Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T20:05:31.425Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The ‘three waves’ of research in mental health geography: a review and critical commentary

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2011

Chris Philo  and
Jennifer Wolch
Chris Philo*
Affiliation:
Department ofGeography and Topographic Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Jennifer Wolch
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
*
Indirizzo per la corrispondenza: Prof. C. Philo, Department of Geography and Topographic Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9AE (UK). Fax: +44-(0)141-330.4894 E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Objective — To consider research conducted in the sub-field of mental health geography, concentrating on work published in English.Methods — The paper offers an comprehensive, in-depth and critical reading of the relevant literature on mental health geography since the inception of this subfield of inquiry in the early- 1970s.Results — The paper identifies three ‘waves’ of research within work on mental health geography. It describes these ‘waves’ in detail, interprets certain strengths and weaknesses of the first two ‘waves’, which are well-established, and provides suggestions about important questions to be addressed in a future third ‘wave’. Conclusion — Much excellent research has so far been undertaken within mental health geography, but there is scope to increase the relevance of this research through widening the focus of research and by being prepared to connect research more directly to mental health policy and politics.

Riassunto

Scopo — Valutare la ricerca condotta nel campo della geografia della salute mentale, concentrandosi sui lavori pubblicati in lingua inglese.Metodi — L'articolo offre una lettura globale, approfondita e critica della letteratura relativa alia geografia della salute mentale, a partire dal sorgere di questo settore di ricerca nei primi anni '70.Risultati — L'articolo identifica tre fasi di ricerca all'interno dei lavori sulla geografia della salute mentale. Queste fasi sono descritte in dettaglio; inoltre, sono interpretati punti di forza e di debolezza delle prime due fasi, che sono ben consolidate, e vengono forniti suggerimenti su importanti problemi che dovranno essere affrontati in una futura terza fase della ricerca.Conclusioni — Molte eccellenti ricerche sono state finora condotte nel campo della geografia della salute mentale, è tuttavia necessario aumentare la rilevanza di queste ricerche, mediante un ampliamento del focus ed un collegamento più diretto della ricerca con le politiche sulla salute mentale.

Keywords

geografia sulla salute mentaleanalisi sulla localizzazíoneidentità e differenzapolitica sulla salute mentalemental health geography‘waves’ of researchlocational analysisidentity and differencemental health policy
Type
Invited Papers
Information
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences , Volume 10 , Issue 4 , December 2001 , pp. 230 - 244
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Barnett, C. (1998). The cultural worm turns: fashion or progress in human geography. Antipode 30, 631–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaumont, J.R. & Sixsmith, A. (1984). Elderly Severely Mentally Infirm (ESMI) units in: Lancashire: an assessment of resource allocation over space. In Planning and Analysis in Health Care Systems (ed. Clarke, M.), pp. 163–193. London Papers in Regional Science No. 13. Pion: London.Google Scholar
Boeckh, J. (1980). Neighbourhood response to community mental health facility location. Unpublished MA thesis, McMaster University, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Boeckh, J., Dear, M. & Taylor, S.M. (1980). Property values and mental health facilities in Metropolitan Toronto. Canadian Geographer 24, 270–285.Google Scholar
Burnett, A. & Moon, G. (1983). Community opposition to hostels for single homeless men. Area 15, 161–166.Google Scholar
Butler, R. & Parr, H. (Eds.)(1999). Mind and Body Spaces: Geographies of Illness, Impairment and Disability. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Chouinard, V. & Cormode, L. (1997). Theme issue on ‘Geographies of disability’. Environment and Planning D. Society and Space 15, 379–480.Google Scholar
Clark, G.L. & Dear, M. (1984). State Apparatus: Structures and Languages of Legitimacy. Allen and Unwin: London.Google Scholar
Cloke, P., Philo, C. & Sadler, D. (1991). Approaching Human Geography: an Introduction to Contemporary Theoretical Debates. Guilford Press: New York.Google Scholar
Daiches, S. (1981). People in distress: a geographical perspective on psychological well-being. University of Chicago, Department of Geography, Research Paper No. 197.Google Scholar
Davey, S.C. & Giles, G.G. (1979). Spatial factors in mental health care in Tasmania. Social Science and Medicine 13D, 87–92.Google Scholar
Dean, K. G. (1984). Social theory and prospects in social geography. Geo Journal 9, 287–299.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J. (1974a). Locational analysis for public mental health facilities. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J. (1974b). A paradigm for public facility location. Antipode 6(1), 46–50.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J. (1977a). Locational factors in the demand for mental health facilities. Economic Geography 53, 223–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, M.J. (1977b). Spatial externalities and locational conflict. In Alternative Frameworks for Analysis: London Papers in Regional ScienceNo.7 (ed. Massey, D.B. and Batey, P.W.J.), pp. 152–167. Pion: London.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J. (1977c). Impact of mental health facilities on property values. Community Mental Health Journal 13, 150–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dear, M.J. (1977d). Psychiatric patients and the inner city. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67, 588–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, M.J. (1978). Planning for mental health care: a reconsideration of public facility theory. International Regional Science Review 3, 93–111.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J. (1980). The public city. In Residential Mobility and Public Policy (ed. Clark, W.A.V. and Moore, E.G.), pp. 219–241. Sage: Beverly Hills.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J. (1981). Social and spatial reproduction of the mentally ill. In Urbanisation and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society (Dear, M. and Scott, A.J.), pp. 481–500. Methuen: London.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J. (1992). Understanding and overcoming the NIMBY syndrome. Journal of the American Planning Association 58, 288–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, M.J. & Flusty, S. (1999). Postmodern urbanism. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88, 50–72.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J. & Laws, G. (1986). Anatomy of a decision: recent land-use zoning appeals and their effect on group home locations in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 5, 5–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, M.J. & Moos, A.I. (1986). Structuration theory in urban analysis: 2. empirical application. Environment and Planning A 18, 351–373.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J. & Taylor, S.M. (1982). Not on Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care. Pion: London.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J. & Wittman, I. (1980). Conflict over the location of mental health facilities. In Geography and the Urban Environment, Vol.III (Herbert, D.T. and Johnston, R.J.), pp.345–362. John Wiley: Chichester.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J. & Wolch, J. (1987). Landscapes of Despair: from Deinstitutionalisation to Homelessness. Polity Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J., Fincher, R. & Currie, L. (1977). Measuring the external effects of public programmes. Environment and Planning A 9, 137–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, M.J., Clark, G. & Clark, S. (1979). Economic cycles and mental health care policy: an examination of the macro-context for social service planning. Social Science and Medicine 13C, 43–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Dear, M.J., Taylor, S.M. & Hall, G.B. (1980). External effects of mental health facilities. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70, 342–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, M.J., Bayne, E., Boyd, G., Callaghan, E. & Goldstein, E. (1989). Coping in the Community: the Needs of Ex-Mental Patients. A Mental Health Hamilton Project, Funded by Young Canada Works: Hamilton.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J., Wolch, J. & Wilton, R. (1994). The service hub concept of human services planning. Progress in Planning 43, 173–271.Google Scholar
Dear, M.J., Wilton, R., Gaber, S.L. & Takahashi, L. (1997). Seeing people differently: the sociospatial construction of disability. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 15, 455–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. (1983). Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Athlone: London.Google Scholar
Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. (1988). A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Athlone: London.Google Scholar
Doel, M. (1995). Bodies without organs: schizoanalysis and deconstruction. In Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation (ed. Pile, S. and Thrift, N.), pp. 226–240. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Doel, M. (1999). Poststructuralist Geographies: the Diabolical Art of Spatial Science. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyck, I. (1995). Hidden geographies: the changing lifeworlds of women with disabilities. Social Science and Medicine 40, 307–320.Google Scholar
Ellickson, R.C. (1996). Midconduct in public spaces. Yale Law Journal 105, 1165–1248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, S.J. (1987). The geography of mental health: housing ex-psychiatric patients. Unpublished MA thesis, McMaster University, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Evans, D.M. (1978). Alienation, mental illness and the partitioning of space. Antipode 10(1), 13–23.Google Scholar
Evans, R. (1989). Consigned to the shadows. Geographical Magazine 61(12), 23–25.Google Scholar
Eyles, J. (1986). Images of care, realities of provision and location: services for the mentally ill in Northampton. East Midland Geographer 9, 53–60.Google Scholar
Eyles, J. (1988). Mental health services, the restructuring of care, and the fiscal crisis of the state: the United Kingdom case study. In Location and Stigma: Contemporary Perspectives on Mental Health and Mental Health Care (ed. Smith, C.J. and Giggs, J.A.), pp. 36–56. Unwin Hyman: London.Google Scholar
Fincher, R. (1978). Some thoughts on deinstitutionalisation and difference. Antipode 10(1), 46–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gesler, Wilbert M. (2000). Medical geography. In Geography in the America at the Dawn of the 21st Century (ed. Gaile, L. Gary and Wilmott, Cort J.) Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Giggs, J.A. (1984). Residential mobility and mental health. In Mental Health and the Environment (ed. Freeman, H.), pp.27–354. Churchill Livingstone: London.Google Scholar
Giggs, J.A. (1990). The changing provision and location of services for the mentally ill and mentally handicapped in Nottingham: 1945–1990. Revue Beige de Geographie 48, 237–245.Google Scholar
Giggs, J.A. & Mather, P.M. (1976). The geography of mental disorders and mental health services in England and Wales. In The Impact of Environment and Lifestyle on Human Health: Proceedings of a Symposium (ed. Diesendorf, M.), pp. 134–136. ANU: Canberra.Google Scholar
Giggs, J.A. & Whynes, D.K. (1988). Homeless people in Nottingham. East Midland Geographer 11(2), 57–67.Google Scholar
Giggs, J.A. & Whynes, D.K. (1992). The health of Nottingham's homeless. Journal of Public Health Medicine 106, 307–314.Google Scholar
Giggs, J.A., Dauncey, K.M., Baker, K. & Harrison, G. (1993). Schizophrenia in Nottingham: lifelong residential mobility of a cohort. British Journal of Psychiatry 163, 613–619.Google Scholar
Gilbert, E. & Park, D.C. (1995). In and out, back and forth, to and from: here and there in the writings of Janet Frame. In Paper / Scissors /Rock: the Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Graduate Student Conference on Nationalism, Empire and Post-Colonialism (ed. Citchley, J., Feeney, D., Hanlon, N. and Ripmeester, M.), pp. 145–161. Queen's University: Kingston (Ontario).Google Scholar
Gilbert, E., Park, D.C, Simpson-Housley, P. & Scott, J. (1996). Battles from below: a literature of oppression. GeoJournaX 38, 19–28.Google Scholar
Gleeson, B. (1999). Geographies of Disability. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Gleeson, B. & Kearns, R.A. (2001). Re-moralising landscapes of care. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 19, 61–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleeson, B. & Low, N. (1998). Justice, Society and Nature: an Exploration of Political Ecology. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Gleeson, B. & Memon, P.A. (1994). The NIMBY syndrome and community care facilities: a research agenda for planning. Planning Practice and Research 12, 105–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleeson, B. & Memon, P.A. (1997). Community care: implications for urban planning from the New Zealand experience. Planning Practice and Research 12, 119–132.Google Scholar
Gleeson, B., Hay, C. & Law, R. (1998). The geography of mental health in Dunedin, New Zealand. Health and Place 4, 1–14.Google Scholar
Gregory, D. (1994). Geographical Imaginations. Blackwell: Oxford.Google Scholar
Hall, E. & Kearns, R. (2001). Making space for the 'intellectual' in geographies of disability. Health and Place 7, 237–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, G.B. (1980). Individual responses to community mental health care. Unpublished PhD thesis, McMaster University, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Hall, G.B. & Joseph, A.E. (1988). Group home location and host neighbourhood attributes: an ecological analysis. Professional Geographer 40, 297–306.Google Scholar
Hall, G.B. & Nelson, G. (1992). Social network I: interactions among mentally ill persons in community housing: research issues and agenda. GeoJournal 26, 81–88.Google Scholar
Hall, G.B. & Taylor, S.M. (1983). A causal model of attitudes toward mental health facilities. Environment and Planning A 15, 525–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoch, C. (1992). The spatial organisation of the urban homeless: a case study of Chicago. Urban Geography 12, 137–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopper, K., Jost, J., Hay, T., Welber, S. & Haugland, G. (1997). Homelessness, severe mental illness, and the institutional circuit. Psychiatric Services 48, 659–665.Google ScholarPubMed
Hughes, R.C. (1980). Spatial concentration of community mental health facilities. Unpublished MA thesis, McMaster University, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Isaak, S.F. (1979). The concept of fit and public response to community mental health facilities. Unpublished MA thesis, McMaster University, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Jones, J. (1996). Community-based mental health care in Italy: are there lessons for Britain? Health and Place 2, 125–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, J. (1999). Community-based mental health care in Britain and Italy: Geographical Perspectives. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Jones, J. (2000). Mental health care reforms in Britain and Italy since 1950: a cross-national comparative study. Health and Place 6, 171–188.Google Scholar
Jones, J. (2001). The geography of mental health. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 10, 219–223.Google Scholar
Jones, K. & Moon, G. (1987). Health, Disease and Society: an Introduction to Medical Geography. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London.Google Scholar
Joseph, A.E. (1979). The referral system as a modifier of distance-decay effects in the utilisation of mental health services. Canadian Geographer 23, 159–169.Google Scholar
Joseph, A.E. & Boeckh, J.L. (1981). Locational variation in mental health care utilisation dependent upon diagnosis: a Canadian example. Social Science and Medicine 15D, 395–404.Google Scholar
Joseph, A.E. & Hall, G.B. (1985). The locational concentration of group homes in Toronto. Professional Geographer 37, 143–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, A.E. & Kearns, R.A. (1996). Deinstitutionalisation meets restructuring: the closure of a psychiatric hospital in New Zealand. Health and Place 2, 179–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kearns, R.A. (1986). Convergence of humanistic and social thought in social geographic practice. Paper read at the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Minneapolis, March 1986.Google Scholar
Kearns, R.A. (1987). In the shadow of illness: a social geography of the chronically mentally disabled in Hamilton, Ontario. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of McMaster, Department of Geography, Hamilton, Ontario.Google Scholar
Kearns, R.A. (1990a). Coping and community life for the people with chronic mental disability in Auckland. Department of Geography, University of Auckland, Occasional paper No.26.Google Scholar
Kearns, R.A. (1990b). Satisfaction with community life among chronically mentally disabled persons in Auckland. Community Mental Health in New Zealand 5, 47–63.Google Scholar
Kearns, R.A. & Joseph, A.E. (1997). Restructuring health and rural communities in New Zealand. Progress in Human Geography 21, 18–32.Google Scholar
Kearns, R.A. & Joseph, A.E. (2000). Contracting opportunities: interpreting post-asylum geographies of mental health care in Auckland, New Zealand. Health Place 6, 159–170.Google Scholar
Kearns, R.A. & Smith, C.J. (1993). Housing stressors and mental health among marginalised urban populations. Area 25, 267–278.Google Scholar
Kearns, R.A., Smith, C.J. & Abbott, M.W. (1991). Another day in paradise? life on the margins in urban New Zealand. Social Science and Medicine 33, 369–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kearns, R.A., Smith, C.J. & Abbott, M.W. (1992). The stress of incipient homelessness. Housing Studies 7, 280–298.Google Scholar
Kearns, R.A. & Taylor, S.M. (1989). Daily life experience of people with chronic mental disabilities in Hamilton, Ontario. Canada's Mental Health 37, 1–4.Google Scholar
Kearns, R.A., Taylor, S.M. & Dear, M. (1987). Coping and satisfaction among the chronically mentally disabled. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 6, 13–24.Google Scholar
Kenny, J. (1995). Making Milwaukee famous: cultural capital, urban image, and the politics of place. Urban Geography 16, 440–458.Google Scholar
Knowles, C. (2000a). Bedlam on the Streets. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Knowles, C. (2000b). Burger King, Dunkin' Donuts and community mental health care. Health and Place 6, 213–224.Google Scholar
Koegel, P., Burnam, M.A. & Farr, R.K. (1990). Subsistence adaptation among homeless adults in the inner city of Los Angeles. Journal of Social Issues 46, 83–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, R., Gleeson, B. & Hay, C. (1995). Life in the 'Bermuda Triangle': the geography of community mental health care in Dunedin. Paper given at New Zealand Geographical Society Anniversary Conference, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, August, 1995.Google Scholar
Laws, G. (1988). Privatisation and the local welfare state: the case of Toronto's social services. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13, 433–448.Google Scholar
Laws, G. (1989). Privatisation and dependency on the local welfare state. In The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life (ed. Wolch, J. and Dear, M.), pp. 238–257. Unwin Hyman: London.Google Scholar
Laws, G. (1992). Emergency shelter networks in an urban area: serving the homeless in Metropolitan Toronto. Urban Geography 13, 99–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laws, G. & Dear, M. (1988). Coping in the community: a review of factors influencing the lives of deinstitutionalised ex-psychiatric patients. In Location and Stigma: Contemporary Perspectives on Mental Health and Mental Health Care (ed. Smith, C.J. and Giggs, J.A.), pp. 83–102. Unwin Hyman: London.Google Scholar
Lee, J., Wolch, J.R. & Walsh, J. (1998). Homeless health and service needs: an urban political economy of service distribution. In Putting Health into Place: Landscape, Identity and Weil-Being (Kearns, R.A. and Gesler, W.M.), pp. 120–142. Syracuse University Press: Syracuse.Google Scholar
Ley, D. (1989). Fragmentation, coherence and limits to theory in human geography. In Remaking Human Geography (Kobayashi, A. and Mackenzie, S.), pp. 227–244. Unwin Hyman: Boston.Google Scholar
Milligan, C. (1996). Service Dependent Ghetto formation - a transferable concept? Health and Place 2, 199–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, D. (1997). The annihilation of space by law: the roots and implications of anti-homeless laws in the United States. Antipode 29, 303–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milligan, C. (1998). Pathways of dependency: the impact of health and welfare restructuring - the voluntary experience. Social Science and Medicine 46, 743–753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milligan, C. (1999a). Towards a restructured geography of care: space, place and the voluntary sector. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Strathclyde, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Milligan, C. (1999b). Without these walls: a geography of mental illhealth in a rural environment. In Mind and Body Spaces: Geographies of Illness, Impairment and Disability (Butler, R. and Parr, H.), pp. 221–239. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Milligan, C. (2000). ‘Breaking out of the asylum’: developments in the geography of mental ill-health - the influence of the informal sector. Health and Place 6, 189–200.Google Scholar
Moon, G. (1988). ‘Is there one round here? investigating reaction to small-scale mental health hostel provision in Portsmouth, England. In Location and Stigma: Contemporary Perspectives on Mental Health and Mental Health Care (ed. Smith, C.J. and Giggs, J.A.), pp. 203–223. Unwin Hyman: London.Google Scholar
Moon, G. (2000). Risk and protection: the discourse of confinement in contemporary mental health policy. Health and Place 6, 239–250.Google Scholar
Moos, A.I. (1984). Structuration theory and the ghettoisation of expsychiatric patients. Unpublished MA thesis, McMaster University, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Morrissey, J.P. & Gounis, K. (1988). Homelessness and mental illness in America: emerging issues in the construction of a social problem. In Location and Stigma: Contemporary Perspectives on Mental Health and Mental Health Care (Smith, C.J. and Giggs, J.A.), pp. 285–303. Unwin Hyman: London.Google Scholar
Nelson, G., Hall, G.B., Squire, D. & Walsh-Bowers, R.T. (1992). Social network, transactions of psychiatric patients. Social Science and Medicine 34, 299–315.Google Scholar
O'Dwyer, B. (1997). Pathways to homelessness: a comparison of gender and schizophrenia in inner-Sydney. Australian Geographical Studies 35, 294–307.Google Scholar
Park, DC, Simpson-Housley, P. & de Man, A. (1994). ‘To the infinite spaces of creation’: the interior landscape of a schizophrenic artist. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 84, 192–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parr, H. (1997a). ‘Sane’ and ‘insane’ spaces: new geographies of deinstitun'onalisation. Unpuplished PhD thesis, University of Wales, Lampeter, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Parr, H. (1997b). Mental health, public space and the city: questions of individual and collective access. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 15, 435–454.Google Scholar
Parr, H. (1998a). Mental health, ethnography and the body. Area 30. 28–37.Google Scholar
Parr, H. (1998b). The politics of methodology in ‘post-medical geography’: mental health research and the interview. Health and Place 4, 341–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parr, H. (1998c). Rural mental health in the Highlands. Paper available from Department of Geography, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK.Google Scholar
Parr, H. (1999a). Bodies and psychiatric medicine: interpreting different geographies of mental health. In Mind and Body Spaces: Geographies of Illness, Impairment and Disability (ed. Butler, R. and Parr, H.), pp. 181–202. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Parr, H. (1999b). Delusional geographies: embodied experiences of ‘madness’ I illness. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 17, 673–690.Google Scholar
Parr, H. (2000). Interpreting the ‘hidden social geographies’ of mental health: ethnographies of inclusion and exclusion in semi-institutional places. Health and Place 6, 225–238.Google Scholar
Parr, H. (in press). Negotiating different ethnographic contexts and building geographical knowledges: empirical examples from mental health research. In Qualitative Methodologies for Geographers (Limb, M. and Dwyer, C.). Edward Arnold: London.Google Scholar
Parr, H. & Butler, R. (1999). New geographies of illness, impairment and disability. In Mind and Body Spaces: Geographies of Illness, Impairment and Disability (Butler, R. and Parr, H.), pp. 1–24. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Parr, H. & Philo, C. (1995). Mapping ‘mad’ identities. In Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation (ed. Pile, S. and Thrift, N.), pp. 199–225. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Philo, C. (1986). ‘The Same and the Other’: on geographies, madness and outsiders. Loughborough University of Technology, Department of Geography, Occasional Paper No. 11.Google Scholar
Philo, C. (1997). Across the water: reviewing geographical studies of asylums and other mental health facilities. Health and Place 3, 73–89.Google Scholar
Philo, C. (1999). Edinburgh, enlightenment and the geographies of unreason. In Geography and Enlightenment (ed. Livingstone, D.N. and Withers, C.W. J.), pp. 372–378. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.Google Scholar
Philo, C. (2000). More words, more worlds: the ‘cultural turn’ in human geography. In Cultural Turns / Geographical Turns (ed. Cook, I., Crouch, D., Naylor, S. and Ryan, J.), pp. 26–53. Longman: London.Google Scholar
Pile, S. (1996). The Body and the City: Psychoanalysis, Space and Subjectivity. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Pinfold, V. (1996). Community connections in the cityscape: a methodology for analysing observed rehabilitation geographies among people with complex and long-term mental health problems. In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium in Medical Geography (ed. Moon, G., Gould, M. and Watt, R.), pp.306–312. University of Portsmouth: Portsmouth.Google Scholar
Pinfold, V. (1998). Moving away from the psychiatric asylum: Nottingham's rehabilitation landscape. East Midland Geographer 21, 23–34.Google Scholar
Pinfold, V. (1999). Community connections: geographies of rehabilitation amongst people with long-term enduring mental health problems in Nottingham. Unpuplished PhD thesis, University of Nottingham, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Pinfold, V. (2000). ‘Building up safe havens … all around the world’: users' experiences of living in the community with mental health problems. Health and Place 6, 201–212.Google Scholar
Rahimian, A., Wolch, J.R. & Koegel, P. (1992). A model of homeless migration: homeless men in Skid Row, Los Angeles. Environment and Planning A 24, 1317–1336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, S. & Wolch, J. (1990). Social networks in time and space: homeless women in Skid Row, Los Angeles. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 80, 184–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. Routledge and Kegan: London.Google Scholar
Scobie, S. (1989). Geographical perspectives on the provision of psychiatric services: a review and bibliography. University of Manchester, School of Geography, Centre for Urban Policy Studies, Working Paper No.6.Google Scholar
Scobie, S. (1990). Pathways to mental care: the role of the General Practitioner in Salford. In Spatial Epidemiology (ed. Thomas, R.W.), pp. 199–121. Pion: London.Google Scholar
Segal, S.P. & Baumohl, J. (1988). No place like home: reflections on sheltering a diverse population. In Location and Stigma: Contemporary Perspectives on Mental Health and Mental Health Care (Smith, C.J. and Giggs, J.A.), pp. 249–263. Unwin Hyman: London.Google Scholar
Shannon, G.W. & Dever, G.E.A. (1974). Health Care Delivery: Spatial Perspectives. McGraw-Hill: New York.Google Scholar
Sibley, D. (1995). Geographies of Exclusion: Society and Difference in the West. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Sixsmith, A.J. (1983). The provision of health care facilities in Lancashire for the elderly, severely mentally infirm. Unpublished MA thesis, University of Keele, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Sixsmith, A.J. (1988a). Locating mental health facilities: a case study. In Location and Stigma: Contemporary Perspectives on Mental Health and Mental Health Care (ed. Smith, C.J. and Giggs, J.A.), pp. 175–202. Unwin Hyman: London.Google Scholar
Sixsmith, A.J. (1988b). A humanistic approach to medical geography. In Humanistic Approaches in Geography (ed. Pocock, D.C.D.), pp. 12–31. University of Durham, Department of Geography, Occasional Paper No.22,.Google Scholar
Smith, C.A. & Smith, C.J. (1978). Locating natural neighbours in the community. Area 10, 103–110.Google Scholar
Smith, C.A., Smith, C.J., Kearns, R.A. & Abbott, M.W. (1994). Housing stressors and social support among the seriously mentally ill. Housing Studies 9, 245–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1975a). The residential neighbourhood as a therapeutic community. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Michigan, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1975b). Being mentally ill in the asylum or the ghetto. Antipode 7(2), 53–59.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1976a). Residential neighbourhoods as humane environments. Environment and Planning A 8, 311–326.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1976b). Distance and the location of community mental health facilities: a divergent viewpoint. Economic Geography 52, 181–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1977). Geography and mental health. Association of American Geographers, Commission on College Geography, Resource Paper No. 76–4.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1978a). Problems and prospects for a geography of mental health. Antipode 10(1), 1–12.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1978b). Recidivism and community adjustment among former mental patients. Social Science and Medicine 12D, 17–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1980). Neighbourhood effects on mental health. In Geography and the Urban Environment: Progress in Research and Applications, Vol.III (ed. Herbert, D.T. and Johnston, R.J.), pp. 363–415. John Wiley: Chichester.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1981). Residential proximity and community acceptance of the mentally ill. Journal of Operational Psychiatry 12, 2–12.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1982). Home-based mental health care for the elderly. In Geographical Perspectives on the Elderly (ed. Warnes, A.M.), pp. 375–398. John Wiley: Chichester.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1983). Innovation in mental health policy: community mental health in the United States of America, 1965–1980. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 1, 447–468.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1984). Geographical approaches to mental health. In Mental Health and the Environment (ed. Freeman, H.), pp. 121–168. Churchill Livingstone: London.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1988). Public Problems: the Management of Urban Distress. Guilford Press: New York.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. (1989). Privatisation and the delivery of mental health services. Urban Geography 10, 186–195.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. & Hanham, R.Q. (1981a). Deinstitutionalisation and the mentally ill: a time path analysis of the American states, 1955–1975. Social Science and Medicine 15D, 361–378.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. & Hanham, R.Q. (1981b). Proximity and the formation of public attitudes towards mental illness. Environment and Planning A 13, 147–165.Google Scholar
Smith, C.J. & Hanham, R.Q. (1981c). Any place but here! - Mental health facilities as noxious neighbours. Professional Geographer 33, 326–334.Google Scholar
Smith, N. (1996). The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Takahashi, L.M. (1992). National attitudes toward controversial human services. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Southern California, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
Takahashi, L.M. (1997). Representation, attitudes and behaviour: analysing the spatial dimensions of community response to mental disability. Environment and Planning A 29, 501–524.Google Scholar
Takahashi, L.M. (1998a). Information and attitudes toward mental health care facilities: implications for addressing the NUMBY syndrome. Journal of Planning Education and Research 17, 119–30.Google Scholar
Takahashi, L.M. (1998b). Homelessness, Aids and Stigmatisation. Clarendon Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Takahashi, L.M. (1998c). Concepts of difference in community health. In Putting Health into Place: Landscape, Identity and Well-Being (ed. Kearns, R.A. and Gesler, W.M.), pp.143–167. Syracuse University Press: Syracuse.Google Scholar
Takahashi, L.M. & Wolch, J.R. (1994). Health and welfare of homeless and homed applicants for General Relief in Los Angeles. Social Science and Medicine 38, 1401–1413.Google Scholar
Taylor, S.M., Dear, M.J. & Hall, G.B. (1979). Attitudes towards the mentally ill and reactions to mental health facilities. Social Science and Medicine 13D, 281–290.Google Scholar
Taylor, S.M. (1986). The lesser of two ‘evils’: community attitudes toward correctional and psychiatric facilities. Ohio Geographer 14, 147–165.Google Scholar
Taylor, S.M. (1988). Community reactions to deinstitutionalisation. In Location and Stigma: Contemporary Perspectives on Mental Health and Mental Health Care (ed. Smith, C.J. and Giggs, J.A.), pp. 224–245. Unwin Hyman: London.,Google Scholar
Taylor, S.M. (1989). Community exclusion of the mentally ill. In The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life (ed. Wolch, J. and Dear, M.), pp. 316–330. Unwin Hyman: London.Google Scholar
Taylor, S.M. & Dear, M.J. (1981). Scaling community attitudes toward the mentally ill. Schizophrenia Bulletin 7, 225–240.Google Scholar
Taylor, S.M., Hall, G.B., Hughes, R.C. & Dear, M.J. (1984). Predicting community reactions to mental health facilities. American Planning Association Journal 50, 36–47.Google Scholar
Taylor, S.M., Elliott, S. & Kearns, R.A. (1989). The housing experience of chronically mentally disabled clients in Hamilton, Ontario. Canadian Geographer 33, 146–155.Google Scholar
Venness, A.R. (1994). Designer shelters as models and makers of home: new responses to homelessness in urban America. Urban Geography 15, 150–167.Google Scholar
White, A.N. (1976). Locational analysis for public facilities: models, patterns and processes. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Urban and Regional Planning.Google Scholar
White, A.N. (1979). Accessibility and public facility location. Economic Geography 55, 18–35.Google Scholar
Wilton, R.D. (1998). The constitution of difference: space and psyche in landscapes of exclusion. Geoforum 29, 173–185.Google Scholar
Wolch, J.R. (1979). Residential location and the provision of human services: some directions for geographic research. Professional Geographer 31, 271–277.Google Scholar
Wolch, J.R. (1980). Residential location of the service-dependent poor. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70, 330–341.Google Scholar
Wolch, J.R. (1990). The Shadow State: Government and Voluntary Sector in Transition. Foundation Centre: New York.Google Scholar
Wolch, J.R, & Dear, M.J. (1993). Malign Neglect: Homelessness in an American City. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.Google Scholar
Wolch, J.R. & Gabriel, S.A. (1985). Dismantling the community-based human service system. Journal of the American Planning Association 51, 53–62.Google Scholar
Wolch, J.R. & Philo, C. (2000). From distributions of deviance to definitions of difference: past and future mental health geographies. Health Place, 6, 137–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolch, J.R., Nelson, C.A. & Rubalcaba, A. (1988). Back to back wards? prospects for reinstitutionalisation of the mentally disabled. In Location and Stigma: Contemporary Perspectives on Mental Health and Mental Health Care (ed. Smith, C.J. and Giggs, J.A.), pp. 264–284. Unwin Hyman: London.Google Scholar
Wolch, J.R., Rahimian, A. & Koegel, P. (1993). Daily and periodic mobility patterns of the urban homeless, Professional Geographer 45, 159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolpert, E. & Wolpert, J. (1974). From asylum to ghetto. Antipode 6(3), 63–76.Google Scholar
Wolpert, J. (1976). Opening closed spaces. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 66, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolpert, J. & Wolpert, E. (1976). The relocation of released mental hospital patients into residential communities. Policy Sciences 7, 31–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolpert, J., Dear, M. & Crawford, R. (1975). Satellite mental health facilities. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 65, 24–35.Google Scholar
Wright, T. (1997). Out of Place: Homeless Mobilisations, Subcities, and Contested Landscapes. SUNY Press: Albany.Google Scholar