Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T19:41:52.578Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Arctic as a Regional Sea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

J. Gordon Nelson  and
Roger D. Needham
J. Gordon Nelson
Affiliation:
Professor of Geography Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
Roger D. Needham
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario KIN 6N5, Canada.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Although many people still view the Arctic as little affected by human activity, the region has been the home of Man for thousands of years and its wildlife and ecology have been changed in many ways in the last four hundred years as a result particularly of the commercial and technical activities of western industrial nations. Three forces are, however, now bringing more and more attention to the use and conservation of arctic lands and seas: (a) arctic petroleum exploration and development, which is becoming increasingly extensive offshore in Alaska, Canada, and Norway; (2) The Law of the Sea Convention, which is leading to the division of the formerly open Arctic into large spheres of national jurisdiction through the declaration of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ); and (3) the World Conservation Strategy, which is providing the conceptual basis for the international cooperation and comprehensive management that is clearly needed to introduce sustainable development in the Arctic.

It is suggested that one promising means of planning and implementing balanced use and conservation in the waters and adjacent lands of the Arctic is through the UNEP Regional Seas Programme. This institutional arrangement is already being used in similar resource-management circumstances in eleven other regions of the world. The Regional Seas Programme is action-oriented and includes four basic elements: (1) promotion of international and regional conventions, guidelines, and activities; (2) assessment of marine pollution and related effects; (3) coordination in protection, development, and management; and (4) support through training, education, and other means.

Type
Main Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , Spring 1985 , pp. 7 - 15
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anon. (1978 a). UN Environmental Programme: Activities for the Protection and Development of the Mediterranean Region. Pp. 584–97 in Ocean Yearbook I (Eds Borgese, Elisabeth Mann & Ginsburg, Norton). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA: xvii + 890 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Anon. (1978 b). Conference of Plenipotentiaries of the Coastal States of the Mediterranean Region for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea. Pp. 702–33 in Ocean Yearbook 1 (Eds Borgese, Elisabeth Mann & Ginsburg, Norton). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA: xvii + 890 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Anon. (1980). Recommendations for the further development of the Mediterranean Action Plan. Pp. 547–54 in Ocean Yearbook 2 (Ed. Borgese, Elisabeth Mann & Ginsburg, Norton). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA: xi + 713 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Anon. (1982). Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution from Land-based Sources. Pp. 489–96 in Ocean Yearbook 3 (Eds Borgese, Elisabeth Mann & Ginsburg, Norton). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA: xvi + 581 pp.Google Scholar
Armstrong, T., Rogers, G. & Rowley, G. (1978). The Circumpolar North: A Political and Economic Geography of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic. Methuen & Company, London, England, UK: xx + 303 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Bankes, N. (1983). Resource- leasing Options and the Settlement of Aboriginal Claims. Canadian Arctic Resources Committee, Ottawa, Canada: x + 236 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Bliss-Guest, Patricia A. & Keckes, Stjepan (1982). The Regional Seas Programme of UNEP. Environmental Conservation, 9 (1), pp. 43–9, map.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgese, Elisabeth Mann (1983). The Convention is Signed: What Does the Future Hold? Pp. 1–14 in Ocean Yearbook 4, (Eds Borgese, Elisabeth Mann & Ginsburg, Norton). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA: xvi + 621 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Brody, H. (1975). The Peoples' Land: Eskimos and Whites in the Eastern Arctic. Penguin Books Limited, Markham, Ontario, Canada: 240 p., illustr.Google Scholar
Brooks, D.B. (1983). Black gold redrilled: Are the economics of Beaufort Sea oil getting better or worse? Northern Perspectives, 11 (3), pp. 1–4.Google Scholar
Canada (1917). Migratory Birds Act. 7–8 George V, C.18.Google Scholar
Canadian Arctic Resources Committee (1981). Native rights in Norway. Northern Perspectives, Theme Issue, 9 (3), 6 pp.Google Scholar
Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland (1982). Newsletter, 05 (6). Copenhagen, Denmark: 38 pp.Google Scholar
Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland (1983). Newsletter, May (8). Copenhagen, Denmark: 40 pp.Google Scholar
Couch, W.J. (1982). Environmental Assessment in Canada: 1982 Guide to Current Practice. Canadian Council of Resource and Environmental Ministers and the Federal Environmental Impact Assessment and Review Office, Toronto & Ottawa, Canada: 111 pp.Google Scholar
Dacks, G. (1981). A Choice of Futures: Politics in the Canadian North. Methuen, Toronto, Ontario, Canada: ix + 266 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
FAO/UNESCO/IOC/WHO/WMO/IAEA/UNEP (1983). Co-ordinated Mediterranean Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme (MED POL) — Phase I: Programme Description. (UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 23.) UNEP, Geneva, Switzerland: iii + 219 pp., illustr. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office (1984). Beaufort Sea Hydrocarbon Production and Transportation: Final Report of the Environmental Assessment Panel. (July.) Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: 146 pp.Google Scholar
Hamelin, Louis-Edmond (1975). Nordicite Canadienne. Editions Hurtubise HMH, Montreal, P.Q., Canada: 302 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Hodgins, B.W., Benidickson, J., Bowles, R.P. & Rawlyk, G. (1977). The Canadian North: Source of Wealth or Vanishing Heritage. Prentice-Hall, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada: xiv + 257 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Hunt, C.D. (1976). The development and decline of northern conservation reserves. Contact, 8 (4), pp. 30–75.Google Scholar
IUCN/UNEP/WWF (1980). World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development. (20 Sections + maps.) IUCN, Gland, Switzerland: vii + 59 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Johnson, B. & Zacher, M.W. (1977). Canadian Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: xx + 387 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Jull, P. (1979). Greenland: Lessons of self-government and development. Northern Perspectives, 7 (8), pp. 1–3 and 6–8.Google Scholar
Jull, P. & Bankes, N. (1984). Inuit interests in the Arctic offshore. Pp. 85–120 in Ocean Policy and Management in the Arctic. Canadian Arctic Resources Committee, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: x + 186 pp.Google Scholar
Keith, R.F. & Wright, J.B. (Eds) (1978). Northern Transitions, Volume II. (Second National Workshop on People, Resources and the Environment North of 60°.) Canadian Arctic Resources Committee, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: xiv + 470 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Lind, Terge (1984). The Environmental Impact Assessment Process Related to Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in Norway. Paper presented at the International Conference on Oil and the Environment, Bergen, Norway, 14–16 05. [Not available for checking.]Google Scholar
Meith, Nikki & Helmer, Richard (1983). Marine environment and coastal resources in Southeast Asia: A threatened heritage. Pp. 260–94 in Ocean Yearbok 4 (Eds Borgese, Elisabeth Mann & Ginsburg, Norton). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA: xvi + 621 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Nelson, J.G. (1976). The future role of conservation reserves in the Arctic. Contact, 8 (4), pp. 76–116.Google Scholar
Rees, W.E. (1979). Reflections on the Environmental Assessment and Review Process (EARP). Canadian Arctic Resources Committee, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: 38 pp.Google Scholar
Rey, Louis (Ed.) (1982). The Arctic Ocean: The Hydrographic Environment and the Fate of Pollutants. Macmillan Press, London, England, UK: x + 433 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scace, R.C. (1976). Western Canadian antecedents to northern conservation reserves. Contact, 8 (4), pp. 3–29.Google Scholar
Shabecoff, P. (1984). Plans for oil leases would protect whales. New York Times. 08 5, p. 27.Google Scholar
Thacher, Peter S. (1983). UNEP: An Update on the Regional Seas Programme. Pp. 450–63 in Ocean Yearbook 4 (Eds Borgese, Elisabeth Mann & Ginsburg, Norton). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA: xv + 621 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Thacher, Peter S. & Meith, N. (1980). Approaches to regional marine problems: A progress report on UNEP's Regional Seas Programme. Pp. 155–82 in Ocean Yearbook 2 (Eds Borgese, Elisabeth Mann & Ginsburg, Norton). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA: xi + 713 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Thacher, Peter S. & Meith, N. (1982). The Caribbean Example. Pp. 223–57 in Ocean Yearbook 3 (Ed. Borgese, Elisabeth Mann & Ginsburg, Norton). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA: xvi + 581 pp.Google Scholar
Theutenberg, Bo Johnson (1984). The Evolution of the Law of the Sea: A Study of Resources and Strategy with Special Regard to the Polar Regions. Tycooly International Publishing Limited, Dublin, Ireland: 261 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Tonnessen, J.N. & Johnsen, A.O. (1982). The History of Modern Whaling. University of California Press, Los Angeles, California, USA: xx + 798 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
UNEP (1980). Achievements and Planned Development of UNEP's Regional Seas Programme and Comparable Programmes Sponsored by Other Bodies. (UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 1.) UNEP, Geneva, Switzerland: vi + 64 pp. + publications list, 3 maps (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
UNEP (1982). Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution and its Related Protocols. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya, and United Nations, New York, NY, USA: iii + 45 pp.Google Scholar
UNEP (1983). Long-term Programme for Pollution Monitoring and Research in the Mediterranean (MED POL) — Phase II. (UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 28.) UNEP, Geneva, Switzerland: iii + 13 pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
UNEP/ECE/UNIDO/FAO/UNESCO/WHO/IAEA (1984). Pollutants from Land-based Sources in the Mediterranean. (UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 32.) Geneva, Switzerland: [v +] 94 pp., illustr. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
United Nations (1982 a). Draft Final Act of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. (A/Conf.62/121. 21 October). Department of External Affairs, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: 45 pp.Google Scholar
United Nations (1982 b). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. (A/Conf.62/122. 7 October.) Department of External Affairs, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: 194 pp.Google Scholar
Usher, P.J. (1982). The North: Metropolitan frontier, native homeland. Pp. 411–56 in Heartland and Hinterland (Ed. McCann, L.D.). Prentice-Hall Limited, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada: x + 500 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Valentine, V.F. & Vallee, F.G. (Eds). (1968). Eskimos of the Canadian Arctic. (The Carleton Library Number 41). McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, Ontario, Canada: xv + 241 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wonders, William C. (Ed.) (1976). The Arctic Circle: Aspects of the North from the Circumpolar Nations. Longman Canada Limited, Don Mills, Ontario, Canada: x + 145 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Wonders, William C. (1981). Northern resource development. Pp. 56–83 in Canadian Resource Policies Problems and Prospects. (Eds Mitchell, Bruce & Sewell, W.R.D.). Methuen, Toronto, Ontario, Canada: x + 145 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Zaslow, Morris (1971). The Opening of the Canadian North, 1970–1914. McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, Ontario, Canada: xii + 339 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Zaslow, Morris (Ed.) (1981). A Century of Canada's Arctic Islands, 1880–1980. (23rd Symposium.) The Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: xix + 358 pp., illustr.Google Scholar