:24:51.918Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cycles in Stone Mining and Copper Circulation in Europe 5500–2000 bc: A View from Space

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2020

Peter Schauer Open the ORCID record for Peter Schauer [Opens in a new window] ,
Stephen Shennan Open the ORCID record for Stephen Shennan [Opens in a new window] ,
Andrew Bevan Open the ORCID record for Andrew Bevan [Opens in a new window] ,
Sue Colledge Open the ORCID record for Sue Colledge [Opens in a new window] ,
Kevan Edinborough Open the ORCID record for Kevan Edinborough [Opens in a new window] ,
Tim Kerig Open the ORCID record for Tim Kerig [Opens in a new window]  and
Mike Parker Pearson Open the ORCID record for Mike Parker Pearson [Opens in a new window]
Peter Schauer
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK
Stephen Shennan
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK
Andrew Bevan
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK
Sue Colledge
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK
Kevan Edinborough
Affiliation:
Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Tim Kerig
Affiliation:
ROOTS Cluster of Excellence, Kiel University, Germany
Mike Parker Pearson
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The authors of this article consider the relationship in European prehistory between the procurement of high-quality stones (for axeheads, daggers, and other tools) on the one hand, and the early mining, crafting, and deposition of copper on the other. The data consist of radiocarbon dates for the exploitation of stone quarries, flint mines, and copper mines, and of information regarding the frequency through time of jade axeheads and copper artefacts. By adopting a broad perspective, spanning much of central-western Europe from 5500 to 2000 bc, they identify a general pattern in which the circulation of the first copper artefacts was associated with a decline in specialized stone quarrying. The latter re-emerged in certain regions when copper use decreased, before declining more permanently in the Bell Beaker phase, once copper became more generally available. Regional variations reflect the degrees of connectivity among overlapping copper exchange networks. The patterns revealed are in keeping with previous understandings, refine them through quantification and demonstrate their cyclical nature, with additional reference to likely local demographic trajectories.

Cet article concerne les relations entre l'acquisition de pierre de haute qualité (utilisée dans la production de haches, de poignards et d'autres outils) et l'exploitation du cuivre, l'artisanat et les dépôts d'objets en cuivre en Europe préhistorique. Il se base sur les dates radiocarbone obtenues pour les carrières de pierre, de silex et mines de cuivre et sur les données relatives à la fréquence des haches de jade et objets de cuivre à travers les époques. Les auteurs adoptent une vaste perspective couvrant l'Europe centre-occidentale entre 5500 et 2000 av. J.-C et identifient une tendance générale dans laquelle la circulation des premiers objets en cuivre est associée à un déclin de l'exploitation spécialisée des carrières de pierre. Cette dernière réapparut dans certaines régions lorsque l'usage du cuivre diminua, puis décrut de façon plus permanente pendant la phase campaniforme, quand le cuivre devint plus accessible. Les différences entre régions reflètent le niveau des rapports entre réseaux interconnectés. Les résultats de cette étude s'accordent avec les interprétations antérieures mais vont au-delà en quantifiant les données et en démontrant leur caractère cyclique, complémentées par certaines sources relatives à un profil démographique local. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Dieser Artikel betrifft die Beziehungen zwischen der Besorgung von hochwertigen Stein- und Silexprodukten (z. B. Beile, Dolche und andere Werkzeuge) und der frühen Gewinnung von Kupfer im Bergbau, im Handwerk und in der Niederlegung von Kupfergegenständen in Europa während der Urgeschichte. Die Daten bestehen aus Radiokarbonbestimmungen aus Steinbrüchen, Silexbergbaustätten und Kupferminen sowie Hinweise auf die Häufigkeit und zeitliche Verteilung von Jadebeilen und Kupferartefakten. In einer weiten Sichtweise, welche die meisten Gegenden in West- und Mitteleuropa zwischen 5500 und 2000 v. Chr. umfasst, identifizieren die Autoren eine allgemeine Tendenz, wobei die Verbreitung der ersten Kupferartefakten mit dem Rückgang des spezialisierten Steinbergbaus vergesellschaftet ist. Letzterer tauchte wieder in gewissen Gegenden auf, als die Nutzung von Kupfer abnahm; er fiel in der Glockenbecherzeit dauerhafter ab, als Kupfer allgemein zugänglich wurde. Regionale Unterschiede widerspiegeln die Intensität der Wechselbeziehungen zwischen überschneidenden Austauschnetzwerken von Kupfer. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung reflektieren frühere Deutungen, verbessern sie aber durch Quantifizierung und illustrieren den zyklischen Charakter der Stein- und Kupfergewinnung, mit zusätzlichen Hinweisen auf möglichen lokalen demografischen Entwicklungen. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Keywords

Europe5500–2000 bcminingquarryingcopper circulationaxeheadsdaggersornamentsEurope5500–2000 av. J.-Cexploitation minièrecarrièrescirculation du cuivrehachespoignardsparuresEuropa5500–2000 v. ChrBergbauSteinbruchVerbreitung von KupferBeileDolcheSchmuck
Type
Article
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 24 , Issue 2 , May 2021 , pp. 204 - 225
Copyright
Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Apel, J. 2001. Daggers, Knowledge, and Power: The Social Aspect of Flint Dagger-Technology in Scandinavia 2350–1500 cal bc. Uppsala: Wikströms.Google Scholar
Balcer, B. 2002. Ćmielów - Krzemionki - Świeciechów. Związki osady neolitycznej z kopalniami krzemienia. Warsaw.Google Scholar
Bartelheim, M. 2013. Innovation and Tradition: The Structure of the Early Metal Production in the North Alpine Region. In: Burmeister, S., Hansen, S., Kunst, M. & Müller-Scheeßel, N., eds. Metal Matters: Innovative Technologies and Social Change in Prehistory and Antiquity. Rahden: Marie Leidorf, 169–80.Google Scholar
Bartelheim, M., Eckstein, K., Huijsmans, M., Krauß, R. & Pernicka, E. 2002. Kupferzeitliche Metallgewinnung in Brixlegg, Österreich. In: Bartelheim, M., Pernicka, E. & Krause, R., eds. Die Anfänge der Metallurgie in der Alten Welt. Rahden: Marie Leidorf, pp. 169–80.Google Scholar
Borello, M.A., Mottes, E. & Schlichterle, H. 2009. Traverser les Alpes au Néolithique. Le Globe, 149: 29–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bray, P.J. & Pollard, A.M. 2012. A New Interpretative Approach to the Chemistry of Copper-Alloy Objects: Source, Recycling, and Technology. Antiquity, 86: 853–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cattin, F., Villa, I.M. &. Besse, M. 2009. Copper Supply During the Final Neolithic at the Saint-Blaise/Bains des Dames Site (Neuchâtel, Switzerland). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 1: 161–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collin, J.P. 2016. Mining for a Week or for Centuries: Variable Aims of Flint Extraction Sites in the Mons Basin (Province of Hainaut, Belgium) Within the Lithic Economy of the Neolithic. Journal of Lithic Studies 3(2). https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.v3i2.1819CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crema, E.R. & Bevan, A. 2020. Inferences from Large Sets of Radiocarbon Dates: Software and Methods. Radiocarbon, 1–17. https://doi:10.1017/RDC.2020.95Google Scholar
Csányi, M., Raczky, P. & Tárnoki, J. 2009. Előzetes jelentés a rézkori bodrogkeresztúri kultúra Rákóczifalva-Bagi-földön feltárt temetőjeről (Preliminary Report on the Cemetery of the Bodrogkeresztúr Culture Excavated at Rákóczifalva-Bagi-föld). Tisicum, 38: 13–34.Google Scholar
De Marinis, R.C. 2013. La necropoli di Remedello Sotto e l'età del Rame nella pianura padana a nord del Po. In: De Marinis, R.C., ed. L'età del Rame. La pianura padana e le Alpi al tempo di Ötzi. Roccafranca (BS): Massetti Rodella, pp. 301–51.Google Scholar
de Saulieu, G. 2004. Art rupestre et statues-menhirs dans les Alpes. Paris: Errance.Google Scholar
Dolfini, A. 2013. The Emergence of Metallurgy in the Central Mediterranean Region: A New Model. European Journal of Archaeology, 16: 21–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earle, T. 2004. Culture Matters in the Neolithic Transition and Emergence of Hierarchy in Thy, Denmark: Distinguished Lecture. American Anthropologist, 106: 111–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edinborough, K., Shennan, S., Teather, A., Baczkowski, J., Bevan, A., Bradley, R., et al. 2020. New Radiocarbon Dates Show Early Neolithic Date of Flint-Mining and Stone Quarrying in Britain. Radiocarbon, 62: 75–105. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2019.85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, C. & Pernicka, E. 2012. Copper Artifacts of the Mondsee Group and Their Possible Sources. In: Midgley, M.S. & Sanders, J., eds. Lake Dwellings after Robert Munro. Leiden: Sidestone, pp. 113–38.Google Scholar
Frieman, C. 2012. Flint Daggers, Copper Daggers, and Technological Innovation in Late Neolithic Scandinavia. European Journal of Archaeology, 15: 440–64. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957112Y.0000000014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frieman, C. 2014. Double Edged Blades: Re-visiting the British (and Irish) Flint Daggers. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 80: 33–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2014.4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gebauer, A.B., Sørensen, L., Taube, M. & Wielandt, D. 2020. First Metallurgy in Northern Europe: An Early Neolithic Crucible and a Possible Tuyère from Lønt, Denmark. European Journal of Archaeology. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.73Google Scholar
Giligny, F., Bostyn, F. & Le Maux, N. 2012. Production et importation des haches polies dans le Bassin parisien: typologie, chronologie et influences. In: Pétrequin, P., Cassen, S., Errera, M., Klassen, L., Sheridan, A. & Pétrequin, A.-M., eds. Jade. Grandes haches alpines du Néolithique européen Ve et IVe millénaires av. J.-C. Besançon: Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté, pp. 1136–67.Google Scholar
Guilbeau, D. 2015. Origins and Development of Flint Daggers in Italy. In: Frieman, C.J. & Eriksen, B.V., eds. Flint Daggers in Prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 32–44.Google Scholar
Hansen, S. 2013. Innovative Metals: Copper, Gold, and Silver in the Black Sea Region and the Carpathian Basin During the 5th and 4th Millennium bc. In: Burmeister, S., Hansen, S., Kunst, M. & Müller-Scheeßel, N., eds. Metal Matters: Innovative Technologies and Social Change in Prehistory and Antiquity. Rahden: Marie Leidorf, pp. 137–67.Google Scholar
Healy, F., Marshall, P., Bayliss, A., Cook, G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Van der Plicht, J. & Dunbar, E. 2018. When and Why? The Chronology and Context of Flint Mining at Grime's Graves, Norfolk, England. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 84: 277–301. https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2018.14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honegger, M. 2006. Grandes lames et poignards dans le Néolithique final du nord des Alpes. In: Briois, F. & Vaquer, J., eds. La fin de l'Age de Pierre en Europe du Sud. Matériaux et productions lithiques taillées remarquables dans le Néolithique et le Chalcolithique européen: diffusion et usages (6e–3e millénaires av. J.-C.). Toulouse: Archives d'Ecologie Préhistorique, pp. 43–56.Google Scholar
Honegger, M. & de Montmollin, P. 2010. Flint Daggers of the Late Neolithic in the Northern Alpine Area. In: Eriksen, B.V., ed. Lithic Technology in Metal Using Societies. Aarhus: Jutland Archaeological Society, pp. 129–42.Google Scholar
Höppner, B., Bartelheim, M., Huijsmans, M., Krauss, R., Martinek, K.P., Pernicka, E. & Schwab, R. 2005. Prehistoric Fahlore Production in the Inn Valley (Tyrol, Austria). Archaeometry, 47: 293–316.Google Scholar
Horn, C. 2014. Studien zu den europäischen Stabdolchen (Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, 246). Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Ihuel, E., Mallet, N., Pelegrin, J. & Verjux, C. 2015. The Dagger Phenomenon: Circulation from the Grand-Pressigny Region (France, Indre-et-Loire) in Western Europe. In: Prieto Martínez, M. & Salanova, L., eds. The Bell Beaker Transition in Europe: Mobility and Local Evolution During the 3rd Millennium bc. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 113–26.Google Scholar
Kerig, T. 2018. How Equality Became Axed: Remarks on Exchange Networks and on the Division of Labour in the Central European Neolithic. In: Benz, M. & Helms, T., eds. Craft Production Systems in a Cross-Cultural Perspective (Studien zur Wirtschaftsarchäologie, 1). Bonn: Habelt, pp. 1–6.Google Scholar
Klassen, L. 2000. Frühes Kupfer im Norden. Untersuchungen zu Chronologie, Herkunft und Bedeutung der Kupferfunde der Nordgruppe der Trichterbecherkultur. Aarhus: Jutland Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Klassen, L. 2004. Jade und Kupfer. Untersuchungen zum Neolithisierungsprozess im westlichen Ostseeraum unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kulturentwicklung Europas 5500–3500 bc. Aarhus: Jutland Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Klassen, L., Cassen, S. & Pétrequin, P. 2012. Alpine Axes and Early Metallurgy. In: Pétrequin, P., Cassen, S., Errera, M., Klassen, L., Sheridan, A. & Pétrequin, A.-M.. eds. Jade. Grandes haches alpines du Néolithique européen. Ve et IVe millénaires av. J.-C. Besançon: Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté, pp. 1280–309.Google Scholar
Lomborg, E. 1973. Die Flintdolche Dänemarks: Studien über Chronologie und Kulturbeziehungen des südskandinavischen Spätneolithikums. Copenhagen: Universitetsforlaget I kommission hos H.H.J. Lynge.Google Scholar
Maggi, R. & Pearce, M. 2005. Mid Fourth-Millennium Copper Mining in Liguria, North-West Italy: The Earliest Known Copper Mines in Western Europe. Antiquity, 79: 66–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maran, J. 2008. Zur Zeitstellung und Deutung der Kupferäxte vom Typ Eschollbrücken. In: Falkenstein, F., Schade-Lindig, S. & Zeeb-Lanz, A., eds. Kumpf, Kalotte, Pfeilschaftglätter. Zwei Leben für die Archäologie. Gedenkschrift für Annemarie Häußer und Helmut Spatz. Rahden: Marie Leidorf, pp. 173–87.Google Scholar
Mille, B. & Bouquet, L. 2004. Le métal au 3" millénaire avant notre ère dans le Centre-Nord de la France. Anthropologica et Praehistorica, 4: 197–215.Google Scholar
Mille, B. & Carozza, L. 2009. Moving into the Metal Ages: The Social Importance of Metal at the End of the Neolithic Period in France. In: Kienlin, T. & Roberts, B., eds. Metals in Society: Studies in Honour of Barbara Ottaway. Bonn: Habelt, pp. 143–71.Google Scholar
Mittnik, A., Wang, C.C, Pfrengle, S., Daubaras, M., Zarina, G., Hallgren, F., et al. 2018. The Genetic Prehistory of the Baltic Sea Region. Nature Communications, 9 : 442. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mottes, M. 2001. Bell Beakers and Beyond: Flint Daggers of Northern Italy Between Technology and Typology. In: Nicolis, F., ed. Bell Beakers Today: Pottery, People, Culture, Symbols in Prehistoric Europe. Trento: Servizio Beni Culturali della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, pp. 519–45.Google Scholar
Müller, J. 2013. Missed Innovation: The Earliest Copper Daggers in Northern Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia. In: Bergerbrant, S. & Sabatini, S., eds. Counterpoint: Essays in Archaeology and Heritage Studies in Honour of Professor Kristian Kristiansen. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 443–48.Google Scholar
Needham, S. 2004. Migdale-Marnoch. In: Shepherd, I. & Barclay, G., eds. Scotland in Ancient Europe. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, pp. 217–45.Google Scholar
Needham, S. 2005. Transforming Beaker Culture in Northwest Europe: Processes of Fusion and Fission. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 71: 171–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowak, K. 2008. Zur räumlichen Verteilung von Dechselklingen aus Aktinolith-Hornblendeschiefer in der Linearbandkeramik. Archäologische Informationen, 31: 25–32.Google Scholar
O'Brien, W. 2004. Ross Island: Mining, Metal, and Society in Early Ireland. Galway: National University of Ireland.Google Scholar
Olalde, I., Brace, S., Allentoft, M., Armit, I., Kristiansen, K., Booth, T., et al. 2018. The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe. Nature, 555: 190–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25738CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker Pearson, M., Sheridan, A., Jay, M., Chamberlain, A., Richards, M.P & Evans, J. eds. 2019. The Beaker People: Isotopes, Mobility, and Diet in Prehistoric Britain. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Pelegrin, J. 2012. Conférence inaugurale: grandes lames de l'Europe Néolithique et alentour / Large Blades from Neolithic Europe and Abroad. In: Marquet, J.-C. & Verjux, C. eds. L'Europe, déjà, à la fin des temps préhistoriques. Des grandes lames en silex dans toute l'Europe. Tours : Fédération pour l'édition de la Revue archéologique du Centre de la France, pp. 15–43.Google Scholar
Perucchetti, L. 2017. Physical Barriers, Cultural Connections: A Reconsideration of the Metal Flow at the Beginning of the Metal Age in the Alps. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Pétrequin, P. & Jeunesse, C. eds. 1995. La hache de pierre. Carrières vosgiennes et échanges de lames polies pendant le Néolithique (5400–2100 av. J.-C.). Paris: Errance.Google Scholar
Pétrequin, P., Cassen, S., Errera, M., Klassen, L., Sheridan, A. & Pétrequin, A.-M. eds. 2012. Jade. Grandes haches alpines du Néolithique européen. Ve et IVe millénaires av. J.-C. Besançon: Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté.Google Scholar
Přichystal, A. 2015. Key Raw Material for Neolithic Shoe-Last Celts and Axes in Central Europe: Their Sources and Distribution. In: Kerig, T. & Shennan, S., eds. Characterising Contact by Measuring Lithic Exchange in the European Neolithic. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 1–7.Google Scholar
Radivojević, M., & Grujić, J. 2018. Community Structure of Copper Supply Networks in the Prehistoric Balkans: An Independent Evaluation of the Archaeological Record from the 7th to the 4th Millennium bc. Journal of Complex Networks, 6: 106–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radivojević, M., Rehren, T., Pernicka, E., Šljivar, D., Brauns, M. & Borić, D. 2010. On the Origins of Extractive Metallurgy: New Evidence from Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37: 2775–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rey, P.J., Perrin, T., Bressy, C. & Linton, J. 2010. La tombe A de la nécropole de Fontaine-le-Puits (Savoie), un dépôt funéraire exceptionnel de la transition Néolithique Moyen/Final. Bulletin d’Études Préhistoriques et Archéologiques Alpines, 21: 105–24.Google Scholar
Rosenstock, E., Scharl, S. & Schier, W. 2016. Ex oriente lux? – Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zur Stellung der frühen Kupfermetallurgie Südosteuropas. In: Bartelheim, M., Horejs, B. & Krauß, R., eds. Von Baden bis Troia; Ressourcennutzung, Metallurgie und Wissenstransfer: eine Jubiläumsschrift für Ernst Pernicka. Rahden: Marie Leidorf, pp. 59–122.Google Scholar
Sarauw, T. 2009. Danish Bell Beaker Pottery and Flint Daggers: The Display of Social Identities. European Journal of Archaeology, 11: 23–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saville, A. 1981. Grimes Graves, Norfolk, Excavations 1971–72, Volume 2: The Flint Assemblage. London: Department of the Environment.Google Scholar
Schauer, P., Bevan, A., Shennan, S., Edinborough, K., Kerig, T. & Parker Pearson, M. 2020. British Neolithic Axehead Distributions and Their Implications. Journal of Archaeological Method Theory, 27: 836–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schauer, P., Shennan, S., Bevan, A., Cook, G., Edinborough, K., Fyfe, R., et al. 2019. Supply and Demand in Prehistory? Economics of Neolithic Mining in Northwest Europe. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 54: 149–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiniger, D. 2015. On Flint and Copper Daggers in Chalcolithic Italy. In: Frieman, C.J. & Eriksen, B.V., eds. Flint Daggers in Prehistoric Europe and Beyond. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 45–56.Google Scholar
Strahm, C. 1994. Die Anfänge der Metallurgie im Mitteleuropa. Helvetia Archaeologica, 25: 2–39.Google Scholar
Timpson, A., Colledge, S., Crema, E., Edinborough, K., Kerig, T., Manning, K., et al. 2014. Reconstructing Regional Population Fluctuations in the European Neolithic Using Radiocarbon Dates: A New Case-Study Using an Improved Method. Journal of Archaeological Science, 52: 549–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandkilde, H. 1996. From Stone to Bronze: The Metalwork of the Late Neolithic and Earliest Bronze Age in Denmark. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H. 2005. A Review of the Early Late Neolithic Period in Denmark: Practice, Identity, and Connectivity. www.jungsteinSITE.de.Google Scholar
Vaquer, J. & Remicourt, M. 2012. Les poignards en cuivre et les poignards en silex dans les dotations funéraires chalcolithiques du midi de la France. In: Sohn, M. & Vaquer, J., eds. Sépultures collectives et mobiliers funéraires de la fin du Néolithique en Europe occidentale. Toulouse: Archives d’Écologie Préhistorique, pp. 239–72.Google Scholar
Warden, L., Moros, M., Neumann, T., Shennan, S., Timpson, A., Manning, K., et al. 2017. Climate Induced Human Demographic and Cultural Change in Northern Europe During the Mid-Holocene. Scientific Reports, 7: 15251. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14353-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmermann, A. 1995. Austauschsysteme von Silexartefakten in der Bandkeramik Mitteleuropas (Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie, 26). Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Schauer et al. supplementary material

Schauer et al. supplementary material 1

Download Schauer et al. supplementary material(File)
File 8.9 KB
Supplementary material: File

Schauer et al. supplementary material

Schauer et al. supplementary material 2

Download Schauer et al. supplementary material(File)
File 144.4 KB
Supplementary material: File

Schauer et al. supplementary material

Schauer et al. supplementary material 3

Download Schauer et al. supplementary material(File)
File 9.7 KB
Supplementary material: File

Schauer et al. supplementary material

Schauer et al. supplementary material 4

Download Schauer et al. supplementary material(File)
File 271.4 KB