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Explaining the environmental Kuznets curve: structural change and international agreements in reducing sulphur emissions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 March 2001

SANDER M. DE BRUYN
Affiliation:
Free University Amsterdam, Department of Spatial Economics, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Abstract

Environmental Kuznets curves have been estimated using a simple reduced-form model that gives no information on the mechanisms underlying the estimated inverted U-shaped relationship between some pollutants and income. Various intuitive appealing explanations for the observed patterns have been offered, such as structural changes and environmental policy, but these have rarely been empirically investigated. Expanding the reduced-form model with explanatory variables may introduce serious multicollinearity problems, a reason why decomposition analysis is a preferable alternative for investigating the origins of change in emissions. Applying decomposition analysis fails to find evidence for structural changes as an important determinant of the impressive reductions in SO2 emissions of developed economies during the 1980s. Environmental policy, fostered by international agreements, gives a better explanation why pollution curbs downward at high income levels. Besides the level of income, the present state of the environment seems an important, but often neglected, variable that explains the ambition of environmental policy.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 1997 Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

Parts of this research have been financed by Ecooperation, Amsterdam. I would like to thank Roebijn Heintz from the World Bank, Jeroen van den Bergh from my department, Hans Opschoor from the Institute of Social Studies and the three anonymous reviewers for very useful comments on an earlier draft. The usual disclaimer applies.