Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T19:02:05.427Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The psychosis proneness: psychosis persistence model as an explanation for the association between urbanicity and psychosis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 May 2011

Janneke Spauwen  and
Jim Van Os
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Given the relatively high attributable risks associated with urbanicity it is crucially important to learn more on how this exposure impacts on population risk for schizophrenia. Further elucidation of the environmental influences that currently go under the name of “urbanicity” therefore is a crucial step in unravelling the etiology of schizophrenia. In order to make the step from association to cause, a plausible mechanism detailing the pathway from impact of exposure to onset of psychotic symptoms is needed. This paper outlines possible avenues and clues to the identification of possible mechanisms and pathways. The focus is on mechanisms of gene-environment interaction in the context of both functional genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic variation.

Type
Editorials
Information
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences , Volume 15 , Issue 4 , December 2006 , pp. 252 - 257
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

References

Agerbo, E., Torrey, E.F. & Mortensen, P.B. (2001). Household crowding in early adulthood and schizophrenia are unrelated in Denmark: a nested case-control study. Schizophrenia Research 47, 243–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentall, R.P., Corcoran, R., Howard, R., Blackwood, N. & Kinderman, P. (2001). Persecutory delusions: a review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review 21, 1143–1192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birchwood, M., Meaden, A., Trower, P., Gilbert, P. & Plaistow, J. (2000). The power and omnipotence of voices: subordination and entrapment by voices and significant others. Psychological Medicine 30,337–344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Cannon, M., McClay, J., Murray, R., Harrington, H., Taylor, A., Arseneault, L., Williams, B., Braithwaite, A., Poulton, R. & Craig, I.W. (2005). Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biological Psychiatry 57, 1117–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cougnard, A., Marcelis, M., Myin-Germeys, I., de Graaf, R., Ten, Have M., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H-U, Henquet, C, Spauwen, J., Verdoux, H. & van Os, J. (submitted for publication). Does normal developmental expression of psychosis combine with environmental load to cause abnormal psychosis persistence? A psychosis proneness – psychosis persistence model.Google Scholar
De Silva, M. J., McKenzie, K., Harpham, T. & Huttly, S. R. (2005). Social capital and mental illness: a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59, 619–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drukker, M., Kaplan, C.D., Feron, F.J.M. & van Os, J. (2003). Children's health-related quality of life, neighbourhood socio-economic deprivation and social capital. A contextual analysis. Social Science and Medicine 57, 825–841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drukker, M., Buka, S.L., Kaplan, C, McKenzie, K. & van Os, J. (2005). Social capital and young adolescents' perceived health in different sociocultural settings. Social Science and Medicine 61, 185–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egan, M.F., Goldberg, T.E., Kolachana, B.S., Callicott, J.H., Mazzanti, C.M., Straub, R.E., Goldman, D. & Weinberger, D.R. (2001). Effect of COMT Val 108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 6917–6922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farris, R.E. & Dunham, H.W. (1939). Mental Disorders in Urban Areas. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.Google Scholar
Galdos, P.M., van Os, J.J. & Murray, R.M. (1993). Puberty and the onset of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 10, 7–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garety, P.A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., Freeman, D. & Bebbington, P.E. (2001). A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine 31, 189–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giggs, J.A. (1986). Mental disorders and ecological structure in Nottingham. Social Science and Medicine 23, 945–961.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman, I.I. & Bertelsen, A. (1989). Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia. Risks in the offspring of Fischer's Danish identical and fraternal discordant twins. Archives of General Psychiatry 46, 867–872.Google ScholarPubMed
Hare, E.H. (1956a). Family setting and the urban distribution of schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Science 102, 753–760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hare, E.H. (1956b). Mental illness and social conditions in Bristol. Journal of Mental Science 102, 349–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, P.J. & Owen, M.J. (2003). Genes for schizophrenia? Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications. Lancet 361, 417–419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henquet C, Krabbendam, M., Papiol, S., Fananas, L., Drukker, M., Johannes, J., Ramaekers, P. & van Os, J. (submitted for publication). An experimental study of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Vall58Met moderation of A-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced effects on psychosis and cognition.Google Scholar
Kapur, S. (2003). Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 13–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krabbendam, L. & van Os, J. (2005). Schizophrenia and urbanicity: a major environmental influence-conditional on genetic risk. Schizophrenia Bulletin 31, 795–799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lachman, H.M., Papolos, D.F., Saito, T., Yu, Y.M., Szumlanski, C.L. & Weinshilboum, R.M. (1996). Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics 6, 243–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laruelle, M. (2000). The role of endogenous sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: implications from recent brain imaging studies. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews 31, 371–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, G., David, A., Andreasson, S. & Allebeck, P. (1992). Schizophrenia and city life. Lancet 340, 137–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linney, Y.M., Murray, R.M., Peters, E.R., MacDonald, A.M., Rijsdijk, F. & Sham, P. C. (2003). A quantitative genetic analysis of schizotypal personality traits. Psychological Medicine 33, 803–816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotta, T., Vidgren, J., Tilgmann, C, Ulmanen, I., Melen, K., Julkunen, I. & Taskinen, J. (1995). Kinetics of human soluble and membrane-bound catechol O-methyltransferase: a revised mechanism and description of the thermolabile variant of the enzyme. Biochemistry 34, 4202–4210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcelis, M., van Os, J., Sham, P., Jones, P., Gilvarry, C, Cannon, M., McKenzie, K. & Murray, R. (1998). Obstetric complications and familial morbid risk of psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Medical Genetics 81, 29–36.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcelis, M., Takei, N. & van Os, J. (1999). Urbanization and risk for schizophrenia: does the effect operate before or around the time of illness onset? Psychological Medicine 29, 1197–1203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcelis, M., Cavalier, E., Gielen, J., Delespaul, P. & van Os, J. (2004). Abnormal response to metabolic stress in schizophrenia: marker of vulnerability or acquired sensitization? Psychological Medicine 34, 1103–1111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenzie, K., Whitley, R. & Weich, S. (2002). Social capital and mental health. British Journal of Psychiatry 181, 280–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortensen, P.B., Pedersen, C.B., Westergaard, T., Wohlfahrt, J., Ewald, H., Mors, O., Andersen, P. K. & Melbye, M. (1999). Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine 340, 603–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P. & van Os, J. (2005). Behavioural sensitization to daily life stress in psychosis. Psychological Medicine 35, 733–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, C.B. & Mortense, P.B. (2001a). Evidence of a dose-response relationship between urbanicity during upbringing and schizophrenia risk. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 1039–1046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, C.B. & Mortensen, P.B. (2001b). Family history, place and season of birth as risk factors for schizophrenia in Denmark: a replication and reanalysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 179, 46–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, C.B. & Mortensen, P.B. (2006). Are the cause(s) responsible for urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk rooted in families or in individuals? American Journal of Epidemiology 163, 971–978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petronis, A. (2001). Human morbid genetics revisited: relevance of epigenetics. Trends in Genetics TIG 17, 142–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spauwen, J., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U. & van Os, J. (2004). Does urbanicity shift the population expression of psychosis? Journal of Psychiatric Research 38, 613–618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spauwen, J., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U. & van Os, J. (2006). Evidence that the outcome of developmental expression of psychosis is worse for adolescents growing up in an urban environment. Psychological Medicine 36, 407–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stefanis, N., Delespaul, P., Smyrnis, N., Lembesi, A., Avramopoulos, D., Evdokimidis, I., Stefanis, C. & van Os, J. (2004). Is the excess risk of psychosis-like experiences in urban areas attributable to altered cognitive development? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 39, 364–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stefanis, N.C., Henquet, C, Avramopoulos, D.A., Smyrnis, N., Evdokimidis, I.K., Myin-Germeys, I., Stefanis, C.N. & van Os, J. (submitted for publication). COMT Vall58Met moderation of stress-induced psychosis.Google Scholar
Torrey, E.F., Bowler, A.E. & Clark, K. (1997). Urban birth and residence as risk factors for psychoses: an analysis of 1880 data. Schizophrenia Research 25, 169–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J. (2004). Does the urban environment cause psychosis? British Journal of Psychiatry 184, 287–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J. & Sham, P. (2003). Gene-environment correlation and interaction in schizophrenia. In The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia (ed. Murray, R.M., Jones, P.B., Susser, E., Os, J. van and Cannon, M.). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
van Os, J., Driessen, G., Gunther, N. & Delespaul, P. (2000). Neighbourhood variation in incidence of schizophrenia. Evidence for person-environment interaction. British Journal of Psychiatry 176, 243–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R.V. & Vollebergh, W. (2001). Prevalence of psychotic disorder and community level of psychotic symptoms: an urban-rural comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 663–668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bak, M., Bijl, R.V. & Vollebergh, W. (2003). Do urbanicity and familial liability coparticipate in causing psychosis? American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 477–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J., Pedersen, C.B. & Mortensen, P. B. (2004). Confirmation of synergy between urbanicity and familial liability in the causation of psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 2312–2314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J., Krabbendam, L., Myin-Germeys, I. & Delespaul, P. (2005). The schizophrenia envirome. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 18, 141–145.Google ScholarPubMed
Weaver, I.C., Meaney, M.J. & Szyf, M. (2006). Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 3480–3485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weich, S., Holt, G., Twigg, L., Jones, K. & Lewis, G. (2003). Geographic variation in the prevalence of common mental disorders in britain: a multilevel investigation. American Journal of Epidemiology 157, 730–737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberger, D.R., Egan, M.F., Bertolino, A., Callicott, J.H., Mattay, V.S., Lipska, B.K., Berman, K.F. & Goldberg, T.E. (2001). Prefrontal neurons and the genetics of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 50, 825–844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed