Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-02T19:18:59.109Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Impact of Conventional War on Natural Areas of the USSR

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Nicolai N. Smirnov
Nicolai N. Smirnov
Affiliation:
Institute of Evolutionary Morphology & Ecology of Animals, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leninsky Prospekt 33, 117071 Moscow B-71, USSR.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Military destruction by conventional arms of both terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems is described, with emphasis placed on the effects of World Wars I and II on the territory of the USSR (especially of Russia, Byelorussia, and Ukraine). It is shown that a wide range of serious damage is done in terrestrial natural areas: to forests which may be decimated, to mammals which are commonly killed, and to the land which is extensively disturbed and rendered infertile or even uncultivable. Inland waters, too, are widely disturbed, though numerous new bodies of water may be formed in various ways, while fisheries are commonly disturbed, though ‘Wartime military activities can greatly reduce fish catches, to the benefit of fish populations.’

Type
Main Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 16 , Issue 4 , Winter 1989 , pp. 317 - 321
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ambroz, A.I. (1956). [Fish of the Dnieper River. Yuzhnyy Bug River, and Dnieper Lagoon] (in Russian). Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev, USSR: 407 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Armand, D.L. (1966). [For Us and for Our Grandchildren](in Russian). Mysl, Moscow, USSR: 254 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Artemyev, N.A. (1915). [Offense and defense in military actions] (in Russian). Priroda (Moscow), 1915(1), pp. 83–134; (3) 414–47.Google Scholar
Averkiev, F.V. (1960). [Synopsis of statistical data on the catch of fish and non-fish animals in the Azov-Black Sea basin for 1927–59] (in Russian). Trudy Azovskogo Nauchno-Issledova-telskogo Instituta Rybnogo Khozaystva (Rostov-on-Don), 2, pp. 1–93.Google Scholar
Bannikov, A.G. & Rustamov, A.K. (1977). [Nature Protection] (in Russian). Kolos, Moscow, USSR: 207 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Benenson, G.M. (1945). [Timber supply during the Great Patriotic War] (in Russian). Les (Moscow). 1945(1–2). pp. 35–44.Google Scholar
Boldyrev, T.E. et al. (Eds) (1955). [Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War. XXXII[ (in Russian). Mcdgiz, Moscow, USSR: 167 + 216 + 97 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Borisov, P.O. & Bogdanov, A.S. (1955). [Fish Resources of the USSR Fisheries. II] (in Russian). Pishchepromizdat, Moscow, USSR: 271 pp.Google Scholar
Formozov, A.N. (1942). [On the utilization of the meat of some wild mammals and birds as a supplementary source of food] (in Russian). Zoologischeskiy Zhurnal (Moscow), 21(1–2), pp. 3–9.Google Scholar
Fosten, I. (1973). Pollution abatement in a munitions plant. Environmental Science & Technology (Washington). 7, pp. 806–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerasimov, I.P. (1971). [Resources of the Biosphere on the Territory of the USSR] (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow, USSR: 295 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Glinka, F.N. (1985). [Essays on the Battle of Borodino] (in Russian). Pp. 26–119 in: Glinka, F.N. [Letters of a Russian Officer]. Moskovskiy Rabochiy, Moscow, USSR: 364 pp.Google Scholar
Howard, A.Q. (1980). MX in the plant world. Garden (New York), 4(4), pp. 2–5.Google Scholar
Idelson, M.S. & Sokolov, A.V. (1937). [Fish Wintering Depressions in the Volga Delta] (in Russian). Oblastnoe Izdatelstvo, Stalingrad, USSR: 56 pp.Google Scholar
Inber, V. (1954). [Almost three years: Leningrad diary] (in Russian). Pp. 269–462 in: Inber, V. [Collected Works, II]. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, Moscow, USSR: 544 pp.Google Scholar
Kalabukhov, N.I. (1978). [Life of a Zoologist] (in Russian). Moscow Unitersity, Moscow. USSR: 182 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Katayev, O.A. & Lobanov, A.V. (1975). [Some peculiarities of spruce dying in the Kalinin region] (in Russian) Zashchita Lesa (Leningrad), 1, pp. 46–51.Google Scholar
Klyuchevsky, V.O. (1957). [Course of Russian History: III] (in Russian). Politicheskoy Literatury, Moscow, USSR: 426 pp.Google Scholar
Kochkin, M.A. (1949). [Crimean State Reserve] (in Russian). Krymizdat, Simferopol, USSR: 64 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Korobkin, V. (1988). [Yellow leaves over the city] (in Russian). Neva (Leningrad), 5, pp. 185–9.Google Scholar
Kostyukevich, N.L. et al. , (eds). (1972). [Nature Protection] (in Russian). Vysshaya Shkola, Minsk, USSR: 470 pp.Google Scholar
Kovda, V.A., Kerzhentsey, A.S., Zablotskaya, L.V. & Gordeeva, E.V. (1982). [Spatial and temporal variability of the natural environment of the central Russian ecological region] (in Russian). Pp. 162–4 in: Sokolov, V.E. & Izrael, Y.A. (Eds). [Biosphere Reserves, II]. Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad, USSR: 279 pp.Google Scholar
Kovpak, S.A. (1945). [From Putivl to the Carpathians] (in Russian). Voennoye Izdatelstvo, Moscow, USSR: 135 pp.Google Scholar
Kruglova, V.M. (1962). [Veselovskoe Artificial Lake] (in Russian). Rostov University, Rostov, USSR: 116 pp.Google Scholar
Kuranova, I.I. & Moiseev, P.A. (1973). [Fishery Ichthyology and Fish Resources of Fisheries] (in Russian). Pishchevaya Promyshelnnost, Moscow, USSR: 152 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Kurnaev, S.F. (1980). [Barrier forests of the Tula region: their natural, scientific, and economic significance] (in Russian). Priroda (Moscow). 1980(3), pp. 87–99.Google Scholar
Lagovsky, A. (1961). [Strategy and Economics], 2nd edn (in Russian). Voennoye Izdatelstvo, Moscow, USSR: 264 pp.Google Scholar
Lopukhov, E.I. (1946). [Problems of timber supply in the fourth Stalinist five-year-plan period] (in Russian). Les (Moscow). 1946(1), pp. 1–9.Google Scholar
Lumsden, M. (1981). Use of raw materials, land and water for armament and war. Pp. 38–57 in: Barnaby, W. (Ed.) War and Environment. Royal Ministry of Agriculture, Environmental Advisory Council, Stockholm, Sweden: 154 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Manteufel, B. (1948). [Changes in the Novgorod floral and faunal composition during the Great Patriotic War] (in Russian). Okhrana Prirody (Moscow), 3, pp. 67–78.Google Scholar
Martin, E.S. & Hiebert, M. (1985). Explosive remnants of the Second Indochina War in Viet Nam and Laos. Pp. 39–49 in: Westing, A.H. (Ed.) Explosive Remnants of War: Mitigating the Environmental Effects. Taylor & Francis, London, England, UK: xvi + 141 pp.Google Scholar
Martyshev, F.G. (1949).[Pond Fish-culture, I] (in Russian). Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, USSR: 136 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Martyshev, F.G. (1957). [Fish-culture in Peat Excavations] (in Russian). Sovetskaya Nauka, Moscow, USSR: 134 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Molski, B.A. & Pajak, J. (1985). Explosive remnants of World War II in Poland. Pp. 17–32 in: Westing, A.H. (Ed.) Explosive Remnants of War: Mitigating the Environmental Effects. Taylor & Francis, London, England, UK: xvi + 141 pp.Google Scholar
Nikanorov, A.M. & Zhulidov, A.V. (1981). [Bio-monitoring of the historical past of the lead pollution of rivers based on studies of metal accumulation in plants] (in Russian). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (Moscow). 258(4), pp. 1019–21.Google Scholar
Nikanorov, A.M., Zhulidov, A.V. & Pokarzhevsky, A.D. (1985). [Bio-monitoring of Heavy Metals in Freshwater Ecosystems] (in Russian). Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad, USSR: 144 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Nikitin, P. (1984). [Alarm signal] (in Russian). Sovetskaya Rossiya (Moscow), 48(8399) 4 pp.Google Scholar
Norkett, A.H. (1948). Some preliminary remarks and list of the Algae found on Eastern Plain, Bookham Common, 1947–8, London Naturalist (London), 28, pp. 56–9.Google Scholar
Noskov, Y.G. (1985). Environmental devastation in the USSR during the Second World War. Environmental Management in the USSR (Moscow), 4, pp. 87–95.Google Scholar
Nosov, D. (1948). [Forest plantations to be developed] (in Russian). Zhelecznodorozhniy Transport (Moscow). 11, pp. 75–9.Google Scholar
Pospelov, N.P. et al. , (Eds) (1963). [History of the Great Patriotic War, III] (in Russian). Voennoe Izdatelstvo, Moscow, USSR: 659 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Potapyev, S.V., Folitarek, S.S. & Barbash, L.A. (1976). [Experiments on the bio-technical manipulation of Lake Krotovo using explosions] (in Russian). Trudy Biologicheskogo Instituta (Novosibirsk), 21, pp. 106–14.Google Scholar
Priroda (1874). [Impact of wars on the distribution of plants] (in Russian). Priroda (Moscow), 1874(1), pp. 19–20.Google Scholar
Rudenko, R.A. (Ed.) (1959). [Nuremberg Trial, IV] (in Russian). Izdatelstvo Yuridicheskoy Literatury, Moscow, USSR: 896 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Rumyantsev, V.D. (1974). [Crayfishes of the Volga-Caspian Sea] (in Russian). Pishchevaya Promyshlennost, Moscow, USSR: 86 pp.Google Scholar
Savich-Lyubitskaya, L.I. (1952). [Sphagnum mosses] (in Russian). In Savich, V.P. (Ed.) [Flora of the Spore-bearing Plants of the USSR, I]. USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR: 254 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Selyakov, S.N. (1976). [Changes in the degree and character of water and bottom salinity of Lake Krotovo under the influence of explosions] (in Russian). Trudy Biologicheskogo Instituta (Novosibirsk), 21, pp. 115–20.Google Scholar
Skvotsov, A.K. (1980). [Ugra River: a pearl of central Russian Nature] (in Russian). Priroda (Moscow), 1980(9), pp. 14–24.Google Scholar
Smirnov, N.N. (1981 a). [Military destruction of The Biosphere] (in Russian). Priroda (Moscow), 1981(9), pp. 62–7.Google Scholar
Smirnov, N.N. (1981 b). [Military factor and The Biosphere] (in Russian). Mir Nauki (Moscow), 25(2), pp. 15–7. Also: Global factor of catastrophe. Sputnik (Moscow), 16(2), pp. 52–5 (1982).Google Scholar
Smirnov, N.N. (1983). [Military destruction of the plant cover of the Earth] (in Russian). Mir Nauki (Moscow), 27(3), pp. 17–8.Google Scholar
Sobolev, S.S. (1945). [Soil erosion in the territory of the Ukrainian SSR and the struggle against it after the reconstruction of agriculture following the German occupation] (in Russian with English summary). Pochvovedenie (Moscow), 1945(3–4), pp. 216–21 + 1 map.Google Scholar
Sobolev, S.S. (1947). Protecting the soils in the USSR. Journal of Soil & Water Conservation (Baltimore), 2, pp. 123–32.Google Scholar
Sobolev, S.S. & Preslyakova, T. (1946). [Military erosion and its impact on yield] (in Russian). Sotsialisticheskoye Selskoye Khozyaistvo (Moscow), 1946(4–5), pp. 56–60.Google Scholar
Sokolovsky, A.N. (1944). [To do away with the consequences of war-caused erosion] (in Russian). Pochvovedenie (Moscow), 1944(2–3), pp. 115–8.Google Scholar
Spanovskaya, V.D. (1967). [Changes in the fish fauna of the Moscow River during 30 years within the region of the Zvenigorod biological station of Moscow University] (in Russian). Pp. 37–9 in: Isakov, Y.A. & Rakhilin, V.K. (Eds) [Animal Population of Moscow and Suburbs: Its Study, Protection, and Trends of Transformation]. Moscow Society of Naturalists & USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography, Moscow, USSR: 106 pp.Google Scholar
Sus, N.I. (1944). [Agricultural and forest amelioration and science in the war and postwar periods] (in Russian). Bulletin of the Institute of Grain Economy of Southeastern USSR (Saratov), 1944(3), pp. 3–13.Google Scholar
Sus, N.M. (1949). [Soil Erosion and its control] (in Russian). Selkhozgiz, Moscow, USSR: 350 pp.Google Scholar
Thellung, A. (1917). [Military botany] (in German). Vierteljahreschrift der Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich (Zürich). 62, pp. 327–35.Google Scholar
Timofeeva, E.K. (1914). [Elk] (in Russian). Leningrad University, Leningrad, USSR: 167 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Vernadsky, V.I. (1945). Biosphere and the noösphere. American Scientist (New Haven). 33(1), pp. 1–12 + 1 plate.Google Scholar
Vershigora, P. (1975). [People with a Clear Conscience] (in Russian). Cartya Moldovenaske, Kishinev, USSR: 768 pp.Google Scholar
Vovsi, M.S. et al. , (Eds). (1955). [Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War. XXXI] (in Russian). Medgiz, Moscow, USSR: 315 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Westing, A.H. (1976). Ecological Consequences of the Second Indochina War. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, Sweden: x + 119 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Westing, A.H. (1980). Warfare in a Fragile World: Military Impact on the Human Environment. Taylor & Francis, London, England, UK: xiv + 249 pp.Google Scholar
Westing, A.H. (Ed.) (1985 a). Explosive Remnants of War: Mitigating the Environmental Effects. Taylor & Francis, London, England, UK: xiv + 141 pp.Google Scholar
Westing, A.H. (1985 b). Misspent energy: munition expenditures past and future. Bulletin of Peace Proposals (Oslo), 16, pp. 9–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhuravel, P.A. (1948). [On changes in the hydrobiology of the Samara-Dneprovskaya in connection with the breach and reconstruction of the Dneproges dam] (in Russian). Vestnik Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Instituta Hydrobiologii Dneprovskogo Universiteta (Dnepropetrovsk), 8, pp. 151–9.Google Scholar