Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:33:12.930Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Knowledge exchange: a review and research agenda for environmental management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2012

IOAN FAZEY ,
ANNA C. EVELY ,
MARK S. REED ,
LINDSAY C. STRINGER ,
JOANNEKE KRUIJSEN ,
PIRAN C. L. WHITE ,
ANDREW NEWSHAM ,
LIXIAN JIN ,
MARTIN CORTAZZI  and
JEREMY PHILLIPSON
...Show all authors
IOAN FAZEY*
Affiliation:
School of Geography and Geosciences, North Street, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, UK
ANNA C. EVELY
Affiliation:
School of Geography and Geosciences, North Street, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, UK
MARK S. REED
Affiliation:
Aberdeen Centre for Environment and Sustainability, Geography and Environment, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, UK
LINDSAY C. STRINGER
Affiliation:
Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
JOANNEKE KRUIJSEN
Affiliation:
Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen AB10 1FR, UK
PIRAN C. L. WHITE
Affiliation:
Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
ANDREW NEWSHAM
Affiliation:
Climate Change Team, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RE, UK
LIXIAN JIN
Affiliation:
De Montfort University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Hawthorn Building, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
MARTIN CORTAZZI
Affiliation:
The Centre for Applied Linguistics, S1.74, Social Studies Building, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
JEREMY PHILLIPSON
Affiliation:
Rural Economy and Land Use Programme (RELU), Centre for Rural Economy, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
KIRSTY BLACKSTOCK
Affiliation:
Social, Economic and Geographical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
NOEL ENTWISTLE
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
WILLIAM SHEATE
Affiliation:
Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
FIONA ARMSTRONG
Affiliation:
Economic and Social Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1UJ, UK
CHRIS BLACKMORE
Affiliation:
The Open University, Department of Communication and Systems, Faculty of Mathematics, Computing and Technology, The Open University, Walton Hall MK7 6AA, UK
JOHN FAZEY
Affiliation:
Ty'n Y Caeau Consultants, Tregarth, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 4BD, UK
JULIE INGRAM
Affiliation:
University of Gloucestershire, The Park, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire GL50 2RH, UK
JON GREGSON
Affiliation:
Institute of Development Studies, Library Road, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK
PHILIP LOWE
Affiliation:
Rural Economy and Land Use Programme (RELU), Centre for Rural Economy, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
SARAH MORTON
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
CHRIS TREVITT
Affiliation:
CEDAM, Chancelry 10T, Ellery Crescent, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
*
*Correspondence: Dr Ioan Fazey e-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

There is increasing emphasis on the need for effective ways of sharing knowledge to enhance environmental management and sustainability. Knowledge exchange (KE) are processes that generate, share and/or use knowledge through various methods appropriate to the context, purpose, and participants involved. KE includes concepts such as sharing, generation, coproduction, comanagement, and brokerage of knowledge. This paper elicits the expert knowledge of academics involved in research and practice of KE from different disciplines and backgrounds to review research themes, identify gaps and questions, and develop a research agenda for furthering understanding about KE. Results include 80 research questions prefaced by a review of research themes. Key conclusions are: (1) there is a diverse range of questions relating to KE that require attention; (2) there is a particular need for research on understanding the process of KE and how KE can be evaluated; and (3) given the strong interdependency of research questions, an integrated approach to understanding KE is required. To improve understanding of KE, action research methodologies and embedding evaluation as a normal part of KE research and practice need to be encouraged. This will foster more adaptive approaches to learning about KE and enhance effectiveness of environmental management.

Keywords

adaptive comanagementdecision-makingenvironmental managementevidence-based conservationknowledge exchangeknowledge managementknowledge transferparticipationresearch impactsocial learning
Type
Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 40 , Issue 1 , March 2013 , pp. 19 - 36
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, W., Hulme, D. & Murphree, M. (2001) Changing Narratives, Policies and Practices in African Conservation’. The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation. Oxford, UK: James Currey.Google Scholar
Alcorn, J.B. (1993) Indigenous peoples and conservation. Conservation Biology 7 (2): 424–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, C. & Stankey, G. (2009) Adaptive Environmental Management: A Practitioner's Guide. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer/CSIRO Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argote, L., McEvily, B. & Reagans, R. (2003) Managing knowledge in organizations: an integrative framework and review of emerging themes. Management Science 49 (4): 571–582.Google Scholar
Armitage, D., Marschke, M. & Plummer, R. (2008) Adaptive co-management and the paradox of learning. Global Environmental Change. Human and Policy Dimensions 18 (1): 86–98.Google Scholar
Armitage, D., Berkes, F., Dale, A., Kocho-Schellenberg, E. & Patton, E. (2011) Co-management and the co-production of knowledge: learning to adapt in Canada's Arctic. Global Environmental Change. Human and Policy Dimensions 21 (3): 995–1004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aswani, S. & Hamilton, R.J. (2004) Integrating indigenous ecological knowledge and customary sea tenure with marine and social science for conservation of bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) in the Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands. Environmental Conservation. 31 (1): 69–83.Google Scholar
Ballinger, R. & Stojanovic, T. (2010) Policy development and the estuary environment: a Severn Estuary case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 61 (1–3): 132–145.Google Scholar
Barnes, B. (1983) Social-life as bootstrapped induction. Sociology 17: 524–545.Google Scholar
Barnes, B. (1988) The Nature of Power. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, B., Bloor, D. & Henry, J. (1996) Scientific Knowledge: a Sociological Analysis. London, UK: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Basso, B. (1996) Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache. Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London, UK: Sage.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. & Bennett, L. (2003) A review of factors that influence the diffusion of innovation when structuring a faculty training program. Internet and Higher Education 6: 53–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkes, F., Colding, J. & Folke, C. (2003) Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Best, A. & Holmes, B. (2010) Systems thinking, knowledge and action: towards better models and methods. Evidence and Policy 6 (2): 145–159.Google Scholar
Bienabe, E. & Hearne, R.R. (2006) Public preferences for biodiversity conservation and scenic beauty within a framework of environmental services payments. Forest Policy and Economics 9 (4): 335–348.Google Scholar
Bierly, P.E., Kessler, E.H. & Christensen, E.W. (2000) Organizational learning, knowledge and wisdom. Journal of Organizational Change Management 13 (6): 595–618.Google Scholar
Blackstock, K.L., Ingram, J., Burton, R., Brown, K.M. & Slee, B. (2011) Understanding and influencing behaviour change by farmers to improve water quality. Science of the Total Environment 408 (23): 5631–5638.Google Scholar
Blaikie, P., Brown, K., Stocking, M., Tang, L., Dixon, P. & Sillitoe, P. (1997) Knowledge in action: local knowledge as a development resource and barriers to its incorporation in natural resource research and development. Agricultural Systems 55 (2): 217–237.Google Scholar
Bloom, B., Englehart, M., Furst, E., Hill, W. & Krathwohl, D. (1956) Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. New York, NY, USA: Longmans.Google Scholar
Bloor, D. (1991) Knowledge and Social Imagery. Chicago, USA and London, UK: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, G.A. & Borchers, J.G. (2000) Uncertainty as information: narrowing the science-policy gap. Conservation Ecology 4 (1): art 7 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol4/iss1/art7/Google Scholar
Bransford, J. D., Brown, A.L. & Cocking, R.R. (2000) How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Brockington, D. (2002) Fortress Conservation: the Preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania. London, UK: The International African Institute in association with James Currey, Oxford; Mkuki Na Nyota, Dar es Salaam; Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis.Google Scholar
Brugnach, M. & Ingram, H. (2012) Ambiguity: the challenge of knowing and deciding together. Environmental Science and Policy 15 (1): 60–71.Google Scholar
Bucciarelli, L.L. (1988) An ethnographic perspective on engineering design. Design Studies 9 (3): 159–168.Google Scholar
Campbell, L.M. & Vainio-Mattila, A. (2003) Participatory development and community-based conservation: opportunities missed for lessons learned? Human Ecology 31 (3): 417–437.Google Scholar
Cash, D.W., Clark, W.C., Alcock, F., Dickson, N.M., Eckley, N., Guston, D.H., Jäger, J. & Mitchell, R.B. (2003) Knowledge systems for sustainable development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100 (14): 8086–8091.Google Scholar
Chambers, R. (1997) Whose Reality Counts?: Putting the First Last. London, UK: ITDG Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Checkland, P.B. (1998) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Choi, B.C.K., Pang, T., Lin, V., Puska, P., Sherman, G., Goddard, M., Ackland, M.J., Sainsbury, P., Stachenko, S., Morrison, H. & Clottey, C. (2005) Can scientists and policy makers work together? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59 (8): 632–637.Google Scholar
Cortazzi, M. & Jin, L. (1999) Bridges to learning: metaphors of teaching, learning and language. In: Researching and Appling Metaphor, ed. Cameron, L. & Low, G., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cortazzi, M. & Jin, L. (2002) Cultures of learning: the social construction of educational identities. In: Discourses in Search of Members, in Honor of Ron Scollon., ed. Li, D.C.S., pp. 49–78. Lanham, USA: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Cortazzi, M., Pilcher, N. & Jin, L. (2011) Language choices and ‘blind shadows’: investigating interviews with Chinese participants. Qualitative Research 11 (5): 505–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cranford, M. & Mourato, S. (2011) Community conservation and a two-stage approach to payments for ecosystem services. Ecological Economics 71: 89–98.Google Scholar
Cribb, J. & Hartomom, T. S. (2002) Sharing Knowledge: A Guide to Effective Science Communication. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.Google Scholar
Cundill, G.N.R., Fabricius, C. & Marti, N. (2005) Foghorns to the future: using knowledge and transdisciplinarity to navigate complex systems. Ecology and Society 10 (2): art 8 [www document]. URL www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss2/art8/ES-2005-1444.pdfGoogle Scholar
Davies, H., Nutley, S. & Walter, I. (2008) Why ‘knowledge transfer’ is misconceived for applied social research. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 13 (3): 188–190.Google Scholar
Dobbins, M., Hanna, S.E., Ciliska, D., Manske, S., Cameron, R., Mercer, S.L., O'Mara, L., DeCorby, K. & Robeson, P. (2009) A randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of knowledge translation and exchange strategies. Implementation Science 4 (1): 61.Google Scholar
Duchelle, A.E., Biedenweg, K., Lucas, C., Virapongse, A., Radachowsky, J., Wojcik, D.J., Londres, M., Bartels, W.L., Alvira, D. & Kainer, K.A. (2009) Graduate students and knowledge exchange with local stakeholders: possibilities and preparation. Biotropica 41 (5): 578–585.Google Scholar
Dwivedi, Y.K., Venkitachalam, K., Sharif, A.M., Al-Karaghouli, W. & Weerakkody, V. (2011) Research trends in knowledge management: analyzing the past and predicting the future. Information Systems Management 28 (1): 43–56.Google Scholar
Entwistle, N. (2001) Styles of learning and approaches to studying in higher education. Kybernetes 30 (5–6): 593–602.Google Scholar
Entwistle, N. & Smith, C. (2002) Personal understanding and target understanding: mapping influences on the outcomes of learning. British Journal of Educational Psychology 72: 321–342.Google Scholar
European Communities (2006) Evaluation methods for the European Union's External Assistance. Volume 1: Methodological Bases for Evaluation. Luxemburg: European Commission [www document]. URL http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/evaluation/methodology/examples/guide1_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Evely, A., Fazey, I., Reed, A.E. & Stringer, L. (2012) Designing knowledge exchange for resilience: how people view and construct knowledge matters. Sustainable Learning Working Paper Series no. 2 [www document]. URL http://sustainable-learning.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Evely-et-al-2012-Sustainable-Learning-Working-Paper-Series-No.-2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Evely, A.C., Fazey, I., Pinard, M. & Lambin, X. (2008) The influence of philosophical perspectives in integrative research: a conservation case study in the Cairngorms National Park. Ecology and Society 13 (2): art 52 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art52/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evely, A.C., Pinard, M., Reed, M. S. & Fazey, I. (2011) High levels of participation in conservation projects enhance learning. Conservation Letters 4 (2): 116–126.Google Scholar
Fazey, I. (2010) Resilience and higher order thinking. Ecology and Society 15 (3): art 9 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss3/art9/Google Scholar
Fazey, I., Fazey, J.A. & Fazey, D.M.A. (2005 a) Learning more effectively from experience. Ecology and Society 10 (2): Art 4 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss2/art4/Google Scholar
Fazey, I., Fischer, J. & Lindenmayer, D.B. (2005 b) What do conservation biologists publish? Biological Conservation 124 (1): 63–73.Google Scholar
Fazey, I., Fazey, J.A., Salisbury, J.G., Lindenmayer, D.B. & Dovers, S. (2006) The nature and role of experiential knowledge for environmental conservation. Environmental Conservation 33 (1): 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fazey, I., Kesby, M., Evely, A., Latham, I., Wagatora, D., Hagasua, J.E., Reed, M.S. & Christie, M. (2010) A three-tiered approach to participatory vulnerability assessment in the Solomon Islands. Global Environmental Change. Human and Policy Dimensions 20 (4): 713–728.Google Scholar
Fetterman, D. & Wandersman, A. (2005) Empowerment Evaluation: Principles in Practice. New York, NY, USA and London, UK: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, J., Dyball, R., Fazey, I., Dovers, S., Ehrlich, P.R., Gross, C., Brulle, R.J., Christenson, C. & Borden, R.J. (2012) Human behaviour and sustainability. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10: 153–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, M. & Gordon, C. (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972/1977. Brighton, UK: Harvester Press.Google Scholar
Francis, R.A. & Goodman, M.K. (2011) Post-normal science and the art of nature conservation. Journal for Nature Conservation 18 (2): 89–105.Google Scholar
Funtowicz, S.O. & Ravetz, J.R. (1993) Science for the post-normal age. Futures 25 (7): 739–755.Google Scholar
Gallopin, G.C., Funtowicz, S., O'Connor, M. & Ravetz, J. (2001) Science for the twenty-first century: from social contract to the scientific core. International Social Science Journal 53 (2): 219.Google Scholar
Garnett, S.T., Crowley, G.M., Hunter-Xenie, H., Kozanayi, W., Sithole, B., Palmer, C., Southgate, R. & Zander, K.K. (2009) Transformative knowledge transfer through empowering and paying community researchers. Biotropica 41 (5): 571–577.Google Scholar
Gaventa, J. (2004) Towards participatory governance: assessing the transformative possibilities. In: Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation?, ed. Hickey, S. & Mohan, G., pp. 25–41. London, UK: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Gerrish, K., McDonnell, A., Nolan, M., Guillaume, L., Kirshbaum, M. & Tod, A. (2011) The role of advanced practice nurses in knowledge brokering as a means of promoting evidence-based practice among clinical nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing 67 (9): 2004–2014.Google Scholar
Glass, J.H., Scott, A.J. & Price, M.F. (2012) The power of the process: co-producing a sustainability assessment toolkit for upland estate management in Scotland. Land Use Policy 30 (1): 254–265.Google Scholar
Gould, R.V. & Fernandez, R.M. (1989) Structures of mediation: a formal approach to brokerage in transaction networks. Sociological Methodology 19: 89–126.Google Scholar
Graham, I D., Logan, J., Harrison, M.B., Straus, S.E., Tetroe, J., Caswell, W. & Robinson, N. (2006) Lost in knowledge translation: time for a map? The Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 26 (1): 13–24.Google Scholar
Hage, M., Leroy, P. & Petersen, A.C. (2010) Stakeholder participation in environmental knowledge production. Futures 42 (3): 254–264.Google Scholar
Hahn, T., Olsson, P., Folke, C. & Johansson, K. (2006) Trust-building, knowledge generation and organizational innovations: the role of a bridging organization for adaptive comanagement of a wetland landscape around Kristianstad, Sweden. Human Ecology 34 (4): 573–592.Google Scholar
Hickey, S. & Mohan, G. (2004) Participation, from Tyranny to Transformation?: Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. London, UK and New York, NY, USA: ZED Books.Google Scholar
Hofer, B.K. (2000) Dimensionality and disciplinary differences in personal epistemology. Contemporary Educational Psychology 25 (4): 378–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, P. (1998) The Man Who Loved Only Numbers: The Story of Paul Erdös and the Search for Mathematical Truth. New York, NY, USA: Hyperion.Google Scholar
Hogan, C. (2002) Understanding Facilitation. London, UK: Kogan Page Ltd.Google Scholar
Ingram, H. & Stern, P. (2007) Research and Networks for Decision Support in the NOAA Sectoral Applications Research Program. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Irvin, R.A. & Stansbury, J. (2004) Citizen participation in decision making: is it worth the effort? Public Administration Review 64 (1): 55–65.Google Scholar
Johnson, F.A. (2011) Learning and adaptation in the management of waterfowl harvests. Journal of Environmental Management 92 (5): 1385–1394.Google Scholar
Kapoor, I. (2002) The devil's in the theory: a critical assessment of Robert Chambers’ work on participatory development. Third World Quarterly 23 (1): 101–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenter, J.O., Hyde, T., Christie, M. & Fazey, I. (2011) The importance of deliberation in valuing ecosystem services in developing countries. Evidence from the Solomon Islands. Global Environmental Change. Human and Policy Dimensions 21 (2): 505–521.Google Scholar
Klerkx, L. & Leeuwis, C. (2008) Matching demand and supply in the agricultural knowledge infrastructure: experiences with innovation intermediaries. Food Policy 33 (3): 260–276.Google Scholar
Kruijsen, J.H.J. (1999) Photovoltaic Technology Diffusion. Eburon, Delft, the Netherlands: Contact & Interact.Google Scholar
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980) Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lane, J.P. & Rogers, J.D. (2011) Engaging national organizations for knowledge translation: comparative case studies in knowledge value mapping. Implementation Science 6: 106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lansing, J.S. (1991) Priests and Programmers: Technologies of Power in the Engineered Landscape of Bali. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lawler, J.J., Aukema, J.E., Grant, J.B., Halpern, B.S., Kareiva, P., Nelson, C.R., Ohleth, K., Olden, J.D., Schlaepfer, M.A., Silliman, B.R. & Zaradic, P. (2006) Conservation science: a 20-year report card. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4 (9): 473–480.Google Scholar
Laycock, H., Moran, D., Smart, J., Raffaelli, D. & White, P. (2009) Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of conservation: the UK biodiversity action plan. Biological Conservation 142: 3120–3127.Google Scholar
Laycock, H.F., Moran, D., Smart, J.C.R., Raffaelli, D. & White, P.C.L. (2011) Evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of biodiversity conservation spending. Ecological Economics 70: 1789–1796.Google Scholar
Lee, K.N. (1999) Appraising adaptive management. Conservation Ecology 3 (2): 3.Google Scholar
Lukman, R., Krajnc, D. & Glavič, P. (2009) Fostering collaboration between universities regarding regional sustainability initiatives: the University of Maribor. Journal of Cleaner Production 17 (12): 1143–1153.Google Scholar
Marshall, G.R. (2008) Testing, subsidiarity, and community-based environmental governance beyond the local level. International Journal of the Commons 2 (1): 75–97.Google Scholar
Meyer, M. (2011) The rise of the knowledge broker. Science Communication 32 (1): 118–127.Google Scholar
Nonaka, I., Toyama, R. & Konno, N. (2000) SECI, ba and leadership: a unified model of dynamic knowledge creation. Long Range Planning 33 (1): 5–34.Google Scholar
Nowotny, H., Scott, P. & Gibbons, M. (2001) Re-Thinking Science: Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Nutley, S., Morton, S., Jung, T. & Boaz, A. (2010) Evidence and policy in six European countries: diverse approaches and common challenges. Evidence and Policy 6 (2): 131–144.Google Scholar
Parfitt, T. (2004) The ambiguity of participation: a qualified defence of participatory development. Third World Quarterly 25 (3): 537–556.Google Scholar
Partidário, M.R. & Sheate, W.R. (2013) Knowledge brokerage: potential for increased capacities and shared power in impact assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment Review (in press) [www document].URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2012.02.002Google Scholar
Phillipson, J., Lowe, P., Proctor, A. & Ruto, E. (2012) Stakeholder engagement and knowledge exchange in environmental research. Journal of Environmental Management 95: 56–65.Google Scholar
Prager, K., Reed, M. & Scott, A. (2012) Encouraging collaboration for the provision of ecosystem services at a landscape scale: rethinking agri-environmental payments. Land Use Policy 29 (1): 244–249.Google Scholar
Pretty, J. (2011) Interdisciplinary progress in approaches to address social-ecological and ecocultural systems. Environmental Conservation 38 (2): 127–139.Google Scholar
Proctor, A., Phillipson, J., Lowe, P. & Donaldson, A. (2011) Field advisors as agents of knowledge exchange. Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Policy and Practice Note, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.Google Scholar
Pullin, A.S. & Knight, T.M. (2001) Effectiveness in conservation practice: pointers from medicine and public health. Conservation Biology 15 (1): 50–54.Google Scholar
Raymond, C.M., Fazey, I., Reed, M.S., Stringer, L.C., Robinson, G.M. & Evely, A.C. (2010) Integrating local and scientific knowledge for environmental management. Journal of Environmental Management 91 (8): 1766–1777.Google Scholar
Research Councils UK (2009) Excellence with impact: framework for the future. Report. Research Councils UK, Swindon, UK.Google Scholar
Reed, M.S. (2008) Stakeholder participation for environmental management: a literature review. Biological Conservation 141 (10): 2417–2431.Google Scholar
Reed, M.S., Graves, A., Dandy, N., Posthumus, H., Hubacek, K., Morris, J., Prell, C., Quinn, C. H. & Stringer, L.C. (2009) Who's in and why? A typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management. Journal of Environmental Management 90 (5): 1933–1949.Google Scholar
Reiche, B.S., Harzing, A.-W. & Kraimer, M.L. (2009) The role of international assignees’ social capital in creating inter-unit intellectual capital: a cross-level model. Journal of International Business Studies 40 (3): 509–526.Google Scholar
Reid, K.A., Williams, K.J.H. & Paine, M.S. (2011) Hybrid knowledge: place, practice, and knowing in a volunteer ecological restoration project. Ecology and Society 16 (3): art 19 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss3/art19/ES-2011-4234.pdfGoogle Scholar
Rogers, E.M. (1995) Diffusion of Innovations. New York, NY, USA: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Rowe, G. & Frewer, L.J. (2004) Evaluating public-participation exercises: a research agenda. Science Technology and Human Values 29 (4): 512–557.Google Scholar
Salafsky, N., Margoluis, R., Redford, K.H. & Robinson, J.G. (2002) Improving the practice of conservation: a conceptual framework and research agenda for conservation science. Conservation Biology 16 (6): 1469–1479.Google Scholar
Salafsky, N., Cauley, H., Balachander, G., Cordes, B., Parks, J., Margoluis, C., Bhatt, S., Encarnacion, C., Russell, D. & Margoluis, R. (2001) A systematic test of an enterprise strategy for community-based biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology 15 (6): 1585–1595.Google Scholar
Sanchez, L.E. & Morrison-Saunders, A. (2011) Learning about knowledge management for improving environmental impact assessment in a government agency: the Western Australian experience. Journal of Environmental Management 92 (9): 2260–2271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, F., Ledermann, T., Rist, S. & Fry, P. (2009) Social learning processes in Swiss soil protection: the ‘From Farmer - To Farmer’ project. Human Ecology 37 (4): 475–489.Google Scholar
Scollon, R. & Scollon, S.W. (1981) Narrative, Literacy and Face in Interethnic Communication. Norwood, NJ, USA: Ablex Publishing.Google Scholar
Scollon, R. & Scollon, S.W. (2001) Intercultural Communication, a Discourse Approach. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Sheate, W.R. & Partidário, M.R. (2010) Strategic approaches and assessment techniques: potential for knowledge brokerage towards sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 30 (4): 278–288.Google Scholar
Sheikheldin, G., Krantzberg, G. & Schaefer, K. (2011) Science-seeking behaviour of conservation authorities in Ontario. Environmental Management 45 (5): 912–921.Google Scholar
Shove, E. & Rip, A. (2000) Users and unicorns: a discussion of mythical beasts in interactive science. Science and Public Policy 27 (3): 175–182.Google Scholar
Shufflebeam, D.L. & Shinkfield, A.J. (2007) Evaluation Theory, Models and Applications. San Francisco, CA, USA: Jossey Bass.Google Scholar
Sorensen, C.G., Fountas, S., Nash, E., Pesonen, L., Bochtis, D., Pedersen, S.M., Basso, B. & Blackmore, S.B. (2010) Conceptual model of a future farm management information system. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 72 (1): 37–47.Google Scholar
Soulé, M.E. (1985) What is conservation biology. Bioscience 35 (11): 727–734.Google Scholar
Steffen, W., Sanderson, A., Tyson, P.D., Jäger, J., Matson, P.A., Moore, B. III, Oldfield, F., Richardson, K., Schellnhuber, H.-J., Turner, B.L. II & Wasson, R.J. (2004) Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure. Berlin, Germany: Springer.Google Scholar
Sustainable Learning, Natural Environment Research Council & Living With Environmental Change (2011) Guidelines to knowledge exchange: draft document [www document]. URL http://sustainable-learning.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Integrated-Guidelines-vs1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ting-Toomey, S. (1999) Communicating Across Cultures. New York, NY, USA: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Tress, G., Tress, B. & Fry, G. (2005) Clarifying integrative research concepts in landscape ecology. Landscape Ecology 20 (4): 479–493.Google Scholar
Trevitt, C. (2008) Learning in academia is more than academic learning: action research in academic practice for and with medical academics. Educational Action Research 16 (4): 495–515.Google Scholar
UNESCO (1998) The role of science and technology in society and governance. Toward a new contract between science and society. Executive summary of the report of the North American Meeting held in advance of the World Conference on Science. UNESCO, Budapest, Hungary [www document]. URL http://www.unesco.org/science/wcs/meetings/eur_alberta_98_e.htmGoogle Scholar
Valente, T. (1996) Social network tresholds in the diffusion of innovations. Social Networks 18 (1): 69–89.Google Scholar
Verbeke, W., Dietz, B. & Verwaal, E. (2011) Drivers of sales performance: a contemporary meta-analysis. Have salespeople become knowledge brokers? Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 39 (3): 407–428.Google Scholar
Ward, V.L., House, A.O. & Hamer, S. (2009) Knowledge brokering: exploring the process of transferring knowledge into action. BMC Health Services Research 9: art 12 [www document]. URL http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/9/12/Google Scholar
Webler, T., Tuler, S. & Krueger, R. (2001) What is a good public participation process? Five perspectives from the public. Environmental Management 27 (3): 435–450.Google Scholar
Whiteley, J., Ingram, H. & Perry, R. (2008) Water, Place and Equity. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Williams, G., Veron, R., Corbridge, S. & Srivastava, M. (2003) Participation and power: poor people's engagement with India's employment assurance scheme. Development and Change 34 (1): 163–192.Google Scholar
Zukoski, A. & Luluquisen, M. (2002) Participatory evaluation. What is it? Why do it? What are the challenges? Community-based Public Health Policy and Practice 5: 1–6.Google Scholar