Hostname: page-component-669899f699-2mbcq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-26T18:14:41.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effect of herbal supplementation on the severity of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

TS Epp ,
P McDonough ,
DJ Padilla ,
JH Cox ,
DC Poole  and
HH Erickson
TS Epp
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
P McDonough
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
DJ Padilla
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
JH Cox
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
DC Poole
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
HH Erickson*
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
*
*[email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is a serious condition that affects the health and possibly the performance of all racehorses. However, only two treatments, furosemide and the Flair™ equine nasal strip, both of which reduce capillary transmural pressure, have been successful in reducing EIPH. Alternatively, transient impairment of platelet function and coagulation during exercise has been considered an additional contributor to EIPH. Consequently, herbal formulations designed to enhance platelet function, and hence coagulation, are hypothesized to reduce EIPH. To investigate the validity of this hypothesis, five Thoroughbred horses completed three maximal incremental exercise tests on a 10% inclined treadmill in a randomized cross-over design experiment. Treatments included twice daily oral administration (for 3 days) of a placebo (PL; cornstarch) and two herbal formulas, Yunnan Paiyao (YP) or Single Immortal (SI). Blood samples for coagulation profiles, complete blood counts and biochemistry profiles were collected before each exercise test. During each test, pulmonary arterial pressure, oxygen uptake, arterial blood gases, plasma lactate and time-to-fatigue were measured. Severity of EIPH was quantified via bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at 30–60 min post-exercise. The herbal formulations were not effective in decreasing EIPH (×106 red blood cells ml−1 BAL fluid: PL, 27.1±11.6; YP, 33.2±23.4; SI, 35.3±15.4, P>0.05) or in changing any of the other variables measured with the exception of time-to-fatigue, which was slightly but significantly prolonged by Single Immortal compared with placebo and Yunnan Paiyao (PL, 670±9.6 s; YP, 665±5.5 s; SI, 685±7.9 s, P<0.05). Thus, these results do not support the use of these herbal formulations in the prevention of EIPH.

Keywords

exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhagecoagulationpulmonary arterial pressurebronchoalveolar lavagestress failure of the pulmonary capillariesherbal medicine
Type
Research Paper
Information
Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 2 , Issue 1 , February 2005 , pp. 17 - 25
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

1McKane, SA, Canfield, PJ and Rose, RJ (1993) Equine bronchoalveolar lavage cytology: survey of Thoroughbred racehorses in training. Australian Veterinary Journal 70: 401–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Meyer, TS, Fedde, MR, Gaughan, EM, Langsetmo, I and Erickson, HH (1998) Quantification of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage. Equine Veterinary Journal 30: 284–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Robertson, JB (1913) Biological search-light on racehorse breeding: VI. The heredity of blood-vessel breaking in the Thoroughbred. The Bloodstock Breeders Review 2: 265–281.Google Scholar
4O'Callaghan, MW, Pasco, JR and Tyler, WS (1987) Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. V. Microscopic observations. Equine Veterinary Journal 19: 411–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5O'Callaghan, MW, Pascoe, JR and Tyler, WS (1987) Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. VIII. Conclusions and implications. Equine Veterinary Journal 19: 428–434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6McKane, SA and Slocombe, RF (1999) Sequential changes in bronchoalveolar cytology after autologous blood inoculation. Equine Veterinary Journal 30: 126–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7McKane, SA and Slocombe, RF (2002) Alveolar fibrosis and changes in equine lung morphometry in response to intrapulmonary blood. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 34: 451–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Aguilera-Tejero, E, Pascoe, JR and Woliner, MJ (1993) Modulation of bronchial responsiveness in horses by phenylbutazone and furosemide. American Journal of Veterinary Research 54: 1703–1709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9McKane, SA, Bayly, WM, Hines, MT and Sides, RH (1998) Autologous blood infusion into the lungs interferes with gas exchange and performance in exercising horses. In: Viel, L, Robinson, NE and Ducharme, NG (eds), Proceedings of the First World Equine Airways Symposium.Ontario,Canada University of Guelph, CD ROM Format.Google Scholar
10Robinson, NE, Derksen, FJ, Slocombe, RF and Scott, JS (1986). Bronchoalveolar lavage. In: Huntingdon, P (ed.), Proceedings of the 8th Bain-Fallon Memorial Lectures.Australia:AEVA, pp. 6–12.Google Scholar
11Olsen, SC, Coyne, CP, Lowe, BS, Pelletier, N, Raub, EM, and Erickson, HH (1992) Influence of furosemide on hemodynamic responses during exercise in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 53: 742–747.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12West, JB, Mathieu-Costello, O, Jones, JH, Birks, EK, Logemann, RB, Pascoe, JR and Tyler, WS (1993) Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in racehorses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Journal of Applied Physiology 75: 1097–1109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Kindig, CA, McDonough, P, Fenton, G, Erickson, HH and Poole, DC (2001) Efficacy of nasal strip and furosemide in mitigating exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 91: 1396–1400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Geor, RJ, Ommundson, L, Fenton, G and Pagan, JD (2001) Effects of the external nasal strip and frusemide on pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbreds following high-intensity exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal 33: 577–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15McDonough, P, Kindig, CA, Hildreth, TS, Padilla, DJ, Behnke, BJ, Erickson, HH and Poole, DC (2004) Effect of furosemide and the equine nasal strip on exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrage and time-to-fatigue in maximally exercised horses. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 1: 177–184.Google Scholar
16Hinchcliff, KW (1999) Effects of furosemide on athletic performance and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215: 630–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Hinchcliff, KW (2001) Management and pharmacotherapy of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses. In: Viel, L, Robinson, NE and Ducharme, NG (eds), Proceedings of the Second World Equine Airways Symposium,Edinburgh, UK: CD ROM Format.Google Scholar
18Poole, DC, Kindig, CA and Fenton, G (2000) Effects of external nasal support on pulmonary gas exchange and EIPH in the horse. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 20: 578–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Valdez, SC, Nieto, JE, Spier, SJ, Owens, SD, Beldomenico, P and Snyder, JR (2004) Effect of an external nasal dilator strip on cytologic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in Thoroughbred racehorses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 224: 558–561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Holcombe, SJ, Breney, C, Cornelisse, CJ, Derksen, FJ and Robinson, NE (2002) Effect of commercially available nasal strips on airway resistance in exercising horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63: 1101–1105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21White, JG, Matlack, KL, Mundschenk, D and Rao, GHR (1976) Platelet studies in normal and a bleeder horse. In: Kitchen, H and Krehbiel, JD (eds), Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Equine Hematology.Golden, CO:American Association of Equine Practitioners, pp. 209–220.Google Scholar
22Bayly, WM, Meyers, KM, Keck, MT, Huston, LJ and Grant, BD (1983) Exercise-induced alterations in haemostasis in Thoroughbred horses. In: Snow, DH, Persson, SGB and Rose, RJ (eds), Equine Exercise Physiology 1. Cambridge, UK: Burlington Press, pp. 336–343.Google Scholar
23Bayly, WM, Meyers, KM, Keck, MT, Huston, LJ and Grant, BD (1983) Effects of furosemide on exercise-induced alterations in haemostasis in Thoroughbred horses exhibiting post-exercise epistaxis. In: Snow, DH, Persson, SGB and Rose, RJ (eds), Equine Exercise Physiology 1. Cambridge, UK: Burlington Press, pp. 64–70..Google Scholar
24Bayly, WM, Meyers, KM, Keck, MT, Huston, LJ and Grant, BD (1983) Effects of exercise on the hemostatic system of Thoroughbred horses displaying post-exercise epistaxis. Equine Veterinary Science 3: 191–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Weiss, DJ, McClay, CB, Smith, CM, Rao, GHR and White, JG (1990) Platelet function in the racing Thoroughbred: implication for exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 19: 35–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Johnstone, IB, Viel, L, Crane, S and Whiting, T (1991) Hemostatic studies in racing Standardbred horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Hemostatic parameters at rest and after moderate exercise. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 55: 101–106.Google ScholarPubMed
27Kingston, JK, Sampson, SN, Beard, LA, Meyers, KM, Sellon, DC and Bayly, WM (1999) The effect of supramaximal exercise on equine platelet function. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30: 181–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Kingston, JK, Bayly, WM, Sellon, DC, Meyers, KM and Wardrop, KJ (2001) Effects of sodium citrate, low molecular weight heparin, and prostaglandin E1 on aggregation, fibrinogen binding, and enumeration of equine platelets. American Journal of Veterinary Research 62: 547–554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Ogle, CW, Dai, S and Ma, JC (1976) The haemostatic effects of the Chinese herbal drug Yunnan Bai Yao: a pilot study. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 4: 147–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Ogle, CW, Dai, S and Cho, CH (1977) The hemostatic effects of orally administered Yunnan Bai Yao in rats and rabbits. Compendium of Medicine Eastern and Western 5: 155–160.Google Scholar
31Bensky, D, Gamble, A and Kaptchuk, T (1993) Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica, revised ed, Seattle, WA: Eastland Press, Inc., pp. 251–254.Google Scholar
32Xie, H (2000) Chinese Veterinary Herbal Handbook: Featuring the Jing-Tang Chinese Veterinary Herbal Formulas, p. 10. Chi Institute of Chinese Medicine, Reddick, Florida.Google Scholar
33Weigle, GE, Langsetmo, I, Gallagher, RR, Dyer, RA, Erickson, HH and Fedde, MR (2000) Analysis of right ventricular function in the exercising horse: use of the Fourier Transform. Equine Veterinary Journal 32: 101–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Fedde, MR (1991) Blood gas analysis on equine blood: required correction factors. Equine Veterinary Journal 23: 410–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Kindig, CA, Gallatin, LL, Erickson, HH, Fedde, MR and Poole, DC (2000) Cardiorespiratory impact of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-NAME in the exercising horse. Respiratory Physiology 120: 161–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36McKane, SA and Rose, RJ (1993) Radiographic determination of the location of a blindly placed bronchoalveolar lavage catheter. Equine Veterinary Journal 5: 329–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37Lapointe, JM, Vrins, A and Lavoie, JP (1994) Effects of centrifugation and specimen preparation technique on bronchoalveolar lavage analysis in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 26: 227–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Hsu, HY, Chen, YP, Shen, SJ, Hsu, CS, Chen, CC and Chang, HC (1986) Oriental Materia Medica: A Concise Guide, pp. 494, 495, 530, 531–590. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, Inc.Google Scholar
39Chew, EC (1977) Yunnan Bai Yao-induced platelet release in suspensions of washed platelets. Compendium of Medicine Eastern and Western 5: 271–274.Google ScholarPubMed
40Chew, EC (1977) Effects of Yunnan Bai Yao on blood platelets: an ultrastructural study. Compendium of Medicine Eastern and Western 5: 169–175.Google Scholar
41Cirero, AF, Vitale, G, Savino, G and Arletti, R (2003) Panax notoginseng (Burk.) effects on fibrinogen and lipid plasma levels in rats fed on a high-fat diet. Phytotherapy Research 17: 174–178.Google Scholar
42Zheng, C, Feng, G and Liang, H (1998) Bletilla striata as a vascular embolizing agent in interventional treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma. Chinese Medical Journal (England) 111: 1060–1063.Google ScholarPubMed
43Schoen, AM and Wynn, SG (1998) Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine – Principles and Practice, pp. 299–300, 337–342, 374–384, 394–399. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc.Google Scholar
44McKeever, KH, Hinchcliff, KW, Kociba, GJ, Reed, SM and Muir, WW 3rd (1990) Changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in horses during exercise. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51: 1335–1339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Kingston, JK, Bayly, WM, Meyers, KM, Sellon, DC and Wardrop, KJ (2002) Evaluation of binding of fibrin and annexin V to equine platelets in response to supramaximal treadmill exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 34: 502–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46Kociba, GJ, Bayly, WM, Milne, DW, Wigton, DH, Gabel, AA and Muir, WW (1984) Furosemide: effects on the hemostatic mechanism of resting and exercised Standardbred horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 45: 2603–2606.Google ScholarPubMed
47Taylor, EL, Sellon, DC, Wardrop, KJ, Hines, MT and Kingston, JK (2000) Effects of intravenous administration of formaldehyde on platelet and coagulation variables in healthy horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61: 1191–1196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Kopp, KJ, Moore, JN, Byars, TD and Brooks, P (1985) Template bleeding time and thromboxane generation in the horse: effects of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Equine Veterinary Journal 17: 322–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Weiss, DJ, Evanson, OA, McClenahan, D, Fagliari, J and Walcheck, B (1998) Shear-induced platelet activation and platelet-neutrophil aggregate formation by equine platelets. American Journal of Veterinary Research 59: 1243–1246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Weiss, DJ, Evanson, OA, Fagliari, JJ and Valberg, S (1998) Evaluation of platelet activation and platelet neutrophil aggregates in Thoroughbreds undergoing near-maximal treadmill exercise. American Journal of Veterinary Research 59: 393–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Mahony, C, Rantanen, NW, DeMichael, JA and Kincaid, B (1992) Spontaneous echocardiographic contrast in the thoroughbred: high prevalence in racehorses and a characteristic abnormality in bleeders. Equine Veterinary Journal 24: 129–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52Elliot, AR, Fu, Z, Tsukimoto, K, Prediletto, R, Mathieu-Costello, O and West, JB (1992) Short-term reversibility of ultrastructural changes in pulmonary capillaries caused by stress failure. Journal of Applied Physiology 73: 1150–1158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53Birks, EK, Mathieu-Costello, O, Fu, Z, Tyler, WS and West, JB (1997) Very high pressures are required to cause stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in Thoroughbred racehorses. Journal of Applied Physiology 82: 1584–1592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Langsetmo, I, Fedde, MR, Meyer, TS and Erickson, HH (2000) Relationship of pulmonary arterial pressure to pulmonary haemorrhage in exercising horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 32: 379–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55O'Neill, W, McKee, S and Clarke, AF (2002) Immunological and haematic consequences of feeding a standardized Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) extract to healthy horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 34: 222–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56Huang, KC (1993) The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs, p. 388. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar