Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T08:07:35.239Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Schizophrenia is (not simply) a neurodevelopmental disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2011

Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorials
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1999

References

Andreasson, S., Allebeck, P., Engstrom, A. & Rydberg, U. (1987). Cannabis and schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet ii, 14831485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barta, P.E., Pearlson, G.D., Powers, R.E., Richards, S.S. & Tune, L.E. (1990). Auditory hallucinations and smaller superior temporal gyral volume in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 147, 14571462.Google ScholarPubMed
Bebbington, P.E., Wilkins, S., Jones, P., Foerster, A., Murray, R., Toone, B. & Lewis, S. (1993). Life events and psychosis: Initial results from the Camberwell Collaborative Psychosis Study. British Journal of Psychiatry 162, 7279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D., Leff, J., Mallett, R., Der, G., Corridan, B. & Rudge, S. (1997). Incidence and outcome of schizophrenia in whites, African-Caribbean and Asians in London. Psychological Medicine 27, 791798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilder, R.M., Wu, H., Bogerts, B., Degreef, G., Ashtari, M., Alvir, J.M.J., Snyder, P.J. & Lieberman, J.A. (1994). Absence of regional hemispheric volume asymmetries in first episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 151, 14371447.Google ScholarPubMed
Bullmore, E.T., Brammer, M.J., Harvey, I., Murray, R. & Ron, M. (1995). Cerebral hemispheric asymmetry revisited: effects of gender, handedness and schizophrenia measured by radius of gyration in magnetic resonance images. Psychological Medicine 25, 349363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, M. & Jones, P. (1996). Schizophrenia: neuroepidemiology review series. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 61, 604613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, M. & Murray, R.M. (1998). Neonatal origins of schizophrenia. Archives of Disease in Child 78, 13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, M., Byrne, M., Cassidy, B., Larkin, C., Horgan, R., Sheppard, N.P. & O'Callaghan, E. (1995). Prevalence and correlates of mixed-handedness in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 59, 119125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, M., Jones, P., Huttunen, M.O., Tanskanen, A., Huttunen, T, Rabe-Hesketh, S. & Murray, R.M. (1999). School performance in Finnish children and later development of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 457463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardno, A.G., Marshall, J.E., Coid, B., Macdonald, A.M., Ribchester, T.R., Davies, N.J., Venturi, P., Jones, L.A., Lewis, S.W., Sham, P.C., Gottesman, I.I., Farmer, A.E., McGuffin, P., Reveley, A.M. & Murray, R.M. (1999). Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: The Maudsley Twin psychosis series. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 162168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castle, D.J. & Murray, R.M. (1991). The neurodevelopmental basis of sex differences in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 21, 565575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castle, D.J., Wessely, S. & Murray, R.M. (1993). Sex and schizophrenia: effects of diagnostic stringency, and associations with premorbid variables. British Journal of Psychiatry 162, 658664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castle, D.J., Sham, P.C., Wessely, S. & Murray, R.M. (1994). The subtyping of schizophrenia in men and women: a latent class analysis. Psychological Medicine 24, 4151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, J.P. & Chapman, L.J. (1987). Handedness of hypothetically psychosis prone subjects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 96, 8993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T.J. (1997). Is schizophrenia the price that Homo Sapiens pays for language? Schizophrenia Research 28, 127141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T.J., Done, D.J. & Sacker, A. (1996). Cerebral lateralization is delayed in children who later develop schizophrenia. Schizoprenia Research 22, 181185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foerster, A., Lewis, S., Owen, M.J. & Murray, R.M. (1991a). Premorbid personality in psychosis: effects of sex and diagnosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 158, 171176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foerster, A., Lewis, S., Owen, M.J. & Murray, R.M. (1991b). Low birth weight and a family history of schizophrenia predict poor premorbid functioning in psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 5, 320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frith, C.D., Friston, K.J., Herold, S., Silbersweig, D., Fletcher, P., Cahill, C., Dolan, R.J., Frackowiak, R.S.J. & Liddle, P.F. (1995). Regional brain activity in chronic schizophrenic patients during the performance of a verbal fluency task. British Journal of Psychiatry 167, 343349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geschwind, N. & Levitsky, W. (1968). Human brain: left-right asymmetries in temporal speech region. Science 161, 186187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gill, M., Vallada, H., Collier, D., Sham, P., Holmans, P., Murray, R., McGuffin, P., Nanko, S., Owen, M., Antonarakis, S., Housman, D., Kazazian, H., Nestadt, G., Pulver, A.E., Straub, R.E., MacLean, C.J., Walsh, D., Kendler, K.S., DeLisi, L. et al. (1996). A combined analysis of D22S278 marker alleles in affected sib-pairs: support for a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia at chromosome 22q12. Neuropsychiatric Genetics 67, 4045.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gur, R.E. & Pearlson, G. (1993). Neuroimaging in Schizophrenia Research. Schizophrenia Bulletin 19, 337353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, P., Rodgers, B., Murray, R.M. & Marmot, M. (1994). Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 344, 13981402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, P.B., Rantakallio, P., Hartikainen, A.L., Isohanni, M. & Sipila, P. (1998). Schizophrenia as a long-term outcome of pregnancy, delivery, and perinatal complications: a 28-year follow- up of the 1966 North Finland general population birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry 155, 355364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, D., Raine, A., Triphon, N. & Green, M.F. (1992). Mixed-handedness and features of schizotypal personality in a non-clinical sample. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 180, 133135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunugi, H., Nanko, S., Takei, N., Saito, K., Hayashi, N. & Kazamatsuri, H. (1995). Schizophrenia following in utero exposure to the 1957 influenza epidemics in Japan. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 106107.Google Scholar
Lewis, G., David, A., Andreasson, S. & Allebeck, P. (1992). Schizophrenia and city life. Lancet 340, 137140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luchins, D.J., Weinberger, D.R. & Wyatt, R.J. (1979). Anomalous lateralization associated with a milder form of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 136, 15981599.Google ScholarPubMed
Luchins, D.J., Weinberger, D.R. & Wyatt, R.J. (1982). Schizophrenia and cerebral asymmetry detected by computed tomography. American Journal of Psychiatry 139, 753757.Google ScholarPubMed
Maier, W. & Schwab, S. (1998). Molecular genetics of schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 11, 1925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGrath, J. & Murray, R.M. (1995). Risk factors for schizophre-nia: from conception to birth. In Schizophrenia (ed. Hirsh, S. and Weinberger, D.), pp 187205. Blackwell: Oxford.Google ScholarPubMed
McGuire, P.K., Shah, G.M. & Murray, R.M. (1993). Increased blood flow in Broca's area during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Lancet 342, 703706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGuire, P.K., Jones, P., Harvey, I., Bebbington, P., Toone, B., Lewis, S. & Murray, R.M. (1994). Cannabis and acute psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 13, 161167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenzie, K. & Murray, R.M. (submitted for publication). Evidence for low rates of neurological risk factors in African-Caribbean patients with psychosis in the UK compared to White patients.Google Scholar
McNeil, T.F. (1995). Perinatal risk factors and schizophrenia: selective review and methodological concerns. Epidemiologic Reviews 17, 107112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortensen, P.B., Pedersen, C.B., Westergaard, T., Wohlfahrt, J., Ewald, H., Mors, O., Andersen, P.K. & Melbye, M. (1999). Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine 340, 603608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, R.M. (1994). Neurodevelopmental schizophrenia: the rediscovery of dementia praecox. British Journal of Psychiatry 165, suppl. 25, 612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, R.M. & McGuffin, P. (1993). Genetic aspects of psychiatric disorders. In Companion to Psychiatric studies (ed. Kendell, R.E. and Zealley, A.K.), pp 227261. Churchill-Livingstone: Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Murray, R.M., Lewis, S.W. & Reveley, A.M. (1985). Towards an aetiological classification of schizophrenia. Lancet 1, 10231026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, R.M., O'Callaghan, E., Castle, D.J. & Lewis, S.W. (1992). A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 18, 319332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orr, K.G.D., Cannon, M., Gilvarry, C.M., Jones, P.B. & Murray, R.M. (in press). Schizophrenic patients and their first degree relatives show an excess of mixed handedness. Schizophrenia Research 39, 167176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rifkin, L., Lewis, S., Jones, P.B., Toone, B.K. & Murray, R.M. (1994). Schizophrenic patients of low birth weight show poor premorbid function, and cognitive impairment in adult life. British Journal of Psychiatry 165, 357362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saykin, A.J., Gur, R.C., Gur, R.E., Mozley, P.D., Mozley, L.H., Resnick, S.M., Kester, D.B. & Stafiniak, P. (1991). Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia: selective impairment in memory and learning. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 618624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saykin, A.J., Shtasel, D.L., Gur, R.E., Kester, D.B., Mozley, L.H., Stafiniak, P. & Gur, R.C. (1994). Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic-nai've patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 124131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sham, P.C., O'Callaghan, E., Takei, N., Murray, G.K., Hare, E.H. & Murray, R.M. (1992). Schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960. British Journal of Psychiatry 160, 461466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapleske, J., Rossell, S.L., Woodruff, P.W.R. & David, A.S (1999). The planum temporale: a systematic, quantitative review of its structural, functional and clinical significance. Brain Research Reviews 29, 2649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, T., Lancaster, E., Lee, D., Lewis, S., Sigmundsson, T., Takei, N., Gurling, H., Barta, P., Pearlson, G. & Murray, R. (1998). Volumetric MRI study of families multiply affected with schizophrenia the Maudsley Family Study 5. British Journal of Psychiatry 173, 132138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, T., Lancaster, E., Sigmundsson, T., Lewis, S., Noriyoshi, T., Gurling, H., Barta, P., Pearlson, G. & Murray, R.M. (in press). Lack of normal pattern of cerebral asymmetry familial schizophrenics patients and their relatives: the Maudsley Family Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin.Google Scholar
Stefanis, N., Frangou, S., Yakeley, J., Sharma, T., O'Connell, P., Morgan, K., Sigmundsson, T., Taylor, M. & Murray, R.M. (1999). Hippocampal volume reduction: effects of genetic risk and pregnancy and birth complications. British Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 697702.Google ScholarPubMed
Straub, R.E., MacLean, C.J., O'Neil, F.A., Burke, J., Murphy, B., Duke, F., Shinkwin, R., Webb, B.T., Zhang, J., Walsh, D. & Kendler, K.S. (1995). A potential variability locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 6p24-22: evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Nature Genetics 11, 287293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suddath, R.I., Christison, G.W. & Torrey, E.F. (1990). Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine 322, 789794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrey, E.F. & Bowler, A. (1990). Geografical distribution of insanity in America: evidence for an urban factor. Schizophrenia Bulletin 16, 591604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrey, E.F., Miller, J., Rawlings, R. & Yolken, R.H. (1997). Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature (abstract). Schizophrenia Research 24, 260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Os, J. & Murray, R.M. (submitted for publication). Neurodevelopmental and social risk factors across the continuum of psychosis.Google Scholar
Van Os, J., Marcelis, M., Sham, P., Jones, P., Gilvarry, K. & Murray, R. (1998). Psychopathological syndromes and familial morbid risk of psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 170, 241246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verdoux, H., Geddes, J.R., Takei, N., Lawrie, S.M., Bovet, P., Eagles, J.M., Heun, R., McCreadie, R.G., McNeil, T.F., O'Callaghan, E., Stober, G., Willinger, U., Wright, R. & Murray, R.M. (1997). Obstetric complications and age at onset in schizophrenia: An international collaborative meta-analysis of individual patient data. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, 12201227.Google ScholarPubMed
Wessely, S., Castle, D., Der, G. & Murray, R.M.(1991). Schizophrenia and Afro-Caribbeans. A case-control study. British Journal of Psychiatry 159, 795801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wickham, H. & Murray, R.M. (1997). Can biological markers identify endophenotypes predisposing to schizophrenia? International Review of Psychiatry 9, 355364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar