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Studies in Relation to Malaria

I. The Geographical Distribution of Anopheles in Relation to the Former Distribution of Ague in England. (Two Maps.)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2009

George H. F. Nuttall ,
Louis Cobbett  and
T. Strangeways-Pigg
George H. F. Nuttall
Affiliation:
University Lecturer in Bacteriology and Preventive Medicine, Cambridge;
Louis Cobbett
Affiliation:
Demonstrator in Pathology, Cambridge.
T. Strangeways-Pigg
Affiliation:
Demonstrator in Pathology, Cambridge.
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Grassi has repeatedly asserted that the geographical distribution of the genus Anopheles in Italy coincides with that of malaria. Even in his most recent publication he lays special stress upon the coincidence, and considers that what he claims will probably hold true all over the world.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Hygiene , Volume 1 , Issue 1 , January 1901 , pp. 4 - 44
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1901

References

1 The italics are Grassi's.

2 See Bibliography at the end of the following paper by Nuttall and Shipley (p. 75).

1 See footnote3 on p. 47.

2 Note whilst going through the press: Celli, (Centralbl. f. Bakteriologie, Vol. XXVIII. p. 534, 5 Nov.) reports observations in Italy which confirm ours. He found Anopheles in healthy and elevated situations where there has never been malaria.Google Scholar

1 That is none such as Spirogyra, Ulva, etc., in quantities visible to the naked eye.

1 Letter to A. E. S., 22 Oct. 1900, wherein no date is given regarding when they were collected, though this was done of late years.

1 plumbeus.

1 Creighton, C., A History of Epidemics in Britain. Cambridge (University Press), 1891 and 1894.Google Scholar

2 SirFayrer, Joseph, Trans. of the Epidemiol. Soc. of London, n. s. Vol. I. p. 20, 1881–1882.Google Scholar

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1 Quoted by Miller, and Skertchley, , The Fenland Past and Present. London (Longmans), 1878.Google Scholar

1 Life of Nelson.

2 Graham, H. G., The social life of Scotland in the eighteenth century (London 1900), Vol. I. p. 185.Google Scholar

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2 Cited by Wylde.

3 Maculloch, , An Essay on Malaria. London, 1827, p. 346.Google Scholar

1 Haviland, A., Journal of Public Health and Sanitary Review 1858, iv. p. 266 et seq.Google Scholar

1 The Works of Sydenham, by Latham, R. G., M.D. 1850. Sydenham Society, London. Two Vols.Google Scholar

2 Compare Thayer and Hewetson quoted later.

1 Osler, W., Practice of Medicine. New York, 1892, pp. 140–156.Google Scholar

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1 Thayer and Hewetson, as also other authors, state that aestivo-autumnal fever is much more resistant to quinine than are tertians and quartans.

2 Life of Sydenham by Latham, R. G., Introductory to Sydenham's works already cited, Vol. I. p. xxviii.Google Scholar

1 Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journ. 1822, p. 386.Google Scholar

2 Whitley, loc. cit.

1 Letter to G. H. F. N. dated Aug. 1900.

2 Cited by Miller, and Skertchly, , The Fenland Past and Present, Longmans, 1878.Google Scholar

1 Faught, J. G., Surgeon-Major “Report on the Prevalence of Ague at Tilbury Fort.” Army Med. Depart. Report, 1874, XVI. p. 35 and 1875 (London, 1877), XVII. pp. 212—216. Two plates.Google Scholar

2 Hicks, (1847), “On Malaria, with a few cases illustrative of its existence on the Surrey side of the Thames.” London Med. Gazette, n. s. Vol. IV. p. 121.Google Scholar

1 Letter to L. C. dated 20th Oct. 1900.

2 Stated by Mr Stevenson to G. H. F. N. 1900.

1 Haviland, Alfred, “Ague Epidemic at Cannington.” Journ. of Publ. Health and Sanit. Rev. Vol. IV. 1858, p. 266.Google Scholar

2 Forbes, J. (1836), “Medical Topography of Lands End and the Hundred of Penrith.” Trans. of Prov. Med. and Surg. Assoc. Vol. IV.Google Scholar

3 The wanting element is possibly to be found in the decrease of ague in its marshy home and to the consequent cessation of foreign cases, thus rendering it impossible for the few local mosquitoes to become infected.