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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 July 2011
Within the Local Universe galaxies can be studied in great detail star by star. The Colour-Magnitude Diagram synthesis analysis method is well established as the most accurate way to determine the detailed star formation history of galaxies going back to the earliest times. This approach has benefited enormously from the exceptional data sets that wide field CCD imagers on the ground and the Hubble Space Telescope can provide. Spectroscopic studies using large ground based telescopes have allowed the determination of abundances and kinematics for significant samples of stars in nearby dwarf galaxies. These studies have shown directly how properties can vary spatially and temporally, and how these give important constraints to theories of galaxy formation and evolution.