Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T06:30:20.123Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Biological invasions and biocultural diversity: linking ecological and cultural systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2008

JEANINE M. PFEIFFER  and
ROBERT A. VOEKS
JEANINE M. PFEIFFER*
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
ROBERT A. VOEKS
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
*
*Correspondence: Dr Jeanine Pfeiffer e-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Study of the ecological and economic effects of invasive species has paralleled their progressively pervasive influence worldwide, yet their cultural impacts remain largely unexamined and therefore unrecognized. Unlike biological systems, where the ecological consequences of biological invasions are primarily negative, from an ethnoscientific standpoint, invasive species' impacts on cultural systems span a range of effects. Biological invasions affect cultural groups in myriad, often unpredictable and at times contradictory ways. This review groups case studies into a conceptual matrix suggesting three categorically different cultural impacts of invasive species. Culturally impoverishing invasive species precipitate the loss or replacement of culturally important native species and their associated cultural practices. Culturally enriching invasive species augment cultural traditions, through their inclusion in lexicons, narratives, foods, pharmacopoeias and other tangible and intangible ends. Culturally facilitating invasive species can provide continuity and reformulation of traditional ethnobiological practices. An understanding of the processes by which invasive biota become culturally enriching, facilitating, or impoverishing can contribute to articulating interdisciplinary programmes aimed at simultaneously conserving biological and cultural diversity.

Keywords

alien speciesbiocultural diversitybiological invasionscultural diversitydiasporaexotic speciesindigenousintroduced speciesinvasive speciestraditionsweeds
Type
Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 35 , Issue 4 , December 2008 , pp. 281 - 293
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alderman, D.H. (2004) Channing Cope and the making of a miracle vine. The Geographical Review 94 (2): 157–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, M.K. (2005) Tending the Wild. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ankli, A., Sticher, O. & Heinrich, M. (1999) Medical ethnobotany of the Yucatec Maya: healers consensus as a quantitative criterion. Economic Botany 53: 144–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atran, S. (1999) Itzaj Maya folkbiological taxonomy: cognitive universals and cultural particulars. In: Folkbiology, ed. Medin, D. & Atran, S., pp. 119–204. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asia Forest Network (2007) Research Network report # 8. Facilitating collaborative planning in Hawaii's Natural Area Reserves [www document]. URL http://www.asiaforestnetwork.org/pub/pub03.htmGoogle Scholar
Australian Government (2005) The feral water buffalo [www document]. URL http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/buffalo/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Baskin, Y. (2002) A Plague of Rats and Rubbervines: The Growing Threat of Species Invasions. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press/Shearwater Books.Google Scholar
Begossi, A., Hanazaki, N. & Tamashiro, J. (2002) Medicinal plants in the Atlantic forest (Brazil): knowledge, use, and conservation. Human Ecology 30: 281–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beinart, W. & Middleton, K. (2004) Plant transfers in historical perspective: a review article. Environment and History 10: 3–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bendixen, L.E. & Nandihalli, U.B. (1987) Worldwide distribution of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus). Weed Technology 1: 61–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennet, B.C. & Prance, G.T. (2000) Introduced plants in indigenous pharmacopoeias. Economic Botany 54 (1): 90–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlin, B., Berlin, E.A., Ugalde, J., Barrios, L.G., Puett, D., Nash, R. & González-Espinoza, R. (1999) The Maya ICBG: drug discovery, medical ethnobotany, and alternative forms of economic development in the highland Maya region in Chiapas, Mexico. Pharmaceutical Biology 37: 127–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bindell, S. (1996) Hopi wetlands endangered. News from Native Country 10 (15): 1.Google Scholar
Blanckaert, I., Vancraeynest, K., Swennen, R., Espinosa-Garcia, F., Pinero, D. & Lira-Saade, R. (2007) Non-crop resources and the role of indigenous knowledge in semi-arid production of Mexico. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 119: 39–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnicksen, T.M., Anderson, M.K., Kay, C.E., Knudson, R., & Lewis, H.T. (1999) Native American influences on the development of forest ecosystems in ecological stewardship: a common reference for ecosystem management. In: Ecological Stewardship: A Common Reference for Ecosystem Management, Volume III, ed. Johnson, N.C, Malk, A.L, Sexton, W.T & Szaro, R., pp. 439–470. New York: Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Bright, C. (1998) Life Out of Bounds: Bioinvasion in a Borderless World. New York, NY, USA: W.W. Norton/Earthscan.Google Scholar
Brucker, P. (2004) Salmon River Cooperative noxious weed program. In: Proceedings of the Californian Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposium, Volume 6: Risk Assessments and the Ecological and Economic Impacts of Invasive Weeds, 11–13 October 2002, Sacramento, California, USA, ed. M. Kelly, p. 119. Berkeley, USA: California Invasive Plant Council [www document]. URL http://www.cal-ipc.org/symposia/archive/pdf/18602.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bye, R. (1981) Quelites: ethnoecology of edible greens, past, present and future. Journal of Ethnobiology 1: 109–123.Google Scholar
Carey, H.M. & Roberts, D. (2002) Smallpox and the Baiame Waganna of Wellington Valley, New South Wales, 1829–1840: the earliest nativist Movement in Aboriginal Australia. Ethnohistory 49 (4): 821–869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazdon, R. & Coe, F.G. (1999) Ethnobotany of woody species in second-growth, old-growth, and selectively logged forests of northeastern Costa Rica. Conservation Biology 13: 1312–1322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CIBA (2002) CIBA policy on control of non-native invasive plants. Policy paper, April 2002. California Indian Basketweavers Association, Grass Valley, CA, USA.Google Scholar
CIBA (2004) Statewide pesticide use report. Roots and Shoots Newsletter 42: 10.Google Scholar
Clayton, N. (2003) Weeds, people, and contested places. Environment and History 9 (3): 301–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colautti, R.I. & MacIsaac, H.J. (2004) A neutral terminology to define ‘invasive’ species. Diversity and Distributions 10: 135–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronon, W. (1983) Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York, NY, USA: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Crosby, A. (1972) The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport, CN, USA: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Crosby, A. (1994) Germs, Seeds, and Animals: Studies in Ecological History. Armonk, NY, USA: Sharpe.Google Scholar
Crosby, M.P., Brighouse, G. & Pichon, M. (2002) Priorities and strategies for addressing natural and anthropogenic threats to coral reefs in Pacific Island Nations. Ocean and Coastal Management 45: 121–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Vrancken, D., Ravishankar, T. & Koedam, N. (2006) Short-term mangrove browsing by feral water buffalo: conflict between natural resources, wildlife and subsistence interests? Environmental Conservation 34 (2): 157–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalrymple, L. (2000) Indian Basketmakers of California and the Great Basin. Santa Fe, NM, USA: Museum of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Fargione, J., Chapin, F.S. III & Tilman, D. (2006) Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PloS Biology 4 (8): e277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dounias, E. (2001) The management of wild yam tubers by the Baka pygmies in southern Cameroon. African Study Monographs 26 (Suppl.): 135–156.Google Scholar
Dove, M.R. (2004) Anthropogenic grasslands in Southeast Asia: sociology of knowledge and implications for agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems 61–62 (1–3): 423–435.Google Scholar
DiTomaso, J.M., Kyser, G.B. & Hastings, M.S. (1999) Prescribed burning for control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) and enhanced native plant diversity. Weed Science 47: 233–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudley, J.P. & Woodford, M.H. (2005) Potential impact of biological weapons on biological diversity and indigenous peoples in Asia. Asian Biotechnology and Development Review 8 (1): 45–76.Google Scholar
Ellstrand, N.C. (2003) Dangerous Liasons? When Cultivated Plants Mate with their Wild Relatives. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Environment Waikato (2006) Pests affect our cultural heritage [www document]. URL http://www.ew.govt.nz/For-schools/Resources-for-teachers/Classroom-activities/Bio-security-activities/Google Scholar
Fordham, D., Georges, A., Corey, B. & Brook, B.W. (2006) Feral pig predation threatens the indigenous harvest and local persistence of snake-necked turtles in northern Australia. Biological Conservation 133 (3): 379–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frazier, I. (2005) Hogs wild. The New Yorker December 12: 70–83.Google Scholar
Fried, S. (1998) Tribes weave stewardship from tradition, technology. Gulf of Maine Times, 2 (3): 1, 8.Google Scholar
Fulkerson, M.L. (1995) Weavers of Tradition and Beauty: Basketmakers of the Great Basin. Reno, NV, USA: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Garrity, D.P., Soekardi, M., van Noordwijk, M., de la Cruz, R., Pathak, P., Gunasena, H., van So, N., Huijun, G. & Majid, N. (1997) The Imperata grasslands of tropical Asia: area, distribution, and typology. Agroforestry Systems 36: 3–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gepts, P. (2005) Introduction of transgenic crops in centers of origin and domestication. In: Controversies in Science and Technology: From Maize to Menopause, ed. Kleinman, D. L., Kinchy, A.J. & Handelsman, J.. pp. 119–134. Madison, WI, USA: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Gerwing, K. & McDaniels, T. (2006) Listening to the salmon people: coastal First Nations' objectives regarding salmon aquaculture in British Columbia. Society and Natural Resources 19 (3): 259–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Given, D.R. (1995) Forging a biodiversity conservation ethic in a multicultural context. Biodiversity and Conservation 4: 877–891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González, R.J. (2001) Zapotec Science: Farming and Food in the Northern Sierra of Oaxaca. Austin, TX, USA: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Gould, S.J. (1998) An evolutionary perspective on strengths, fallacies, and confusions in the concept of native plants. Arnoldia 58: 11–19.Google Scholar
Grim, J.A., ed. (2001) Indigenous Traditions and Ecology: The Interbeing of Cosmology and Community. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hamilton, R.W., ed. (2003) The Art of Rice: Spirit and Sustenance in Asia. Los Angeles, CA, USA: UCLA Fowler Museum.Google Scholar
Hardjanti, F. & Zainal, I. (2003) Indonesia report. In: Invasive Alien Species in South-Southeast Asia: National Reports and Directory of Resources, ed. Paellewatta, N., Reaser, J.K. & Gutierrez, A.T., pp. 30–33. Cape Town, South Africa: Global Invasive Species Programme.Google Scholar
Helmreich, S. (2005) How scientists think; about ‘natives’ for example. A problem of taxonomy among biologists of alien species in Hawaii. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 11: 107–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henkel, A. (1904) Weeds used in medicine. USDA Farmers' Bulletin 188: 1–45.Google Scholar
Hoddle, M.S. (2004) Restoring balance: using exotic species to control invasive exotic species. Conservation Biology 18 (1): 38–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horstman, M. (2003) Cane toad invasion halted in Western Australia. ABC News in Science [www document]. URL http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s793049.htmGoogle Scholar
Hoveman, A.R. (2002) Journey to Justice: The Wintu People and the Salmon. Redding, CA, USA: Turtle Bay Exploration Park.Google Scholar
Hughes, J.D. (2003) Europe as consumer of exotic biodiversity: Greek and Roman times. Landscape Research 28 (1): 21–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Indian Country Communications (1995) Native group ask EPA protection of traditional crops. News from Indian Country 10 (2): 4.Google Scholar
Janni, K.D. & Bastien, J.W. (2004) Exotic botanicals in the Kallawaya pharmacopoeia. Economic Botany 58 (Suppl.): S274–S279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, P. (1994) Just Weeds: History, Myths and Uses. Shelburne, VT, USA: Chapters Publishing.Google Scholar
Josselyn, J. (1672) New England's Rarities. Reprinted in Archaeologia Americana, 1860 4: 217.Google Scholar
Judd, N.L., Drew, C., Acharya, C., Marine Resources for Future Generations, Mitchell, T., Donatuto, J., Burna, G., Burbacher, T. & Faustman, E. (2005) Framing scientific analyses for risk management of environmental hazards by communities: case studies with seafood safety issues. Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (11): 1502–1508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kakadu National Park (1999) Kakadu National Park Plan of Management 1999–2004 [www document]. URL: http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/publications/kakadu-pom.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kirkham, W.S. (2004) Situating the Merremia pelata invasion in Samoa.Geographical Review 94 (2): 218–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knobloch, F. (1996) The Culture of Wilderness: Agriculture as Colonization in the American West. Chapel Hill, USA: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Koeppel, D. (2005) Can this fruit be saved? Popular Science June 2005 [www document]. URL http://www.popsci.com/popsci/science/5a4d4c3ee4d05010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.htmlGoogle Scholar
LaDuke, W. (2007) Ricekeepers: a struggle to protect biodiversity and a Native American way of Life. Orion Magazine June/July 2007 [www document]. URL http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/305Google Scholar
Larson, B. (2005) The war of the roses: demilitarizing invasion biology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3 (9): 495–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, B. (2007) An alien approach to invasive species: objectivity and society in invasion biology. Biological Invasions 9 (8): 947–956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D.R. (1995) Native Americans and the environment: a survey of twentieth-century issues. American Indian Quarterly 19 (3): 423–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, J., Tecle, A. & Burnette, B. (2003) Cultural foundations for ecological restoration on the White Mountain Apache Reservation. Ecology and Society 8(1): 4. [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol8/iss1/art4/main.htmlCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, T. (2002) Feral Future: The Untold Story of Australia's Exotic Invaders. Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lydeard, C., Cowie, R., Ponder, W., Bogan, A., Bouchet, P., Clark, S., Cummings, K., Frest, T., Gargominy, O., Herbert, D., Hershler, R., Perez, K., Roth, B., Seddon, M., Strong, E. & Thompson, F. 2004) The global decline of nonmarine mollusks. BioScience 54 (4): 321–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mack, R.N., Simberloff, D., Lonsdale, W.M., Evans, H., Clout, M. & Bazzaz, F.A. (2000) Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecological Applications 10 (3): 689–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mack, R.N. & Lonsdale, W.M. (2001) Humans as global plant dispersers: getting more than we bargained for. BioScience 51 (2): 95–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackenzie, A. (2003) Forest herbicide plan threatens basketweavers. Terrain Summer 2003: 16 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologycenter.org/terrain/article.php?id=13327Google Scholar
Maguire, L.A. (2004) What can decision analysis do for invasive species management? Risk Analysis 24 (4): 859–868.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mensing, S. & Byrne, R. (1998) Pre-mission invasion of Erodium cicutarium in California. Journal of Biogeography 25: 757–762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, P. (2003) The archaeological study of epidemic and infectious disease. World Archaeology 35 (2): 171–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany. Portland, OR, USA: Timber Press.Google Scholar
Molnar, J.L., Gamboa, R.L., Revenga, C. & Spalding, M.D. (2008) Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6 doi:10.1890/0700064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monk, K., de Fretes, Y. & Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1997) The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Singapore: Periplus Editions.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NISC (2006). Invasive species definition clarification and guidance white paper. National Invasive Species Information Center, Washington, DC, USA [www document]. URL http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/docs/council/isacdef.pdfGoogle Scholar
Naylor, R., Hindar, K., Fleming, I., Goldburg, R., Williams, S., Volpe, J., Whoriskey, F., Eagle, J., Kelso, D. & Mangel, M. 2005) Fugitive salmon: assessing the risks of escaped fish from net-pen aquaculture. BioScience 55 (5): 427–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New Zealand Conservation Authority (1997) Maori customary use of native birds, plants, and other traditional materials. Interim report and discussion paper [www document]. URL http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/getting-involved/nz-con-servation-authority-and-boards/nz-conservation-authority/maori-customary-use-summary.pdfGoogle Scholar
New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (1997) Report of the Chief Veterinary Officer to the decision-maker on the application to import rabbit calicivirus into New Zealand as a biological control agent for feral rabbits [www document]. URL http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/rural-nz/research-and-development/pest-control/rcd-recommendation/rcdrec09.htmGoogle Scholar
Ngobo, M., MacDonald, M. & Weise, S. (2004) Impacts of type of fallow and invasion by Chromolaena odorata on weed communities in crop fields in Cameroon. Ecology and Society 29(1): 1 [www document]. URL http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol29/iss2/art1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nimmo, H.A. (1986) Pele, ancient goddess of contemporary Hawaii. Pacific Studies 9 (2): 121–179.Google Scholar
NRCS (2006) Emerald ash borer threatens cultural resource [www document]. URL http://www.mi.nrcs.usda.gov/indian.htmlGoogle Scholar
Nesheim, I., Dhillion, S. & Stølen, K. (2006) What happens to traditional knowledge and use of natural resources when people migrate? Human Ecology 34: 99–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuñez, M.A. & Simberloff, D. (2005) Invasive species and the cultural keystone species concept. Ecology and Society 10(1): r4 [www document]. URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss1/resp4/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, W. (2006) Exotic invasions, nativism, and ecological restoration: on the persistence of a contentious debate. Ethics, Place and Environment 9 (1): 63–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A. & Savini, D. (2003) Biological invasions as a component of global change in stressed marine ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46 (5): 542–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olden, J., Douglas, M.E. & Douglas, M.R. (2005) The human dimensions of biotic homogenization. Conservation Biology 19 (6): 2036–2038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, W.L.R. ed. (1993) Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos Status Survey and Action Plan. IUCN, Geneva, Switzerland [www document]. URL http://pigtrop.cirad.fr/resources/library/referenced_books/wild_hogs_and_peccaries/pigs_peccaries_and_hippos_status_survey_and_conservation_action_planGoogle Scholar
O'Malley, M. (2002) Recognizing Illnesses Related to Forestry Herbicides. Sacramento, CA, USA: California Department of Pesticide Regulation.Google Scholar
Padilla, D.K. & Williams, S.L. (2004) Beyond ballast water: aquarium and ornamental trades as sources of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment: 2 (3): 131–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, C.T. (2004) The inclusion of recently introduced plants in the Hawaiian ethnopharmacopoeia. Economic Botany 58 (Suppl): S280–S293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peña, L. (2002) Chemical forestry threatens tradition and health on the Yurok reservation. News from Native California 16 (1): 16–18.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, J.M. & Ortiz, E.H. (2007) Invasive plants impact California native plants used in traditional basketry. Fremontia 35 (1): 7–13.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, J.M., Dun, S., Mulawarman, B. & Rice, K.J. (2006) Biocultural diversity in traditional rice-based agroecosystems: indigenous research and conservation of mavo (Oryza sativa L.) upland rice landraces of eastern Indonesia. Environment, Development, and Sustainability 8 (4): 609–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pieroni, A. (2003) Wild food plants and Arbëresh women in Lucania, southern Italy. In Women and Plants: Gender Relations in Biodiversity Management and Conservation, ed. Howard, P.L., pp. 62–82. London, UK: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Pimentel, D., ed. (2002) Biological Invasions: Economic and Environmental Costs of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Posey, D., ed. (1999) Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity. London, UK: Intermediate Technology.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, L.M. (1997) The dynamics of Imperata: historical overview and current farmer perspectives, with special reference to South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems 36: 31–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, L., Lee, J. & Thorburn, K. (2000) Reinventing Imperata: revaluing alang-alang grasslands in Indonesia. Development and Change 31 (5): 1037–1053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pretty, J. (2002) Landscapes lost and found. In: Agri-culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Nature, ed. Pretty, J., pp. 10–26. London, UK: Earthscan Publications.Google Scholar
Pui, C. & Evans, W. (1998) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 339: 605–615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redford, K.H. & Brosius, J.P. (2006) Diversity and homogenization in the endgame. Global Environmental Change 16 (4): 317–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rifai, M.A. & Widjaja, E.A. (1979) An ethnobotanical observation on alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) in Bali. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Asian Pacific Weed Society Conference, Volume II, pp. 610–613. Jakarta, Indonesia: Asian-Pacific Weed Society.Google Scholar
Rizzo, D.M. & Garbelotto, M. (2003) Sudden oak death: endangering California and Oregon forest ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment: 1 (4): 197–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robbins, P. (2004) Comparing invasive networks: cultural and political biographies of invasive species. The Geographical Review 94 (2): 139–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, C.J., Smyth, D. & Whitehead, P.J. (2005) Bush tucker, bush pets, and bush threats: cooperative management of feral animals in Australia's Kakadu National Park. Conservation Biology 18 (5): 1385–1391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, S.T. (1991) Mechanisms structuring stream assemblages: are there lessons from introduced species? Environmental Biology of Fishes 30: 359–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.C. (2004) Invading the Pacific: biological and cultural dimensions of invasive species in the Pacific Region. Graduate Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies. 2 (2): 77–94.Google Scholar
Sagoff, M. (2005) Do non-native species threaten the natural environment? Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 18 (3): 215–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelsen, A.B. (2000) The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L.: a review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71: 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandhu, D. & Heinrich, M. (2005) The use of health foods, spices, and other botanicals in the Sikh community in London. Phytotherapy Research 19: 633–642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sax, D.F., Stachowicz, J.J. & Gaines, S.D. (2005) Species Invasions: Insights into Ecology, Evolution, and Biogeography. Sunderland, MA, USA: Sinauer Associaties, Inc.Google Scholar
Sax, D.F., Stachowicz, J., Brown, J., Bruno, J., Dawson, M., Gaines, S., Grosberg, R., Hastings, A., Holt, R., Mayfield, M., O'Conner, M. & Rice, W. (2007) Ecological and evolutionary insights from species invasions. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution 22 (9): 467–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, E. (1992) Plants of the New World: The First 150 Years. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard College Library.Google Scholar
Shepard, F.P. (1954) Nomenclature based on sand-silt-clay rations. Journal of Sedimentary Research 24 (3): 151–158.Google Scholar
Shine, C. (2006) Small world means endangered world. International Herald Tribune 19 September 2006 [www document]. URL http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/18/news/rbinvade.phpGoogle Scholar
Shiva, V. (1996) Species invasions and the displacement of biological and cultural diversity. In Proceedings of the Norway/UN Conference on Alien Species, ed. Sandlund, O.T., Schei, P.J. & Viken, A., pp. 47–52. Trondheim, Norway: Directorate for Nature Management and Norwegian Institute for Nature Research.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D. (2003) Confronting introduced species: a form of xenophobia? Biological Invasions 5: 179–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simberloff, D.S. & Strong, D.R. (2000) Exotic species seriously threaten our environment. Chronicle of Higher Education 47 (2): B20.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D., Parker, I.M. & Windle, P.N. (2005) Introduced species policy, management, and future research needs. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3 (1): 12–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soejarto, D.D. & Farnsworth, N.R. (1989) Tropical rain forests: Potential source of new drugs? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 32: 244–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soleri, D. & Cleveland, D.A. (2006) Transgenic maize and Mexican maize diversity: risky synergy? Agriculture and Human Values 23 (1): 27–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stannard, J. (1972) Greco-Roman materia medica in medieval Germany. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 46: 455–468.Google ScholarPubMed
Stepp, J.R. (2004) The role of weeds as sources of pharmaceuticals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 163–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stepp, J.R. & Moerman, D.E. (2001) The importance of weeds in ethnopharmacology. Journal of Pharmacology 75: 19–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Stepp, J.R., Wyndham, F.S. & Zarger, R.K., eds (2002) Ethnobiology and Biocultural Diversity. Athens, GA, USA: The International Society of Ethnobiology.Google Scholar
Strike, S.S. (1994) Ethnobotany of the California Indians. Volume 2: Aboriginal Uses of California's Indigenous Plants. Champaign, IL, USA: Koeltz Scientific Books.Google Scholar
Taranaki Regional Council (2006) Proposed pest management strategy for Taranaki: plants [www document]. URL http://www.trc.govt.nz/publications/strategies/plant+strategy.htmGoogle Scholar
Ticktin, T., Namaka Whitehead, A. & Ho'ala, Fraiola (2006) Traditional gathering of native hula plants in alien-invaded Hawaiian forests: adaptive practices, impacts on alien invasive species and conservation implications. Environmental Conservation 33 (3): 185–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Towns, D.R., Atkinson, I.A.E. & Daughtery, C. (2006) Have the harmful effects of rats on islands been overexaggerated? Biological Invasions 8: 863–891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, M. (2005) Is the social construction of native species a threat to biodiversity? ECOS 26 (3/4): 1–9.Google Scholar
Turner, N.J., Davidson-Hunt, I.J. & O'Flaherty, M. (2003) Living on the edge: ecological and cultural edges as sources of diversity for social-ecological resilience. Human Ecology 31 (3): 439–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, S., Arguello, L. & Siefkin, N. (2003) Restoring ethnographic landscapes and natural elements in Redwood National Park. Ecological Restoration 21 (4): 278–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNEP (2001) Governments seeks strategies for battling invasive alien species [www document]. URL http://www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=193&ArticleID=2787Google Scholar
USDA (2003) Meeting notes. Sustainable forest management in Indian country: historical roots and modern challenges, December 9, 2003. Portland, USA: USDA.Google Scholar
USDA-NRCS (2008) Fremont's cottonwood: Populus fremontii S. Wats. Plant guide [www document]. URL http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=POFR2Google Scholar
US-EPA (2003) Chemehuevi Indian tribe Lake Havasu Beach non-native species removal project. In: Success Stories 2003 – Tribal Nonpoint Source Program. Government document EPA 909-R-03-004 [www document]. URL http://www.epa.gov/region09/water/nonpoint/tribalsuccess.pdfGoogle Scholar
USFS (2000) Salmon River knapweed environmental assessment [www document]. URL http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/klamath/publications/pdfs/noxiousweeds/knapweed/knapweed.pdf USFS (2005) White House chooses White Mountain Apache Tribe as exemplary model for National Conference on Cooperative Conservation [www document]. URL http://www.fws.gov/news/newsreleases/showNews.cfm?newsId=0292FEED-65BF-03E7-25E85A5E985208E9Google Scholar
van Dam, R.A., Walden, D.J. & Begg, G.W. (2002) A Preliminary Risk Assessment of Cane Toads in Kakadu National Park. Scientist Report 164, Supervising Scientist, Darwin NT [www document]. URL http://www.environment.gov.au/ssd/publications/ssr/164.htmlGoogle Scholar
Van Driesche, J. & Van Driesche, R. (2004) Nature Out of Place: Biological Invasions in the Global Age. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.Google Scholar
Vierya-Odilon, L. & Vibrans, H. (2001) Weeds as crops: the value of maize weeds in the valley of Toluca, Mexico. Economic Botany 55 (3): 426–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viola, J. & Margolis, C. (1991) Seeds of Change: Five Hundred Years Since Columbus. Washington, DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Voeks, R.A. (1996) Tropical forest healers and habitat preference. Economic Botany 50: 354–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voeks, R.A. (1997) Sacred Leaves of Candomblé: African Magic, Medicine, and Religion in Brazil. Austin, TX, USA: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Voeks, R.A. (2004) Disturbance pharmacopoeias: Medicine and myth from the humid tropics. Annals, Association of American Geographers 94: 868–888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voeks, R.A. (2009) Traditions in transition: African diaspora ethnobotany in lowland South America. In: Mobility and Migration in Indigenous Amazonia: Contemporary Ethnoecological Perspectives, ed. Alexiades, M., pp. 275–294. London, UK: Berghahn.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voeks, R.A. & Nyawa, S. (2001) Healing flora of the Brunei Dusun. Borneo Research Bulletin 32: 178–195.Google Scholar
Waldstein, A. (2006). Mexican migrant ethnopharmacology: Pharmacopoeia, classification of medicines, and explanations of efficacy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108: 299–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, C.R. (2007) Perspectives on the ‘alien’ versus ‘native’ species debate: a critique of concepts, language and practice. Progress in Human Geography 31 (4):427–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, L. (1996) Seeing the people for the trees: the promises and pitfalls of Indian environmental history. OAH Magazine of History 10 (3): 18–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wertz, S.K. (2005) Maize: the Native North American's legacy of biological and cultural diversity. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 18: 131–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, J. & West, C. (2000) Environmental weeds in Australia and New Zealand: issues and approaches to management. Austral Ecology 25: 425–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, M. (1996) Biological Invasions. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Wirsing, R.L. (1985) The health of traditional societies and the effects of acculturation. Current Anthropology 26 (3): 303–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, M. & Moriarity, P.V. (2001) Strangers in a strange land: the problem of exotic species. Environmental Values 10: 163–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmermann, H.G., Moran, V.C. & Hoffman, J.H. (2000) The renowned cactus moth, Cactoblastic cactorum: its natural history and threat to native Opuntia floras in Mexico and the United States of America. Diversity and Distributions 6: 259–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar