Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T16:24:04.512Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Integrating environmental policies towards a network of protected and quiet areas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2013

NEFTA-ELEFTHERIA P. VOTSI*
Affiliation:
Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, 54124, UP Box 119, Thessaloniki, Greece
ATHANASIOS S. KALLIMANIS
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, 30100, Seferi 2, Agrinio, Greece Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 30100, Seferi 2, Agrinio, Greece
ANTONIOS D. MAZARIS
Affiliation:
Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, 54124, UP Box 119, Thessaloniki, Greece
JOHN D. PANTIS
Affiliation:
Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, 54124, UP Box 119, Thessaloniki, Greece
*
*Correspondence: Ms Nefta-Eleftheria Petros Votsi Tel: +30 2310 998254 Fax: +30 2310 998379 e-mail: [email protected]

Summary

Environmental policy integration is an acknowledged principle of sustainable development. Spatial planning may be a useful means of integrating two policies with differing objectives. The Birds and Habitats Directives of the European Union (EU) aim at preserving biodiversity through the conservation of the Natura 2000 protected areas network, while the EU's Environmental Noise Directive aims at improving human health and wellbeing by controlling environmental noise, through the preservation of Quiet Areas (QAs). Using Greece as an example, an integrated network of Natura 2000 sites and QAs permitted the identification of potential spatial overlaps. The established Natura 2000 network incorporates more than 30% of the QAs located in the open countryside of Greece, and the combined network includes 17 out of the 19 conservation priority habitat types. Flagship species (like bear, wolf and wild goat) show a preference for sites containing QAs. It may be possible to combine these two EU policies efficiently, as protected and quiet areas appear to be mutually beneficial.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, W.M., Aveling, R., Brockington, D., Dickson, B., Elliott, J., Hutton, J., Roe, D., Vira, B. & Wolmer, W. (2004) Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty. Science 306: 11461149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apostolopoulou, E. & Pantis, J.D. (2009) Conceptual gaps in the national strategy for the implementation of the European Natura 2000 conservation policy in Greece. Biological Conservation 142: 221237.Google Scholar
Apostolopoulou, E., Drakou, E.G., Santoro, F. & Pantis, J.D. (2012) Investigating the barriers to adopting a ‘human-in-nature’ view in Greek biodiversity conservation. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 19: 515525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Araújo, M.B., Lobo, J.M. & Moreno, J.C. (2007) The effectiveness of Iberian protected areas in conserving terrestrial biodiversity. Conservation Biology 21: 14231432.Google Scholar
Araújo, M.B., Alagador, D., Cabeza, M., Nogués-Bravo, D. & Thuiller, W. (2011) Climate change threatens European conservation areas. Ecology Letters 14: 484492.Google Scholar
Baldock, D. & Beaufoy, G. (1993) Nature conservation and new directions in the EC common agricultural policy. Report for the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries, Arnhem, The Netherlands, and Institute for European Environmental Policy, London, UK.Google Scholar
Barber, J.R., Crooks, K.R. & Fristrup, K.M. (2009) The costs of chronic noise exposure for terrestrial organisms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25: 180189.Google Scholar
Barber, J.R., Burdett, C.L., Reed, S.E., Warner, K.A., Formicella, C., Crooks, K.R., Theobald, D.M. & Fristrup, K.M. (2011) Anthropogenic noise exposure in protected natural areas: estimating the scale of ecological consequences. Landscape Ecology 26: 12811295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barthel, S., Colding, J., Elmqvist, T. & Folke, C. (2005) History and local management of a biodiversityrich, urban cultural landscape. Ecology and Society 10 (2): 10 [www document] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss2/art10/ Google Scholar
Bastian, O. (2013) The role of biodiversity in supporting ecosystem services in Natura 2000 sites. Ecological Indicators 24: 1222.Google Scholar
Bayne, E.M., Habib, L. & Boutin, S. (2008) Impacts of chronic anthropogenic noise from energy: sector activity on abundance of songbirds in the boreal forest. Conservation Biology 22: 11861193.Google Scholar
Beaufoy, G. (1998) The EU Habitats Directive in Spain: can it contribute effectively to the conservation of extensive agroecosystems? Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 974978.Google Scholar
Belojevic, G., Paunovic, K., Jakovljevic, B., Stojanov, V., Ilic, J., Slepcevic, V. & Saric-Tanaskovic, M. (2011) Cardiovascular effects of environmental noise: research in Serbia. Noise and Health 13: 217220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benfield, J.A., Bell, P.A., Troup, L.J. & Soderstrom, N. (2010) Does anthropogenic noise in National Parks impair memory? Environment and Behavior 42: 693701.Google Scholar
Benítez-López, A., Alkemade, R. & Verweij, P.A. (2010) The impacts of roads and other infrastructure on mammal and bird populations: a meta-analysis. Biological Conservation 143: 13071316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertzky, B., Corrigan, C., Kemsey, J., Kenney, S., Ravilious, C., Besançon, C. & Burgess, N. (2012) Protected Planet Report 2012: Tracking progress towards global targets for protected areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Breitenmoser, U. (1998). Large predators in the Alps: the fall and rise of man's competitors. Biological Conservation 83: 279289.Google Scholar
Carles, J.L., Barrio, I.L. & de Lucio, J.V. (1999) Sound influence on landscape values. Landscape and Urban Planning 43: 191200.Google Scholar
Clevenger, A.P. & Waltho, N. (2005) Performance indices to identify attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals. Biological Conservation 121: 453464.Google Scholar
Collier, U. (1994) Energy and Environment in the European Union. Aldershot, UK: Avebury.Google Scholar
COM (1996) Commission of the European Communities. Final future noise policy. European Commission, Green Paper, Office for publication of the European communities, Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
COM (2011) Commission of the European Communities. Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
Cosens, S.E. & Falls, J.B. (1984) A comparison of sound propagation and song frequency in temperate marsh and grassland habitats. Behavior Ecology and Sociobiology 15: 161170.Google Scholar
Crist, M.R., Wilmer, B. & Aplet, G.H. (2005) Assessing the value of roadless areas in a conservation reserve strategy: biodiversity and landscape connectivity in the northern Rockies. Journal of Applied Ecology 42: 181191.Google Scholar
Drew, J.A. & Henne, A.P. (2006) Conservation biology and traditional ecological knowledge: Integrating academic disciplines for better conservation practice. Ecology and Society 11: 34 [www document]. URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art34/ Google Scholar
Dudley, N. (2008) Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Eggenberger, M. & Partidario, M. (2000) Development of a framework to assist the integration of environmental, social and economic issues in spatial planning. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 18: 201207.Google Scholar
Faith, D.P. & Walker, P.A. (1996) Environmental diversity: on the best-possible use of surrogate data for assessing the relative biodiversity of sets of areas. Biodiversity and Conservation 5: 399415.Google Scholar
Gale, R.J.P. (1991) Environment and development: attitudinal impediments to policy integration. Environmental Conservation 18: 228236.Google Scholar
Gander, H. & Ingold, P. (1997) Reactions of male alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) to hikers, joggers and mountainbikers. Biological Conservation 79: 107109.Google Scholar
Gaston, K.J., Jackson, S.F., Nagy, A., Cantú-Salazar, L. & Johnson, M. (2008) Protected areas in Europe. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1134: 97119.Google Scholar
Gidlöf-Gunnarsson, A. & Öhrström, E. (2007) Noise and well-being in urban residential environments: the potential role of perceived availability to nearby green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning 83: 115–26.Google Scholar
Gladwin, T.N. & Royston, M.G. (1975) An environmentally-oriented mode of industrial project planning. Environmental Conservation 2: 189198.Google Scholar
Gontier, M., Balfors, B. & Mörtberg, U. (2006) Biodiversity in environmental assessment: current practice and tools for prediction. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 26: 268286.Google Scholar
Green, M.J. & Paine, J. (1997) State of the World's Protected Areas at the End of the Twentieth Century. IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Symposium on ‘Protected Areas in the 21st Century: From Islands to Networks’ Albany, Australia. UNCEP-WCMC, Cambrudge, UK [www document]. URL http://archive.org/details/stateofworldspro97gree Google Scholar
Groves, C.R., Jensen, D.B., Valutis, L.L., Redford, K.H., Shaffer, M.L., Scott, J.M., Baumgartner, J.V., Higgins, J.V., Beck, M.W. & Anderson, M. G. (2002) Planning for biodiversity conservation: putting conservation science into practice. BioScience 52: 499512.Google Scholar
Haren, A.M. (2007) Reducing noise pollution from commercial shipping in the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary: a case study in marine protected area management of underwater noise. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 10: 153173.Google Scholar
Harrison, D.J. & Chapin, T.G. (1998) Extent and connectivity of habitat for wolves in Eastern North America. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26: 767775.Google Scholar
Hatch, L., Clark, C., Merrick, R., Van Parijs, S., Ponirakis, D., Schwehr, K., Thompson, M. & Wiley, D. (2008) Characterizing the relative contributions of large vessels to total ocean noise fields: a case study using the Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Environmental Management 42: 735752.Google Scholar
Hertin, J. & Berkhout, F. (2003) Analysing institutional strategies for environmental policy integration: the case of EU enterprise policy. Journal of Environmental Policy Planning 5: 3956.Google Scholar
Hezri, A.A. (2004) Sustainability indicator system and policy processes in Malaysia: a framework for utilisation and learning. Journal of Environmental Management 73: 357371.Google Scholar
Hideki, S., Toshiaki, T. & Nobuo, M. (2006) Sound transmission in the habitats of Japanese macaques and its possible effect on population differences in coo calls. Behavior 143: 9931012.Google Scholar
Cage, Joo, W., S.H. & Kasten, E.P. (2011) Analysis and interpretation of variability in soundscapes along an urban–rural gradient. Landscape and Urban Planning 103: 259276.Google Scholar
Joppa, L.N. & Pfaff, A. (2009) High and far: biases in the location of protected areas. PLoS One 4: e8273.Google Scholar
Joppa, L.N. & Pfaff, A. (2011) Global protected area impacts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 16331638.Google Scholar
Kallimanis, A.S., Tsiafouli, M.A., Pantis, J.D., Mazaris, A.D., Matsinos, Y. & Sgardelis, S.P. (2008) Arable land and habitat diversity in Natura 2000 sites in Greece. Journal of Biological Research 9: 5566.Google Scholar
Karjalainen, E., Sarjala, T. & Raitio, H. (2010) Promoting human health through forests: overview and major challenges. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 15: 18.Google Scholar
King, E.A., Murphy, E. & Rice, H.J. (2011) Implementation of the EU environmental noise directive: Lessons from the first phase of strategic noise mapping and action planning in Ireland. Journal of Environmental Management 92: 756764.Google Scholar
Kobler, A. & Adamic, M. (2000) Identifying brown bear habitat by a combined GIS and machine learning method. Ecological Modelling 135: 291300.Google Scholar
Lafferty, W.M. & Hovden, E. (2003) Environmental policy integration: towards an analytical framework. Environmental Politics 12: 122.Google Scholar
Legakis, A. & Maragkou, P. (2009) The Red Data Book of Threatened Animals in Greece. Athens, Greece: Hellenic Zoological Society.Google Scholar
Lenschow, A. (2002) Environmental Policy Integration: Greening Sectoral Policies in Europe. London, UK: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Leroux, S.J. & Kerr, J.T. (2013) Land development in and around protected areas at the wilderness frontier. Conservation Biology 27: 166176.Google Scholar
Lin, S.C. (2006) The ecologically ideal road density for small islands: the case of Kinmen. Ecological Engineering 27: 8492.Google Scholar
Locke, H. & Dearden, P. (2005) Rethinking protected area categories and the new paradigm. Environmental Conservation 32: 110.Google Scholar
Lundqvist, L.J. (2000) Capacity-building or social construction? Explaining Sweden's shift towards ecological modernization. Geoforum 31: 2132.Google Scholar
Mace, B.L., Bell, P.A. & Loomis, R.J. (2004) Visibility and natural quiet in national parks and wilderness areas: psychological considerations. Environment and Behavior 36: 531.Google Scholar
Mackelworth, P. (2012) Peace parks and transboundary initiatives: implications for marine conservation and spatial planning. Conservation Letters 5: 9098.Google Scholar
Maffei, L., Iachini, T., Masullo, M., Aletta, F., Sorrentino, F., Senese, V.P. & Ruotolo, F. (2013) The effects of vision-related aspects on noise perception of wind turbines in quiet areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10: 16811697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Margules, C.R. & Pressey, R.L. (2000) Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405: 243253.Google Scholar
Mascia, M.B., Brosius, J.P., Dobson, T.A., Forbes, B.C., Horowitz, L., McKean, M.A. & Turner, N.J. (2003) Conservation and the social sciences. Conservation Biology 17: 649650.Google Scholar
Mertzanis, Y., Ioannis, I., Mavridis, A., Nikolaou, O., Riegler, S., Riegler, A. & Tragos, A. (2005) Movements, activity patterns and home range of a female brown bear (Ursus arctos, L.) in the Rodopi Mountain Range, Greece. Belgian Journal of Zoology 135: 217221.Google Scholar
Mertzanis, G., Kallimanis, A.S., Kanellopoulos, N., Sgardelis, S.P., Tragos, A. & Aravidis, I. (2008) Brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) habitat use patterns in two regions of northern Pindos, Greece–management implications. Journal of Natural History 42: 301315.Google Scholar
Mikkonen, N. & Moilanen, A. (2013) Identification of top priority areas and management landscapes from a national Natura 2000 network. Environmental Science and Policy 27: 1120.Google Scholar
Mladenoff, D.J., Sickley, T.A., Haight, R.G. & Wydeven, A.P. (1995) A regional landscape analysis and prediction of favorable gray wolf habitat in the northern Great Lakes region. Conservation Biology 9: 279294.Google Scholar
Nielsen, T. S. & Hansen, K.B. (2007) Do green areas affect health? Results from a Danish survey on the use of green areas and health indicators. Health and Place 13: 839850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nilsson, M. & Eckerberg, K. (2007) Environmental Policy Integration in Practice. Shaping Institutions for Learning. London, UK: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Norris, K. (2008) Agriculture and biodiversity conservation: opportunity knocks. Conservation Letters 1: 211.Google Scholar
Öhrström, E., Skånberg, A., Svensson, H. & Gidlöf-Gunnarsson, A. (2006) Effects of road traffic noise and the benefit of access to quietness. Journal of Sound and Vibration 295: 4059.Google Scholar
Papaioannou, H.I. & Kati, V.I. (2007) Current status of the Balkan chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica) in Greece: implications for conservation. Belgian Journal of Zoology 137: 3339.Google Scholar
Passchier-Vermeer, W. & Passchier, W.F. (2000) Noise exposure and public health. Environmental Health Perspectives 108: 123–31.Google Scholar
Parks, S.A. & Harcourt, A.H. (2002) Reserve size, local human density, and mammalian extinctions in US protected areas. Conservation Biology 16: 800808.Google Scholar
Queffelec, B., Cummins, V. & Bailly, D. (2009) Integrated management of marine biodiversity in Europe: perspectives from Iczm and the Evolving EU maritime policy framework. Marine Policy 33: 871877.Google Scholar
Reed, S.E. & Merenlender, A.M. (2008) Quiet, nonconsumptive recreation reduces protected area effectiveness. Conservation Letters 1: 146154.Google Scholar
Selva, N., Kreft, S., Kati, V., Schluck, M., Jonsson, B.G., Mihok, B., Okarma, H. & Ibisch, P.L. (2011) Roadless and low-traffic areas as conservation targets in Europe. Environmental Management 48: 865877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simon, D. (1989) Sustainable development: theoretical construct or attainable goal? Environmental Conservation 16: 4148.Google Scholar
Slabbekoorn, H. & Ripmeester, E.A. (2008) Birdsong and anthropogenic noise: implications and applications for conservation. Molecular Ecology 17: 7283.Google Scholar
Stansfeld, S., Haines, M. & Brown, B. (2000) Noise and health in the urban environment. Reviews on Environmental Health 15: 4382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stringer, L.C. & Dougill, A.J. (2013) Channelling science into policy: enabling best practices from research on land degradation and sustainable land management in dryland Africa. Journal of Environmental Management 114: 328335.Google Scholar
Swaddle, J. P. & Page, L.C. (2007) High levels of environmental noise erode pair preferences in zebra finches: implications for noise pollution. Animal Behaviour 74: 363368.Google Scholar
Thiel, R.R. (1985) Relationship between road densities and habitat suitability in Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist 113: 404407.Google Scholar
Tsiafouli, M.A., Apostolopoulou, E., Mazaris, A.D., Kallimanis, A.S., Drakou, E.G. & Pantis, J.D. (2013) Human activities in Natura 2000 Sites: a highly diversified conservation network. Environmental Management 51: 10251033.Google Scholar
Tsianou, A.D., Mazaris, A.D., Kallimanis, A.S., Deligioridi, P.S.K., Apostolopoulou, A. & Pantis, J.D. (2013) The criteria underlying the political decision for the prioritization of the Greek Natura 2000 conservation network. Biological Conservation (in press).Google Scholar
Tsing, A.L., Brosius, J.P. & Zerner, C. (2005) Introduction: raising questions about communities and conservation. In: Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community-based Natural Resource Management, Volume 3, ed. Brosius, J.P., Tsing, A.L. & Zerner, C., pp. 131. London, UK: Rowman Altamira.Google Scholar
Tzanopoulos, J., Jones, P.J. & Mortimer, S.R. (2012) The implications of the 2003 Common Agricultural Policy reforms for land-use and landscape quality in England. Landscape and Urban Planning 108: 3948.Google Scholar
Vernon, J., Ganzleben, C., Salado, R., Belin, A., Polinder, H., Zarogiannis, P., Vencovsky, D. & Candell, M. (2010) Final Report on Task 1 Review of the Implementation of Directive 2002/49/EC on Environmental Noise. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
Votsi, N.E.P., Drakou, E.G., Mazaris, A.D., Kallimanis, A.S. & Pantis, J.D. (2012) Distance-based assessment of open country quiet areas in Greece. Landscape and Urban Planning 104: 279–88.Google Scholar
Wallace, D. (2008) Technical Report: Noise Action Plans Strategic Environmental Assessment: Environmental Report. The Scottish Government, Edinburgh, UK.Google Scholar
Waugh, D., Durucam, S., Korre, A., Hetherington, O. & O'Reilly, B. (2003) Environmental quality objectives, noise in quiet areas (2000-MS-14-M1). In: Synthesis Report, prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency, by SWS Environmental Services. SWS Group, Wexford, Ireland.Google Scholar
Wescott, G. (1992) A standard format for use in the analysis of environmental policy. Journal of Environmental Management 35: 6979.Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R. & Ginsberg, J.R. (1998) Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science 280: 21262128.Google Scholar
Zhang, K. & Wen, Z. (2008) Review and challenges of policies of environmental protection and sustainable development in China. Journal Environmental Management 88: 12411261.Google Scholar
Yu, X. & Tapling, R. (1997) Policy perspectives: environmental management and renewable energy in the Pacific Islands. Journal of Environmental Management 51: 107122.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Votsi Supplementary Material

Appendix

Download Votsi Supplementary Material(File)
File 341.5 KB