Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T08:01:11.955Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chrome typhoid vaccine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2009

E. E. Vella
Affiliation:
The David Bruce Laboratories, East Everleigh, Marlborough, Wilts
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

1. Experimental typhoid vaccines, treated by 1% formalin and 0·02% chrome alum (KCr(SO4)2.12H2O), as suggested by Japanese workers were prepared and tested by the usual in vitro and in vivo tests.

2. Agglutination tests, antibody production in rabbits, active and passive mouse protection tests confirm the stability of the Vi antigen of the vaccine, if properly stored, and the good protection afforded to laboratory animals in both the active and passive mouse protection tests.

3. It is suggested that only a full-scale field trial in a typhoid endemic area can give the answer as to the real efficacy and/or superiority of the chrome vaccine over other typhoid vaccines.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1963

References

Ando, K. (1953). Studies on typhoid vaccine–chrome vaccine. Japan. J. exp. Med. 23, 111126.Google Scholar
Ando, K. & Nakamura, Y. (1950). Studies on Vi-antigen of typhoid bacilli; on complex nature of Vi antigen and phases of typhoid bacilli. Japan. J. exp. Med. 20, 737751.Google Scholar
Ando, K. & Shimojo, H. (1957). Antityphoid chrome vaccine. Method of its preparation and systemic reactions after its inoculation in man. Japan. J. exp. Med. 27, 159.Google Scholar
Ando, K., Shimojo, H. & Tadokoro, I. (1952). New method of preparing bacterial vaccines by use of chrome-salt (detoxified vaccine-chrome vaccine). Japan. J. exp. Med. 22, 491.Google Scholar
Batson, H. C. (1949). Relative significance of graded immunising and challenge doses in measuring potency of vaccines; study of mouse protection by typhoid vaccine. J. exp. Med. 90, 233–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bensted, H. J. (1940). Bacterium typhosum; development of Vi-antigen and Vi-antibody. J. R. Army Med. Cps, 74, 1935.Google Scholar
Bhatnagar, S. S. (1938). Vi agglutination in diagnosis of typhoid fever and typhoid carrier condition. Brit. med. J. ii, 1195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhatnagar, S. S., Speechly, C. G. J. & Singh, M. (1938). Vi variant of Salmonella typhi and its applications to serology of typhoid fever. J. Hyg., Camb., 38, 663–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Boivin, A. & Mesrobeanu, L. (1938). Recherches sur les antigènes somatiques du bacille typhique. Sur la nature chimique des antigènes ‘O’ et ‘Vi’. C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 128, 5.Google Scholar
Climie, H. (1942). Immunisation against typhoid and paratyphoid with alcohol-killed, alcohol-preserved and heat-killed, phenol-preserved vaccine. J. Hyg., Camb., 42, 411–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Cvjetanovic, B. B. (1957). Field trial of Typhoid Vaccine. Amer. J. Publ. Hlth, 47, 578–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edsall, G., Carlson, M., Foomal, S. B. & Benenson, A. S. (1959). Laboratory tests of typhoid vaccines used in a controlled field study. Bull. World Hlth Org. 20, 1017–32.Google Scholar
Felix, A. (1941). New type of typhoid and paratyphoid vaccine. Brit. med. J. i, 391–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felix, A. (1951). Preparation, testing and standardization of typhoid vaccine. J. Hyg., Camb., 49, 280.Google ScholarPubMed
Felix, A. & Anderson, E. S. (1951). Immunizing potency of alcohol-killed and alcohol-preserved typhoid vaccine after storage for 10 years. J. Hyg., Camb., 49, 288.Google Scholar
Felix, A. & Bensted, H. J. (1954). Proposed standard agglutinating sera for typhoid and paratyphoid A and B fevers. Bull. World Hlth Org. 10, 922.Google ScholarPubMed
Felix, A. & Bhatnagar, S. S. (1935). Further observations on proporties of Vi antigen of B. typhosus and its corresponding antibody. Brit. J. exp. Path. 16, 428.Google Scholar
Felix, A., Bhatnagar, S. S. & Pitt, R. M. (1934). Observations on properties of Vi antigen of B. typhosus. Brit. J. exp. Path. 15, 354.Google Scholar
Felix, A., Kirkorian, K. S. & Reitler, R. (1935). Occurrence of typhoid bacilli containing Vi antigen in cases of typhoid fever and of Vi antibody in their sera. J. Hyg., Camb., 35, 421–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Felix, A. & Petrie, G. F. (1938). Preparation of antityphoid serum in horse for therapeutic use in man. J. Hyg., Camb., 38, 674.Google ScholarPubMed
Felix, A., Rainsford, S. G. & Stokes, E. J. (1941). Antibody response and systemic reactions after inoculation of new type of TABC (typhoid-paratyphoid) vaccine. Brit. med. J. i, 435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grasset, E. (1951). L'endoanatoxine typhoparatyphique dans la prophylaxie des infections typhoidiques; applications et resultats d'ensemble de quinze ans de vaccination (1934–48). Rev. Immunol., Paris, 15, 119.Google Scholar
Harrison, L. W. (1953). Correspondence columns. Brit. med. J. ii, 831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, D. W. & Morgan, W. T. J. (1938). Isolation of antigenic substances from strains of Bact. typhosum. Brit. J. exp. Path. 19, 82.Google Scholar
Henderson, D. W., Peacock, S. & Rickley, J. (1951). Preservation of typhoid vaccine. Lancet, i, 618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaneko, J., Hajashi, R., Hiraj, T. & Ando, K. (1953). Results on human inoculation with typhoid chrome vaccine. Japan. J. exp. Med. 23, 293–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Kaufmann, F. (1935). Latest results of typhoid serology; their bearing upon production and testing of typhoid vaccines and therapeutic sera as well as upon typhoid diagnosis. Quart. Bull. L. o. N. 4, 485.Google Scholar
Kourilsky, R., Kourilsky, S. & Boivin, A. (1939). Sur l'action immunisante chez l'homme, de l'antigène glucido-lipidique O du bacille d'Eberth. C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 131, 190.Google Scholar
Kraus, K., Joo, I. & Rethy, L. (1956). Atti Sec. Congr. Int. Stand. Immunobiol. (Roma 10–14 Sept.), p. 367.Google Scholar
Landy, M. (1953). Enhancement of immunogenicity of typhoid vaccine by retention of Vi-antigen. Amer. J. Hyg. 58, 148.Google Scholar
Landy, M., Gaines, S., Seal, J. R. & Whiteside, J. E. (1954). Antibody responses of man to 3 types of antityphoid immunising agents: heat-phenol fluid vaccine, acetone-dehydrated vaccine, and isolated Vi and O antigens. Amer. J. Publ. Hlth, 44, 1572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, M. H., Findlay, H. T. & Bensted, H. J. (1934). Anti-typhoid inoculation; observations on immunising properties and on manufacture of typhoid vaccine. J. R. Army Med. Cps, 62, 161.Google Scholar
Standfast, A. F. B. (1960). A report on laboratory assays carried out at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine on the typhoid vaccines used in the field study in Yugoslavia. Experiments with Vi-negative strains of Salmonella typhi. Bull. World Hlth Org. 23, 3745; 47–52.Google Scholar
Topley, W. W. C., Raistrick, H., Wilson, J., Stacey, M., Challinor, J. W. & Clark, R. O. J. (1937). Immunising potency of antigenic components isolated from different strains of Bact. typhosum. Lancet, i, 252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weil, E. & Felix, A. (1920). Über den Doppelttypus der Rezeptoren in der Typhus-Paratyphus-Gruppe. Z. ImmunForsch, 29, 24.Google Scholar
Wright, A. E. (1896). On the association of serous haemorrhages with conditions of defective blood coagulability. Lancet, ii, 807–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, A. E. & Semple, D. (1897). Remarks on vaccination against typhoid fever. Brit. med. J. i, 256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yugoslav Typhoid Commission (1957). Field and laboratory studies with typhoid vaccines. Bull. World Hlth Org. pp. 897910.Google Scholar