Risk factors for infection with Giardia duodenalis in pre-school children in the city of Salvador, Brazil

M. S. PRADO; A. STRINA; M. L. BARRETO; ANA MARLÚCIA OLIVEIRA-ASSIS; LÍVIA MARIA PAZ; S. CAIRNCROSS

doi:10.1017/S0950268803001018

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A cross-sectional study of 694 children aged 2 to 45 months selected from 30 clusters throughout the city of Salvador, Bahia (pop. 2·3 million) was carried out as part of a longitudinal study of diarrhoea in order to identify risk factors for infection with Giardia duodenalis. Variables studied included three social and demographic factors (such as mother's education and marital status), five relating to the peri-domestic environment (rubbish disposal, open sewers, paving of the street), seven relating to the home itself (house construction, susceptibility to flooding, water supply and sanitation) as well as a score for hygiene behaviour based on structured observation. After multivariate analysis using a hierarchical model, only four significant risk factors were found: (a) number of children in the household under five years (b) rubbish not collected from the house (c) presence of visible sewage nearby, and (d) absence of a toilet. All four were significant at the 1% level.

Crossref Citations

This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by Crossref.

Ahern, Mike Kovats, R. Sari Wilkinson, Paul Few, Roger and Matthies, Franziska 2005. Global Health Impacts of Floods: Epidemiologic Evidence. Epidemiologic Reviews, Vol. 27, Issue. 1, p. 36.

Hunter, Paul R. and Thompson, R.C. Andrew 2005. The zoonotic transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. International Journal for Parasitology, Vol. 35, Issue. 11-12, p. 1181.

PRADO, M. S. CAIRNCROSS, S. STRINA, A. BARRETO, M. L. OLIVEIRA-ASSIS, A. M. and REGO, S. 2005. Asymptomatic giardiasis and growth in young children; a longitudinal study in Salvador, Brazil. Parasitology, Vol. 131, Issue. 1, p. 51.

Ensink, Jeroen H.J. van der Hoek, Wim and Amerasinghe, Felix P. 2006. Giardia duodenalis infection and wastewater irrigation in Pakistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 100, Issue. 6, p. 538.

Quihui, Luis Valencia, Mauro E Crompton, David WT Phillips, Stephen Hagan, Paul Morales, Gloria and Díaz-Camacho, Silvia P 2006. Role of the employment status and education of mothers in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Mexican rural schoolchildren. BMC Public Health, Vol. 6, Issue. 1,

Barreto, Mauricio L Cunha, Sergio S Alcântara-Neves, Neuza Carvalho, Lain P Cruz, Álvaro A Stein, Renato T Genser, Bernd Cooper, Philip J and Rodrigues, Laura C 2006. Risk factors and immunological pathways for asthma and other allergic diseases in children: background and methodology of a longitudinal study in a large urban center in Northeastern Brazil (Salvador-SCAALA study). BMC Pulmonary Medicine, Vol. 6, Issue. 1,

Pereira, Maria das Graças Cabral Atwill, Edward Robert and Barbosa, Alverne Passos 2007. Prevalence and associated risk factors for Giardia lamblia infection among children hospitalized for diarrhea in Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Vol. 49, Issue. 3, p. 139.

Teixeira, Júlio César Heller, Léo and Barreto, Mauricio L. 2007. Giardia duodenalis infection: risk factors for children living in sub-standard settlements in Brazil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, Vol. 23, Issue. 6, p. 1489.

Cohen, Steven A. Egorov, Andrey I. Jagai, Jyotsna S. Matyas, Bela T. DeMaria, Alfred Chui, Kenneth K.H. Griffiths, Jeffrey K. and Naumova, Elena N. 2008. The SEEDs of two gastrointestinal diseases: Socioeconomic, environmental, and demographic factors related to cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in Massachusetts. Environmental Research, Vol. 108, Issue. 2, p. 185.

McDade, Thomas W. Rutherford, Julienne N. Adair, Linda and Kuzawa, Christopher 2008. Adiposity and Pathogen Exposure Predict C-Reactive Protein in Filipino Women. The Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 138, Issue. 12, p. 2442.

Ferrer, S. R Strina, A. Jesus, S. R Ribeiro, H. C Cairncross, S. Rodrigues, L. C and Barreto, M. L 2008. A hierarchical model for studying risk factors for childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study in a middle-income country. International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 37, Issue. 4, p. 805.

GLADSTONE, B. P. ITURRIZA-GOMARA, M. RAMANI, S. MONICA, B. BANERJEE, I. BROWN, D. W. GRAY, J. J. MULIYIL, J. and KANG, G. 2008. Polymerase chain reaction in the detection of an ‘outbreak’ of asymptomatic viral infections in a community birth cohort in south India. Epidemiology and Infection, Vol. 136, Issue. 3, p. 399.

Mohammed Mahdy, A.K. Lim, Y.A.L. Surin, Johari Wan, K.L. and Al-Mekhlafi, M.S. Hesham 2008. Risk factors for endemic giardiasis: highlighting the possible association of contaminated water and food. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 102, Issue. 5, p. 465.

Silva, Roberta Ribeiro da Silva, Camilo Adalton Mariano de Jesus Pereira, Cíntia Aparecida de Carvalho Nicolato, Roney Luiz Negrão-Corrêa, Deborah Lamounier, Joel Alves and Carneiro, Mariângela 2009. Association between nutritional status, environmental and socio-economic factors and Giardia lamblia infections among children aged 6–71 months in Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 103, Issue. 5, p. 512.

McDade, Thomas W Rutherford, Julienne N Adair, Linda and Kuzawa, Christopher 2009. Population differences in associations between C-reactive protein concentration and adiposity: comparison of young adults in the Philippines and the United States. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 89, Issue. 4, p. 1237.

Quihui, Luis Morales, Gloria G Méndez, Rosa O Leyva, Johanna G Esparza, Julián and Valencia, Mauro E 2010. Could giardiasis be a risk factor for low zinc status in schoolchildren from northwestern Mexico? A cross-sectional study with longitudinal follow-up. BMC Public Health, Vol. 10, Issue. 1,

Trönnberg, Linda Hawksworth, David Hansen, Anette Archer, Colleen and Stenström, Thor Axel 2010. Household-based prevalence of helminths and parasitic protozoa in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, assessed from faecal vault sampling. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 104, Issue. 10, p. 646.

McDade, Thomas W. Rutherford, Julienne Adair, Linda and Kuzawa, Christopher W. 2010. Early origins of inflammation: microbial exposures in infancy predict lower levels of C-reactive protein in adulthood. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 277, Issue. 1684, p. 1129.

Barreto, Mauricio L. Genser, Bernd Strina, Agostino Teixeira, Maria Gloria Assis, Ana Marlucia O. Rego, Rita F. Teles, Carlos A. Prado, Matildes S. Matos, Sheila M.A. Alcântara-Neves, Neuza M. and Cairncross, Sandy 2010. Impact of a Citywide Sanitation Program in Northeast Brazil on Intestinal Parasites Infection in Young Children. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 118, Issue. 11, p. 1637.

McDade, Thomas W. Tallman, Paula S. Adair, Linda S. Borja, Judith and Kuzawa, Christopher W. 2011. Comparative insights into the regulation of inflammation: Levels and predictors of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 in young adults in the Philippines. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 146, Issue. 3, p. 373.

Download full list

Article contents

Risk factors for infection with Giardia duodenalis in pre-school children in the city of Salvador, Brazil

Abstract

Save article to Kindle

Save article to Dropbox

Save article to Google Drive

Reply to: Submit a response

Your details

You have entered the maximum number of contributors

Conflicting interests