Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T15:59:55.025Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A review of the environmental safety of the PAT protein

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2012

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Review Article
Copyright
© Center for Environmental Risk Assessment, ILSI Research Foundation

References

Références

Baker, H.G. (1974). The evolution of weeds. Annual Review of ecology and Systematics 5 :124. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckie, H.J., Seguin-Swartz, G., Nair, H., Warwick, S.I., andJohnson, E. (2004). Multiple herbicide-resistant canola can be controlled by alternative herbicides. Weed Science 52(1) :152157. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Block, M., Botterman, J., Vandewiele, M., Dockx, J., Thoen, C., Gossele, V., Movva, N.R., Thompson, C., van Montagu, M., andLeemans, J. (1987). Engineering herbicide resistance in plants by expression of a detoxifying enzyme. The EMBO Journal 6(9) :25132518. Google Scholar
Droge-Laser, W., Siemeling, U., Puhler, A., andBroer, I. (1994). The metabolites of the herbicide L-Phosphinothricin (Glufosinate) : Identification, stability and mobility in transgenic, herbicide-resistant and untransformed plants. Plant Physiology 105 :159166. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herouet, C., Esdaile, D. J., Mallyon, B. A., Debruyne, E., Schulz, A., Currier, T., Hendrickx, K., van der Klis, R-J., and Rouan, D. (2005). Safety evaluation of the phosphinothricin acetyltransferase proteins encoded by the pat and bar sequences that confer tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicide in transgenic plants. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 41 :134149. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoerlein, G. (1994). Glufosinate (Phosphinothricin), a Natural Amino Acid with Unexpected Herbicidal Properties. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 138 :73145. Google Scholar
Mallory-Smith, C. andZapiola, M. (2008). Gene flow from glyphosate-resistant crops. Pest Management Science 64 :428440. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwarz, D., Berger, S., Heinzelmann, E., Muschko, K., Welzel, K., andWohlleben, W. (2004). Biosynthetic gene cluster of the herbicide phosphinothricin tripeptide from Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tu494. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70(12) :70937102. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjoblad, R.D., McClintock, J.T. and Engler, R., (1992). Toxicological considerations for protein components of biological pesticide products. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 15 : 39. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, C. J., Movva, N. R., Tizard, R., Crameri, R., Davies, J. E., Lauwereys, M., andBotterman, J. (1987). Characterization of the herbicide-resistance gene bar from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The EMBO Journal 6(9) :25192523. Google ScholarPubMed
Warwick, S.I., Legere, A., Simard, M.-J., and James, T. (2008). Do escaped transgenes persist in nature? The case of an herbicide resistance transgene in a weedy Brassica rapa population. Molecular ecology. 17 :13871395. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wehrmann, A., van Vliet, A., Opsomer, C., Botterman, J., andSchulz, A. (1996). The similarities of bar and pat gene products make them equally applicable for plant engineers. Nature Biotechnology 14 :12741278. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wohlleben, W., Arnold, W., Broer, I.Hillermann, D., Strauch, E., andPuhler, A. (1988). Nucleotide sequence of the phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tu494 and its expression in Nicotiana tabacum. Gene 70 :2537. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ANZFA (2000). Draft Risk Analysis Report : Food derived from insect-protected Bt-176 corn. Australia New Zealand Food Authority, Canberra, Australia. http ://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/A385%20FA.pdf
ANZFA (2001a). Draft Risk Assessment Report : Food derived from insect-protected, herbicide-tolerant BT11 corn. Australia New Zealand Food Authority, Canberra, Australia. http ://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/A386_IR.pdf
ANZFA (2001b). Risk assessment for application A375 : food derived from glufosinate tolerant maize line T25. Australia New Zealand Food Authority, Canberra, Australia. http ://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/A375%20Final%20AR.pdf
ANZFA (2002). Final assessment report (inquiry - section 17) application A380 food from insect-protected and glufosinate ammonium-tolerant DBTt418 corn. Australia New Zealand Food Authority, Canberra, Australia. http ://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/A380_Final_Assessment_Report.pdf
CFIA (1995a). Decision document DD95-01 : Determination of environmental safety of Agrevo Canada Inc.’s glufosinate ammonium-tolerant canola. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9501e.shtml
CFIA (1995b). Decision document DD95-04 : Determination of environmental safety of Plant Genetic systems Inc. (PGS) novel hybridization system for canola (Brassica napus L.) (MS1, RF1). Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9504e.shtml
CFIA (1996a). Decision document DD96-09 : Determination of environmental safety of event 176 Bt corn (Zea mays L.) developed by Ciba Seeds and Mycogen Corporation. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9609e.shtml
CFIA (1996b). Decision document DD96-11 : Determination of environmental safety of Agrevo Canada Inc.’s glufosinate ammonium-tolerant canola line HCN28(T45). Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http ://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9611e.shtml
CFIA (1996c). Decision Document DD96-12 : Determination of environmental safety of Northrup King Seeds’ european corn borer (ecB) resistant corn (Zea mays L.). Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9612e.shtml
CFIA (1996d). Decision document 96–15 : CFIA (1996c). Determination of environmental safety of Dekalb Canada Inc.’s glufosinate ammonium-tolerant corn line DLL25. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9615e.shtml
CFIA (1996e). Decision document 96–16 : Determination of environmental safety of Plant Genetic Systems Inc.’s (PGS) male sterile corn (Zea mays L.) line MS3. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9616e.shtml
CFIA (1996f). Decision document 96–17 : Determination of environmental safety of Plant Genetic Systems Inc.’s (PGS) novel hybridization system for rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) (MS8xRF3). Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9617e.shtml
CFIA (1998a). Decision Document 98–22 : Determination of the safety of AgrEvo Canada Inc.’s glufosinate ammonium tolerant corn (Zea mays) lines, T14 and T25. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9822e.shtml
CFIA (1998b). Decision Document DD98-23 : Decision document 98–23 : determination of environmental safety of Dekalb Genetics Corporation’s European corn borer (ECB) resistant corn (Zea mays L.) line DBT418. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9823e.shtml
CFIA (1998c). Decision Document DD98-28 : Determination of the safety of AgrEvo Canada Inc.’s glufosinate ammonium herbicide-tolerant Brassica rapa canola line HCR-1. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9828e.shtml
CFIA (1998d). Determination of the safety of Monsanto Canada Inc.’s roundup herbicide-tolerant Brassica rapa canola lines ZSR500, ZSR502, and ZSR503. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9821e.shtml
CFIA (1999). Decision Document DD99-30 : Determination of the environmental safety of AgrEvo Canada Inc.’s glufosinate ammonium tolerant soybean (Glycine max) A2704-12. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd9930e.shtml
CFIA (2002a). Decision document DD2002-39 : Determination of the safety of Aventis CropsCience Canada Inc’s glufosinate ammonium-tolerant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) lines derived from event T120-7. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd0239e.shtml
CFIA (2002b) Decision Document DD2002-41 : Determination of the Safety of Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc. and Pioneer Hi-Bred International’s Insect Resistant and Glufosinate – Ammonium Tolerant Corn (Zea mays L.) Line 1507. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http ://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd0241e.shtml
CFIA (2004). Decision Document DD2004-49 : Determination of the Safety of Bayer CropScience’s Herbicide Tolerant LibertyLinkR◯Cotton Event LLcotton25 (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http ://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd0449e.shtml
CFIA (2005). Decision Document DD2005-55 : Determination of the safety of Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc. and Pioneer Hi-Bred Production Inc.’s insect resistant and glufosinate-ammonium herbicide tolerant corn (Zea mays L.) Line 59122. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd0555e.shtml
CFIA (2006a). Decision document DD2006-59 : Determination of the safety of Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc.’s insect resistant and glufosinate – ammonium tolerant corn (Zea mays L.) Event DAS-06275-8. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd0659e.shtml
CFIA (2006b). Decision Document DD2006-58 : Determination of the safety of Bayer CropScience’s glufosinate ammonium tolerant rice (Oryza sativa) Event LLrice62. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Ottawa, Canada. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/bio/dd/dd0658e.shtml
European Commission (1996). 96/424/EC : Commission Decision of 20 May 1996 concerning the placing on the market of genetically modified male sterile chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) with partial tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium pursuant to Council Directive 90/220/EEC. Official journal of the European Union NO. L 175, 13/07/1996 P. 0025 – 0026. http://www.biosafety.be/GB/Dir.Eur.GB/Market/96_424/96_424.html
European Commission (1997). 97/98/EC : Commission Decision of 23 January 1997 concerning the placing on the market of genetically modified maize (Zea mays L.) with the combined modification for insecticidal properties conferred by the Bt-endotoxin gene and increased tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium pursuant to Council Directive 90/220/EEC,. Official journal of the European Union NO. L 031, 01/02/1997 P. 0069 – 0070. http ://www.biosafety.be/PDF/97_98.pdf
European Commission (1998). 98/293/EC : Commission Decision of 22 April 1998 concerning the placing on the market of genetically modified maize (Zea mays L. T25), pursuant to Council Directive 90/220/EEC (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal L 131, 05/05/1998 p. 0030 – 0031. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1998:131:0030:0031:EN:PDF
European Commission (2001). Opinion of the scientific committee on plants regarding “submission for placing on the market of glufosinate tolerant maize (Zea mays) transformation eventT25” by the AgrEvo company now Aventis Cropscience (Notification C/F/95/12/07). European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scp/out04_en.html
EFSA (2005) For citation purposes : Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on an application (reference EFSA,-GMONL-2004-02) for the placing on the market of insect-tolerant genetically modified maize 1507, for food use, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Pioneer Hi-Bred International/Mycogen Seeds, The EFSA Journal (2005) 182, 1–22. http ://www.europabio.org/InfoOperators/EFSA,%20Opinion1507_190105.pdf
EFSA (2006). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on an application (Reference EFSA,-GMO-NL-2005-13) for the placing on the market of glufosinate-tolerant genetically modified LLCotton25, for food and feed uses, and import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience, The EFSA Journal (2006) 429, 1–19. http ://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/429.pdf
EFSA (2008a). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on an application (Reference EFSA-GMO-UK-2005-25) for the placing on the market of glufosinate-tolerant oilseed rape T45 for food and feed uses, import and processing and renewal of the authorization of oilseed rape T45 as existing products, both under Regulation (EC) 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience, The EFSA Journal (2008) 635, 1–22. http ://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/635.pdf
EFSA (2008b)Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on a request from Pioneer Hi-Bred International on the authorisation for the placing on the market of the insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant genetically modified maize 59122 x NK603, for food and feed uses, and import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003. The EFSA Journal (2008) 874, 1–34. http ://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/874.pdf
EFSA (2009a). Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on an application (Reference EFSA-GMO-UK-2005-21) for the placing on the market of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant genetically modified maize 59122 x 1507 x NK603 for food and feed uses, and import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. The EFSA Journal (2009) 1050, 1–32. http ://cera-gmc.org/docs/decdocs/09-235-005.pdf
EFSA (2009b). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on an application (Reference EFSA-GMO-NL-2005-15) for the placing on the market of the insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant genetically modified maize 1507 x 59122, for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Mycogen Seeds, c/o Dow AgroSciences LLC and Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. as represented by Pioneer Overseas Corporation, The EFSA Journal 1074, 1–28. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/1074.htm
FSANZ (2003). Final assessment report, application A446 : food derived from insect-protected and glufosinate ammonium-tolerant corn line 1507. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), Canberra, Australia. http ://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/ACF18.pdf
FSANZ (2004a). Final Assessment Report : Application A481- Food derived from glufosinate ammonium tolerant soybean lines A2704-12 and 15547-127. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), Canberra, Australia. http ://www.foodstandards.govt.nz/_srcfiles/A481_GM_soy_FAR.pdf
FSANZ (2004b). Final Assessment Report : Application A518 – Food derived from insect-protected herbicide tolerant cotton line MXB-13. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), Canberra, Australia. http ://www.foodstandards.govt.nz/_srcfiles/A518_GM_Cotton_FAR_FINAL.doc
FSANZ (2005a). Final Assessment Report : Application A533 – Food Derived from Glufosinate Ammonium-Tolerant Cotton Line LL25. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), Canberra, Australia. http ://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/FAR_A533%20GM%20cotton.pdf
FSANZ (2005b). Final Assessment Report : Application A543 – Food Derived from Insect-Protected Glufosinate Ammonium-Tolerant Corn Line 59122-7. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), Canberra, Australia. http ://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/A543_GM_Corn_DAR2.pdf
FSANZ (2008). Final Assessment Report : Application A589 – Food derived from glufosinate ammonium-tolerant rice LLRICE62. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), Canberra, Australia. http ://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/A589_GM_LLRICE62_FAR.pdf
Health Canada (2006a). Novel Food Information; Glufosinate Tolerant Rice Event LLRICE62. Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada. http ://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/gmf-agm/appro/nf-an90decdoc-eng.php
Health Canada (2006b). Novel Food Information : (mo)Cry1F Insect Resistant, Glufosinate Tolerant Corn Event TC6275. Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada. http ://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/gmf-agm/appro/nf-an111decdoc-eng.php
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (1996a). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for Topas 19/2 (HCN92). Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (1996b). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for ACS-BN004-7 × ACS-BN001-4 (Ms1, RF1). Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (1996c). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for lepidopteran resistant, herbicide tolerant maize SYN-BT011-1. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (1997a). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for ACS-BN004-7 × ACS-BN002-5 (MS1, RF2). Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (1997b). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for ACS-BN008-2 (HCN28). Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (1997c). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for T14. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (1997d). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for T25. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (1997e). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for SYN-EV176-9. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (1999a). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for ACS-BN005-8 × ACS-BN003-6 (MS8x RF3). Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (1999b). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for soybean A2704-12. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (1999c). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for DLL25. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (1999d). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for maize DBT418 (DKB-89614-9). Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2002). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for cotton DAS-01507-1. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2003). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for T25 x MON810 maize. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2005). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for DAS-01507-1 x MON-00603-6. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2006a). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for cotton LLCotton25 x MON15985 (ACS-GH001-3 x MON-15985-7). Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2006b). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for DAS-59122-7. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2006c). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for DAS-59122-7 x NK603. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2006d). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for DAS-59122-7 x TC1507 x NK603. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2006e). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for TC1507 x DAS-59122-7. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2006f). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for soybean A5547-127. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2007a). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for soybean A5547-127. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2007b). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for SYN-BT011-1 x MON-00021-9. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2008). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for TC6275, (DAS-06275-8). Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2009). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for SmartStax maize. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese Biosafety Clearing House (2010). Outline of the biological diversity risk assessment report : Type 1 use approval for NK603 x T25 maize. Japan Biosafety Clearing House (BCH). Tokyo, Japan.
OECD (1992). Recombinant DNA safety considerations. Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France.
OECD (1993). Safety considerations for biotechnology : scale-up of crop plants. Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France.
OECD (1997). Consensus document on the biology of Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape). Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris,France.
OECD (1999a). Consensus document on general information concerning the genes and their enzymes that confer tolerance to phosphinothricin herbicide. Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France. http ://www.olis.OECD,.org/olis/1999doc.nsf/LinkTo/env-jm-mono(99)13
OECD (1999b) Consensus Document on the Biology of Oryza sativa (Rice) No. 14, 1999 Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France. http ://www.olis.OECD,.org/olis/1999doc.nsf/LinkTo/env-jm-mono(99)26
OECD (2000) Consensus document on the biology of Glycine max (L.) Merr. Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France.
OECD (2001). Consensus document on the biology of Beta vulgaris L. Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France.
OECD (2002). Module II : Herbicide Biochemistry, Herbicide Metabolism and the Residues in Glufosinate-Ammonium (Phosphinothricin)-Tolerant Transgenic Plants. Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France. http://www.OECD,.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf?cote=ENV/JM/MONO%282002%2914&doclanguage=en
OECD (2003a). Consensus document on the biology of Zea mays subsp. Mays. Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France.
OECD (2003b). Description of selected key generic terms used in chemical hazard/risk assessment. Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris. http://www.olis.OECD,.org/olis/2003doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00004772/\protect \T1\textdollar FILE/JT00152557.PDFOECD (2006). Points to consider for consensus documents on the biology of cultivated plants. Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France.
OECD (2008). Consensus document on the biology of cotton (Gossypium spp.). Organization for economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France.
OGTR (2003). Risk assessment and risk management plan : DIR 021/2002 Commercial release of genetically modified (InVigor hybrid) canola (MS1, RF1, RF2, RF3, T45, Topas 19/2, HCN92, MS1, MS8). Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR), Canberra, Australia. http://www.OGTR,.gov.au/internet/OGTR,/publishing.nsf/Content/dir021-2002
OGTR (2006). Risk assessment and risk management plan : DIR 062/2005 Commercial release of herbicide tolerant Liberty Link cotton for use in the Australian cropping system. Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR), Canberra, Australia. http://www.OGTR,.gov.au/internet/OGTR,/publishing.nsf/Content/dir062-2005
OGTR (2008). The biology of Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium barbadense L. Office of the gene technology regulatory (OGTR) Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, Australia.
Philippines (2005). Determination of the Safety of Syngenta’s Corn BT11 (Insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant Corn) for Direct use as Food, Feed, and for Processing and for Propagation. Philippines Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industries, Manila, Philippines.
USDA?APHIS (1994a). Petition for determination of nonregulated status of Ciba Seeds’ corn genetically engineered to express the Cry1A(b) protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/94_31901p.pdf
USDA?APHIS (1994b). Petition for determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate resistant corn transformation events T14 and T25. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/94_35701p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1995a). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : Petition 94-319-01 for determination of nonregulated status for event 176 corn. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/94_31901p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1995b). Petition for determination of nonregulated status : Glufosinate resistant corn line B16. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/95_14501p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1995c). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : Petition 95-145-01 for determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate resistant corn transformation line B16. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/95_14501p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1995d). Petition for determination of nonregulated status for : Insect protected corn (Zea mays L.) expressing the CryIA(b) gene from Bacillus thuringienisis var. kurstaki(Bt11). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/95_19501p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1995e). Petition for determination of nonregulated status for male sterile, glufosinate tolerant corn transformation event MS3. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/95_22801p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1995f). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : Petition 94-357-01 for determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate resistant corn transformation events T14 and T25. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/94_35701p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1996a). Petition for determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate resistant soybean transformation events (W62, W98, A2704-12, A2704-21 and A5547-35). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/96_06801p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1996b). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : AgroEvo USA company petition 96-068-01p for determination of nonregulated status for transgenic glufosinate resistant soybean (GRS) lines W62, W98, A2704-12, A2704-21 and A5547-35. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/96_06801p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1996c). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : Petition 95-195-01 for determination of nonregulated status for Bt11 corn. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/95_19501p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1996d). Petition for determination of nonregulated status : insect protected corn (Zea mays L.) with cryIA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (DBT418). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/96_29101p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1996e). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : Petition 95-228-01 for determination of nonregulated status for MS3 corn. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/95_22801p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1997a). Petition for determination of nonregulated status : Glufosinate tolerant canola transformation event T45. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/97_20501p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1997b). Petition for determination of nonregulated status for Radicchio rosso lines with male sterility. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/97_14801p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1997c). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : USDA/APHIS Petition 97-148-01p for determination of nonregulated status for Radiccio rosso lines designated as RM3-3, RM3-4, and RM3-6. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/97_14801p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1997d). Petition for determination of nonregulated status for male sterile corn lines 676, 678, and 680 with resistance to glufosinate. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/97_34201p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1997e). Petition for determination of nonregulated status for Bt Cry9C insect resistant, glufosinate tolerant corn transformation event CBH-351. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/97_26501p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1997f). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : USDA/APHIS Petition 96-291-01p for determination of nonregulated status for insect-protected corn line DBT418. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/96_29101p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1998a). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : AgrEvo USA Company Petition 97-205-01p for determination of nonregulated status for transgenic glufosinate tolerant canola transformation (event T45). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/97_20501p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1998b). Petition for determination of nonregulated status : Glufosinate tolerant sugar beet, transformation event T120-7. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/97_33601p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1998c). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : AgrEvo USA Company Petition 97-336-01p for determination of nonregulated status for transgenic glufosinate tolerant sugar beet transformation event T120-7. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/97_33601p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1998d). Application for an extension of determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate resistant soybean transformation events (A5547-127). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/98_01401p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1998e). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : Request for extension of determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate resistant soybean transformation events (A5547-127). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/98_01401p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1998f). Application for an extension of determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate resistant soybean transformation events (GU262). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/98_23801p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1998g). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : application for an extension of determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate resistant soybean transformation events (GU262). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/98_23801p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1998h). Petition for determination of nonregulated status for LibertyLink rice transformation events LLRice06 and LLRice62. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/98_32901p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1998i). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : USDA/APHIS Petition 97-342-01p for determination of nonregulated status for genetically engineered corn lines 676, 678, and 680. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/97_34201p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1998j). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : Petition 97-265-01p for determination of nonregulated status for Bt. Cry9C insect resistant, glufosinate tolerant corn transformation event CBH-351. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/97_26501p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1998k). Request for extension of a determination of nonregulated status for a hybrid seed production system in corn based on male sterility and glufosinate tolerance as a marker (95-228-01p) : event MS6. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http :// www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/98_34901p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1998l). Petition for determination of nonregulated status for InVigor hybrid canola transformation events MS8/RF3. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/98_27801p.pdf
USDA APHIS (1999a). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : AgrEvo USA Petition 98-278-01p for determination of nonregulated status for canola transformation events MS8 and RF3 genetically engineered for pollination control and tolerance to glufosinate herbicide. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/98_27801p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1999b). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : AgrEvo USA Petition 98-329-01p for determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate tolerant rice transformation events LLRice06 and LLRice62. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/98_32901p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (1999c). Extension of determination of nonregulated status for corn genetically engineered for male sterility and glufosinate herbicide tolerance as a marker (MS6). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/98_34901p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (2000). Petition for the determination of nonregulated status B.t. Cry1F insect resistant, glufosinate tolerant maize line. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/00_13601p.pdf
USDA APHIS (2001a). Application for an extension of the determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate-tolerant canola transformration (98-278-01p) : MS1/RF1/RF2(01-206-01). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/01_20601p.pdf
USDA APHIS (2001b). Extension of determination of nonregulated status for canola genetically engineered for male sterility, fertility restoration, and glufosinate herbicide tolerance (MS1, RF1, RF2). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/01_20601p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (2001c). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : Approval of Mycogen Seeds c/o Dow AgroSciences LLC and Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. request (00-136-01p) seeking a determination of non-regulated status for Bt Cry1F insect resistant, glufosinate tolerant corn line 1507. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/00_13601p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (2002a). Application for an extension of the determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate-tolerant canola transformation (97-205-01p) : Topas 19/2 (01-206-02) (HCN92). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/01_20602p.pdf
USDA APHIS (2002b). Extension of determination of nonregulated status for canola genetically engineered for glufosinate herbicide tolerance (HCN92). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/01_20602p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (2002c). Aventis CropScience USA LP petition for the determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate-tolerant cotton transformation event, 02-042-01p (LLcotton25). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/02_04201p.pdf
USDA APHIS (2003a). Petition for determination of nonregulated status : B.t. Cry1F insect-resistant cotton event 281-24-236. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/03_03601p.pdf
USDA APHIS (2003b). Petition for determination of nonregulated status : B.t. Cry1Ac insect-resistant cotton event 3006-210-23. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/03_03602p.pdf
USDA APHIS (2003c). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : Aventis CropScience USA LP petition for the determination of nonregulated status for glufosinate-tolerant cotton transformation event, 02-042-01p(LLcotton25). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/02_04201p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (2004a). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : petition for determination of nonregulated status : B.t. Cry1F insect-resistant cotton event 281-24-236 and Cry1Ac insect-resistant cotton event 3006-210-23. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/03_03602p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS A (2004b). Application for an extension of the determination of nonregulated status for B.t. Cry1F insect-resistant, glufosinate tolerant maize (00-136-01p) : maize line 6275. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/03_18101p.pdf
USDA APHIS A (2004c). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : approval of Mycogen Seeds c/o Dow AgroSciences request (03-181-01p) seeking extension of the determination of nonregulated status for Bt Cry1F insect-resistant, glufosinate tolerant corn line 6275. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http :// www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/03_18101p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS A (2004d). Application for the determination of nonregulated status for B.t. Cry34/35Ab1 insect-resistant, glufosinate tolerant corn : corn line 59122. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/03_35301p.pdf
USDA APHIS A (2005). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : request 03-353-01p seeking a determination of non-regulated status for B.t. Cry34Ab1/35Ab1 insect-resistant, glufosinate tolerant corn line 59122-7. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/03_35301p_com.pdf
USDA APHIS (2006a). Application for an Extension of the Determination of Nonregulated Status for Glufosinate-Tolerant Rice (98-329-01p) : Transformation Event LLRICE601. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/06_23401p.pdf
USDA APHIS (2006b). Environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact : extension of nonregulated status to rice line LLRice601. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. http ://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs2/06_23401p_com.pdf
USEPA (2001). Biopesticide registration action document : Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1F corn. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. http ://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/tech_docs/brad_006481.pdf
USEPA (2005). Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1F/Cry1Ac construct 281/3006 insecticidal crystal protein as expressed in cotton (006445 & 006481) fact sheet. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_006445-6481.htm
USEPA (2009a). Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Delta-Endotoxin Protein and the Genetic Material Necessary for Its Production (via Elements of Vector pZO1502) in Event Bt11 Corn (OECD Unique Identifier : SYN-BT011-1)(006444) & Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa20 Insecticidal Protein and the Genetic Material Necessary for Its Production (via Elements of Vector pNOV1300) in Event MIR162 Maize (OECD Unique Identifier : SYN-IR162-4)(006599) Fact Sheet. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. http ://www.epa.gov/opp00001/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_006599-006444.html
USEPA (2009b). Pesticide Fact Sheet (MON 89034 x TC1507 x MON 88017 x DAS-59122-7). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. http ://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/pips/smartstax-factsheet.pdf