Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-l4dxg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-11T16:04:31.410Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Inactivation of viruses in municipal effluent by chlorine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2009

H. G. Hajenian  and
M. Butler
H. G. Hajenian
Affiliation:
University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey
M. Butler
Affiliation:
University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The influence of pH arid temperature on the efficiency of chlorine inactivation of two unrelated picornaviruses in a typical urban wastewater effluent was examined. Temperature, unlike pH, had relatively little effect on the rate of inactivation. The pH effect was complex and the two viruses differed. The f2 coliphage was more sensitive to chlorine at low pH, but at all values there was a threshold above which additional chlorine resulted in very rapid inactivation. The amount of chlorine required for this was less at low than at high pH, although at pH values above 7 the extent of inactivation was about the same. There was no apparent correlation between pH and rate of inactivation of poliovirus but there was a suggestion that at a pH close to the isoelectric point of the virus it was less sensitive to chlorination.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Hygiene , Volume 84 , Issue 1 , February 1980 , pp. 63 - 69
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1980

References

REFERENCES

Adams, M. H. (1959). Bacteriophages. New York: Interscience Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Balluz, S. A., Butler, M. & Jones, H. H. (1978). The behaviour of f2 coliphage in activated sludge treatment. Journal of Hygiene 80, 237–42.Google Scholar
Balluz, S. A., Jones, H. H. & Butler, M. (1977). The persistence of poliovirus in activated sludge treatment. Journal of Hygiene 78, 165–73.Google Scholar
Berg, G. (1973). Removal of viruses from sewage, effluents, and waters. 2. Present and future trends. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 49, 461–9.Google Scholar
Chamberlin, N. S. (1948). Chlorination of sewage. Sewage Works Journal 20, 304–18.Google Scholar
Chang, S. L. (1968). Waterborne viral infections and their prevention. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 38, 401–14.Google Scholar
Chick, H. (1908). Investigations of the laws of disinfection. Journal of Hygiene 8, 92–158.Google Scholar
Clarke, N. A. & Chang, S. L. (1959). Enteric viruses in water. Journal of the American Water Works Association 51, 1299–1317.Google Scholar
Cramer, W. M., Kawata, K. & Krusé, C. W. (1976). Chlorination and iodination of poliovirus and f2. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 48, 61–76.Google Scholar
Floyd, R. & Sharp, D. G. (1977). Aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus by dilution in water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 33, 159–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krusé, C. W., Kawata, K., Olivieri, V. P. & Longley, K. E. (1973). Improvement interminal disinfection of sewage effluents. Water and Sewage Works 120, 57–64.Google Scholar
Krusé, C. W., Olivieri, V. P. & Kawata, K. (1971). The enhancement of viral inactivation of halogens. Water and Sewage Works 118, 187–93.Google Scholar
Mandel, B. (1971). Characterization of type I poliovirus by electrophoretic analysis. Virology 44, 554–68.Google Scholar
Mosley, J. W. (1967). Transmission of viral disease by drinking water. In Transmission of Viruses by the Water Route (ed. Berg, G.), pp. 5–23. New York: Interscience Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Painter, H. A. (1971). Chemical, physical and biological characteristics of wastes and waste effluents. In Water and Water Pollution Handbook, vol. i (ed. Ciaccio, L. L.), p. 329–64. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.Google Scholar
Painter, H. A., Viney, M. & Bywaters, A. (1961). Composition of sewage and sewage effluents. Journal of the Institution of Sewage Purification 4, 302–14.Google Scholar
Palin, A. T. (1950). A study of the chioro derivatives of ammonia and related compounds, with special reference to their formation in the chlorination of natural and polluted waters. Water and Water Engineering, 54, 151–9.Google Scholar
Palin, A. T. (1957). The determination of free and combined chlorine in water by the use of diethyl-p-phenylene diamine. Journal of the American Water Works Association 49, 873–80.Google Scholar
Scarpino, P. V., Lucas, M., Dahling, D. R., Berg, G. & Chang, S. L. (1974). Effectiveness of hypochiorous acid and hypochlorite ion in destruction of viruses and bacteria. In Chemistry of Water Supply, Treatment and Distribution (ed. Rubin, A. J.), pp. 359–68. Ann Arbor. Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Shah, P. C. & Mccamish, J. (1972). Relative chlorine resistance of poliovirus 1 and coliphages f2 and T4 in water. Applied Microbiology 24, 658–9.Google Scholar
Shuval, H. I. (1970). Detection and control of enteroviruses in the water environment. In Development in Water Quality Research, (ed. Shuval, H. I.), pp. 47–71. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Arm Arbor Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Shuval, H. I., Cymbalista, S., Wachs, A., Zohar, Y. & Goldblum, N. (1966). The inactivation of enteroviruses in sewage by chlorination. Advances in Water Pollution Research 2, 37–51.Google Scholar
Tonelli, F. A. (1976). General considerations in wastewater disinfection. Water Pollution Control 114, 23–4, 28, 30–2, 46–7.Google Scholar
Ward, P. S. (1974). Carcinogens complicate chlorine question. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 46, 2638–40.Google Scholar
Ward, R. W. & Degraeve, G. M. (1978). Residual toxicity of several disinfectants in domestic waste water. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 50, 46–60.Google Scholar
Weidenkopf, S. J. (1958). Inactivation of type 1 poliomyelitis virus with chlorine. Virology 5, 56–67.Google Scholar