Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T13:37:00.836Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

What’s in a Fraud? The Many Worlds of Gregor MacGregor, 1817–1824

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2020

DAMIAN CLAVEL Open the ORCID record for DAMIAN CLAVEL [Opens in a new window]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article revisits the story of one the greatest financial frauds in history: Poyais. In the 1820s, Gregor MacGregor issued bonds for this alleged fictitious Central American state on the London capital market. Putting together scattered evidence reveals a complex, multifaceted experiment undertaken by a private adventurer hoping to politically and economically position himself in a changing world. Poyais was a failed project to establish a settlement on a territory granted by an Indigenous leader and financed through British capital markets. Studying a financial failure provides nuanced insights into the political and legal frameworks defining origination processes of early nineteenth-century foreign loans. Following MacGregor’s actions entails drawing a story with contours that extend well beyond the City of London, revealing a rich set of transatlantic actors and spaces not known to be traditionally linked to the London-based capital market. The story of Poyais constitutes a window into the early financial dynamics of private colonialism and how these contributed to British imperial expansion. The Poyais loan appears as constituting a financial endeavor born from the encounter of different “worlds,” with MacGregor mediating these together but ultimately failing to legally and politically guarantee their lasting encounter.

Keywords

capital marketscolonialismEurope 19thLatin America, financial fraud
Type
Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , December 2021 , pp. 997 - 1036
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

The author would like to express his most sincere gratitude to Marc Flandreau. He thanks Pilar Nogues-Marco, Susanna Hecht, Richard White, Peter Conti-Brown, Philip Scranton, Maylis Avaro, Alberto Gamboa, Sophie Serrano, Sofia Valeonti, and anonymous referees at Enteprise & Society for their most generous comments. He is also grateful for comments from seminar participants at the Penn Economic History Forum, Philadelphia, April 2019, and the White-Collar Crime in Financial History UCBH Workshop, Uppsala, September 2019. The author acknowledges financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Graduate Institute (Geneva), and the Howard S. Marks Chair in Economic History (University of Pennsylvania). The opinions reflected in this work and any possible mistake remain the author’s.

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Adelman, Jeremy. Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Alexander, Alexander. The Life of Alexander Alexander, Vol 2., edited by Howell, John. Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1830.Google Scholar
Anderson, Jennifer L. Mahogany: The Costs of Luxury in Early America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arends, Tulio. Sir Gregor Mac Gregor: Un Escocés Tras la Aventura de América. Tiempo de Venezuela. Caracas: Monte Avila Editores, 1991.Google Scholar
Armitage, David, and Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, eds. The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760–1840. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baeza, Andrés. Contacts, Collisions and Relationships: Britons and Chileans in the Independence Era, 1806-1831. Liverpool Latin American Studies 19. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Balleisen, Edward J. Fraud: An American History from Barnum to Madoff. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Bashford, Alison, and Chaplin, Joyce E.. The New Worlds of Thomas Robert Malthus: Rereading the Principle of Population. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Belaubre, Christophe, Dym, Jordana, and Savage, John, eds. Napoleon’s Atlantic: The Impact of Napoleonic Empire in the Atlantic World. Vol. 20 of Atlantic World. Leiden: Brill, 2010.Google Scholar
Bennett, Charles E. General MacGregor: Hero or Rogue? Jacksonville, FL: Mid Nite Books, 2001.Google Scholar
Blake, Robert. Disraeli, 4th ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Broughton, E. C. Memoirs of the 65th Regiment, 1st Battn. the New York & Lancaster Regt. London: W. Clowes & sons, 1914.Google Scholar
Brown, Matthew. Adventuring through Spanish Colonies: Simón Bolívar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Matthew. ed. Informal Empire in Latin America: Culture, Commerce and Capital. Bulletin of Latin American Research. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burdon, John Alder, ed. Archives of British Honduras, Vol. 2. London: Sifton Praed & Co, 1934.Google Scholar
Campbell, Mavis Christine. Becoming Belize: A History of an Outpost of Empire Searching for Identity, 1528–1823. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Cassis, Youssef. Capitals of Capital: A History of International Financial Centres, 1780–2005. Translated by Collier, Jacqueline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Codd, Edward. Proceedings of an Inquiry and Investigation: Instituted by Major General Codd, His Majesty’s Superintendent and Commander-in-Chief at Belize, Honduras, Relative to Poyais, &c. &c. &c. London: Lawler and Quick, 1824.Google Scholar
Committee for General Purposes of the London Stock Exchange. Rules and Regulations. London: Stephen Couchman, 1812.Google Scholar
Costeloe, Michael P. Bonds and Bondholders : British Investors and Mexico’s Foreign Debt, 1824–1888. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.Google Scholar
Darnton, Robert. The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History. New York: Basic Books, 2009.Google Scholar
Dawson, Frank Griffith. The First Latin American Debt Crisis : The City of London and the 1822-25 Loan Bubble. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Douglas, James. “In Medical Charge of the Poyais Settlement on the Coast of Honduras.” In Journals and Reminiscences of James Douglas, M.D., edited by Douglas, James (Junior), 85–120. New York: The Torch Press, 1910.Google Scholar
Dumas, Alexandre. Le capitaine Pamphile. Paris: Dumont, 1839.Google Scholar
Flandreau, Marc. Anthropologists in the Stock Exchange: A Financial History of Victorian Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkman, David I. The Nicaragua Route. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Friend To Poyais. Some Account of the Poyais Country: Shewing from Undoubted Authority the Certain Advantages to Be Derived from the Establishment of Colonial and Commercial Companies for Trading with That Country and Working Its Gold Mines with Hints Regarding the Prejudices Which Have Created by Its Opponents, &c. London: Effingham Wilson, 1825.Google Scholar
Fuligni, Bruno. Royaumes d’aventure: Ils ont fondé leur propre Etat. Paris: Les Arènes, 2016.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, Carlo. Il formaggio e i vermi : il cosmo di un mugnaio del ’500. Torino: G. Einaudi, 1976.Google Scholar
Gregg, Richard T. Gregor MacGregor, Cazique of Poyais, 1786–1845…or, Gregor MacGregor: On the Trail of the Gullible! Scripophily Library 1. London: International Bond & Share Society, 1999.Google Scholar
Griffith, William J. Empires in the Wilderness: Foreign Colonization and Development in Guatemala, 1834–1844. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Hackett, James. Narrative of the Expedition Which Sailed from England in 1817, to Join the South American Patriots. London: John Murray, 1818.Google Scholar
Hastie, James. Narrative of a Voyage in the Ship Kennersley Castle from Leith Roads to Poyais with Some Account of the Proceedings of the Workmen on Their Arrival at Black River, in That Territory, and of Their Subsequent Removal to Belize. Edinburgh: Printed for the author, 1823.Google Scholar
Head, David. Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic. Early American Places. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendriks, Herman. A Plain Narrative of Facts. London: Stephen Couchman, 1824.Google Scholar
Hippisley, Gustavus Butler. Acts of Oppression, Committed Under the Administration of M. de Villéle, Prime Minister of Charles X in the Years 1825–6. In a Series of Letters. London: Alfred Miller, 1831.Google Scholar
Hippisley, Gustavus Matthias. A Narrative of the Expedition to the Rivers Orinoco and Apuré, in South America: Which Sailed from England in November 1817, and Joined the Patriotic Forces in Venezuela and Caráccas. London: John Murray, 1819.Google Scholar
Hodgson, Robert. Some Account of the Mosquito Territory, 2nd ed., edited by Hodgson, Robert. Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1822.Google Scholar
Inhabitants of Honduras. The Defence of the Settlers of Honduras against the Unjust and Unfounded Representations of Colonel George Arthur, Late Superintendent of That Settlement. Jamaica: Alex Aikman junior, 1824.Google Scholar
Jasanoff, Maya. The Dawn Watch: Joseph Conrad in a Global World. New York: Penguin Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Johnston, H. J. M. British Emigration Policy 1815–1830: Shoveling out Paupers. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Jonsson, Fredrik Albritton. Enlightenment’s Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism. The Lewis Walpole Series in Eighteenth-Century Culture and History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaus, Ian. Forging Capitalism: Rogues, Swindlers, Frauds, and the Rise of Modern Finance. Yale Series in Economic and Financial History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Lambert, David, and Lester, Alan, eds. Colonial Lives across the British Empire: Imperial Careering in the Long Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. Pandora’s Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Low, George Augustus. The Belise Merchants Unmasked, or, A Review of Their Late Proceedings against Poyais: From Information and Authentic Documents Gained on the Spot, during a Visit to Those Parts in the Months of August and September, 1823. London: D. S. Maurice, 1824.Google Scholar
MacGregor, Gregor. Exposición documentada que el General Mac-Gregor dirijió al Gobierno de Venezuela y resolución que a ella recayó. Caracas: A. Damiron, 1839. http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ciencia-militar/exposicion-documentada-que-el-general-mac-gregor-dirijio-al-gobierno-de-venezuela.Google Scholar
Marichal, Carlos. A Century of Debt Crises in Latin America: From Independence to the Great Depression, 1820–1930. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Mérilhou, Joseph. Précis pour le Général Sir Grégor Mac-Grégor, Cacique de Poyais, dans l’Amérique centrale. Paris: Porthmann, 1825.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Alida C. Go-Betweens and the Colonization of Brazil, 1500–1600. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Morillo, Pablo. Mémoires du général Morillo, comte de Carthagène, marquis de la Puerta, relatifs aux principaux événemens de ses campagnes en Amérique de 1815 à 1821. Paris: P. Dufart, 1826.Google Scholar
Narrative of a Voyage to the Spanish Main: In the Ship ‘Two Friends’; the Occupation of Amelia Island. London: John Miller, 1819.Google Scholar
Naylor, Robert Arthur. Penny Ante Imperialism : The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600-1914; a Case Study in British Informal Empire. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Platt, Desmond Christopher Martin, ed. Business Imperialism 1840–1930: An Inquiry Based on British Experience in Latin America. Reprint. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Potthast, Barbara. Die Mosquitoküste im Spannungsfeld britischer und spanischer Politik 1502-1821. Lateinamerikanische Forschungen 16. Colonge: Böhlau, 1988.Google Scholar
Press, Steven. Rogue Empires: Contracts and Conmen in Europe’s Scramble for Africa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafter, Michael. Memoirs of Gregor McGregor Comprising a Sketch of the Revolution in New Granada and Venezuela with Biographical Notices of Generals Miranda, Bolivar, Morillo and Horé and a Narrative of the Expeditions to Amelia Island, Porto Bello and Rio de La Hache Interspersed with Revolutionary Anecdotes. London: J. J. Stockdale, 1820.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Moises Enrique. Freedom’s Mercenaries: British Volunteers in the Wars of Independence of Latin America, Vol. 1. Lanham, UK: Hamilton Books, 2006.Google Scholar
Sandage, Scott A. Born Losers: A History of Failure in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, Drusilla. Mary English: A Friend of Bolivar. Lewes, UK: Book guild, 1991.Google Scholar
Secretan, John James. Epitome of Foreign Stocks, Most Currently Bought and Sold in London. London: W. and S. Graves, 1824.Google Scholar
Shaw, A. G. L. Sir George Arthur, Bart., 1784–1854: Superintendent of British Honduras, Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen’s Land and of Upper Canada, Governor of the Bombay Presidency. Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Sinclair, David. The Land That Never Was: Sir Gregor MacGregor and the Most Audacious Fraud in History. London: Review, 2003.Google Scholar
Smiles, Samuel. A Publisher and His Friends: Memoir and Correspondence of John Murray 1768–1843. London: John Murray, 1911.Google Scholar
Stock, Eugene. The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its Men and Its Work. London: Church Missionary Society, 1899.Google Scholar
Strangeways, Thomas. Sketch of the Mosquito Shore, Including the Territory of Poyais: Descriptive of the Country ; with Some Information as to Its Production, the Best Mode of Culture, &c. … Chiefly Intended for the Use of Settlers. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1822.Google Scholar
Summerhill, William Roderick. Inglorious Revolution: Political Institutions, Sovereign Debt, and Financial Underdevelopment in Imperial Brazil. Yale Series in Economic and Financial History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Taylor, James. Boardroom Scandal: The Criminalization of Company Fraud in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomz, Michael. Reputation and International Cooperation: Sovereign Debt across Three Centuries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Vale, Brian. Independence or Death!: British Sailors and Brazilian Independence, 1822–25. International Library of Historical Studies 5. London: Tauris Academic, 1996.Google Scholar
Vittorino, Antonio. Relaciones colombo-británicas de 1823 a 1825: según los documentos del Foreign Office. Barranquilla: Ediciones Uninorte, 1990.Google Scholar
Wilmot-Horton, Robert. Letters Containing Observations on Colonial Policy. London: J. Cunningham, 1839.Google Scholar
Wilmot-Horton, Robert. Observations upon the Outline of a Plan of Emigration to Upper Canada. London: W. Clowes, 1823.Google Scholar
Weyman, Stanley John. Ovington’s Bank. New York: Longman’s, Green and Co., 1922.Google Scholar
White, Richard. Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. New York: W. W. Norton, 2012.Google Scholar
Woodcroft, Bennet. “Gilman Sowerby 13th April 1825.” In Titles of Patents of Invention, Vol. 2. London: G. E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode, 1854.Google Scholar
Wright, John. Memoir of the Mosquito Territory, as Respecting the Voluntary Cession of It to the Crown of Great Britain. London: J. Hatchard, 1808.Google Scholar
Allan, Victor. “The Prince of Poyais.” History Today 2 (1952): 53–58.Google Scholar
Bertrand, Romain, and Calafat, Guillaume. “La microhistoire globale: affaire(s) à suivre.” Annales Histoire, Sciences Sociales 73, no. 1 (2018): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Matthew. “British Informal Empire and the Origins of Association Football in South America.” Soccer & Society 16, no. 2–3 (May 4, 2015): 169–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Matthew. “Gregor MacGregor : Clansman, Conquistador and Coloniser on the Fringes of the British Empire.” In Colonial Lives across the British Empire: Imperial Careering in the Long Nineteenth Century, edited by Lambert, David and Lester, Alan, 32–57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Brown, Matthew. “Inca, Sailor, Soldier, King: Gregor MacGregor and the Early Nineteenth-Century Caribbean.” Bulletin of Latin American Research, no. 1 (2005): 44–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, Frank Griffith. “MacGregor, Gregor (1786–1845).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, edited by Harrison, Brian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Dawson, Frank Griffith. “The Evacuation of the Mosquito Shore and the English Who Stayed Behind, 1786–1800.” The Americas 55, no. 1 (July 1998): 63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, Frank Griffith. “William Pitt’s Settlement at Black River on the Mosquito Shore: A Challenge to Spain in Central America, 1732-87.” Hispanic American Historical Review 63, no. 4 (November 1983): 677–706.Google Scholar
Dennis, Philip A., and Olien, Michael D.. “Kingship among the Miskito.” American Ethnologist 11, no. 4 (November 1984): 718–737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dziennik, Matthew P. “The Miskitu, Military Labour, and the San Juan Expedition of 1780.” Historical Journal, no. 1 (March 2018): 155–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caballero, Jesús Díaz. “Incaísmo as the First Guiding Fiction in the Emergence of the Creole Nation in the United Provinces of Río de La Plata.” Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 17, no. 1 (2008): 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Deborah. “Love and Money in the Informal Empire: The British in Argentina, 1830–1930.” Past & Present 245, no. 1 (November 2019): 79–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, T. Frederick. “MacGregor’s Invasion of Florida, 1817.” Florida Historical Society Quarterly 7, no. 1 (July 1928): 2–71.Google Scholar
Feierman, Steven. “Colonizers, Scholars, and the Creation of Invisible Histories.” In Beyond the Cultural Turn: New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture, edited by Bonnell, Victoria E. and Hunt, Lynn, 182–216. Studies on the History of Society and Culture 34. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flandreau, Marc, and Flores, Juan H.. “Bonds and Brands: Foundations of Sovereign Debt Markets, 1820–1830.” Journal of Economic History 69, no. 03 (2009): 646–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, Giorgio. “The Boom That Never Was? Latin American Loans in London 1822-1825.” Discussion Paper No. 5. Trento: Universita’ degli studi – Dipartimento di economia, 2002.Google Scholar
Friede, Juan. “La Expedición de Mac-Gregor a Riohacha–Año 1819.” Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico 10, no. 9 (1967): 69–85.Google Scholar
Gabbert, Wolfgang. “‘God Save the King of the Mosquito Nation!’ Indigenous Leaders on the Fringe of the Spanish Empire.” Ethnohistory 63, no. 1 (January 2016): 71–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, John, and Robinson, Ronald. “The Imperialism of Free Trade.” Economic History Review, n.s. 6, no. 1 (1953): 1–15.Google Scholar
Ghobrial, John-Paul A. “Introduction: Seeing the World like a Microhistorian.” Past & Present 242, no. Supplement 14 (November 2019): 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghobrial, John-Paul A. “The Secret Life of Elias of Babylon and the Uses of Global Microhistory.” Past & Present 222, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 51–93.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, Carlo. “Microhistory and World History.” In The Cambridge World History, edited by Bentley, Jerry H., Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, and Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E., 446–473. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasbrouck, Alfred. “Gregor McGregor and the Colonization of Poyais, between 1820 and 1824.” Hispanic American Historical Review 7, no. 4 (November 1927): 438–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helms, Mary W. “Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population.” Journal of Anthropological Research 39, no. 2 (1983): 179–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helms, Mary W. “The Cultural Ecology of a Colonial Tribe.” Ethnology 8, no. 1 (January 1969): 76–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, A. G. “Informal Empire in Argentina: An Alternative View.” Journal of Latin American Studies 26, no. 2 (1994): 469–484.Google Scholar
Humphreys, Robert Arthur. “British Merchants and South American Independence.” In Tradition and Revolt in Latin American and Other Essays, 106–29. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Jones, Charles. “‘Business Imperialism’ and Argentina, 1875–1900: A Theoretical Note.” Journal of Latin American Studies 12, no. 2 (1980): 437–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaukiainen, Yrjö. “Shrinking the World: Improvements in the Speed of Information Transmission, c. 1820-1870.” European Review of Economic History 5, no. 1 (April 2001): 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamont, Stephen Peter. “Robert Wilmot Horton and Liberal Toryism.” PhD diss., University of Nottingham, 2015.Google Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi R. “Rethinking Microhistory: A Comment.” Journal of the Early Republic 26, no. 4 (December 2006): 555–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llorca-Jaña, Manuel. “The Economic Activities of a Global Merchant-Banker in Chile: Huth & Co. of London, 1820s-1850s.” Historia (Santiago) 45, no. 2 (December 2012): 399–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowe, John. “A Letter to the Rt. Hon. George Canning, MP on the Policy of Recognising the Independence of the South American States.” In The Pamphleteer, 21:401–413. 42. London: Sherwood and Co., 1823.Google Scholar
Lowe, John. “Mr. John Lowe to the Marquess of Londonderry.” In Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, edited by Vane, Charles William, Vol. 4:476–82. London: John Murray, 1853.Google Scholar
Mathew, W. M. “The First Anglo-Peruvian Debt and Its Settlement, 1822–49.” Journal of Latin American Studies 2, no. 1 (May 1970): 81–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neal, Larry. “The Financial Crisis of 1825 and the Restructuring of the British Financial System.” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 80, no. 3 (May 1998): 53–76.Google Scholar
Neal, Larry. “The London Stock Exchange in the First Age of Globalization, 1801–1914.” Paper presented at the European Historical Economics Society Conference, Istanbul, September 2005.Google Scholar
Nicholls, Kit. “‘All Abbotsford to an Acre of Poyais’: Highlandry and the Revolutionary Atlantic.” European Romantic Review 22, no. 6 (2011): 727–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noveck, Daniel. “Class, Culture, and the Miskito Indians: A Historical Perspective.” Dialectical Anthropology 13, no. 1 (January 1988): 17–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Offen, Karl H. “British Logwood Extraction from the Mosquitia: The Origin of a Myth.” Hispanic American Historical Review 80, no. 1 (2000): 113–135.Google Scholar
Olien, Michael D. “E. G. Squier and the Miskito: Anthropological Scholarship and Political Propaganda.” Ethnohistory 32, no. 2 (April 1985): 111–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paquette, Gabriel. “The Intellectual Context of British Diplomatic Recognition of the South American Republics, C. 1800-1830.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies 2, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 75–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, Desmond Christopher Martin. “British Bondholders in Nineteenth Century Latin America: Injury and Remedy.” In Foreign Investment in Latin America: Cases and Attitudes, edited by Bernstein, Marvin D., 81–102. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966.Google Scholar
Platt, Desmond Christopher Martin. “Further Objections to an ‘Imperialism of Free Trade,’ 1830-60.” Economic History Review 26, no. 1 (February 1973): 77–91.Google Scholar
Platt, Desmond Christopher Martin. “The Imperialism of Free Trade: Some Reservations.” Economic History Review, n.s. 21, no. 2 (August 1968): 296–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pro Ruiz, Juan. “Figure du cacique, figure du caudillo: les langages de la construction nationale en Espagne et en Argentine, 1808–1930.” Genèses 62, no. 1 (March 2006): 27–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, Lara. “To Study the Fragments/Whole: Microhistory and the Atlantic World.” Journal of Social History 39, no. 3 (March 2006): 615–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revels, Craig S. “Timber, Trade, and Transformation: A Historical Geography of Mahogany in Honduras.” PhD diss., Louisiana State University, 2002.Google Scholar
Richter, Daniel K. “To ‘Clear the King’s and Indians’ Title’: Seventeenth-Century Origins of North American Land Cession Treaties.” In Empire by Treaty: Negotiating European Expansion, 1600–1900, edited by Belmessous, Saliha, 45–77. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Rippy, Fred J. “Latin America and the British Investment ‘Boom’ of the 1820s.” Journal of Modern History 19, no. 2 (June 1947): 122–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robb, George. ‘Before Madoff and Ponzi: 19th-Century Business Frauds’. Phi Kappa Phi Forum 92, no. 1 (Spring 2012): 7–9.Google Scholar
Safier, Neil. “Global Knowledge on the Move: Itineraries, Amerindian Narratives, and Deep Histories of Science.” Isis 101, no. 1 (2010): 133–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schorsch, Jonathan. “Sephardic Business: Early Modern Atlantic Style.” Jewish Quarterly Review 100, no. 3 (2010): 483–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Alison K. “A Microhistory of the Global Empire of Cotton: Ivanovo, the ‘Russian Manchester.’” Past & Present 244, no. 1 (2019): 163–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivellato, Francesca. “Is There a Future for Italian Microhistory in the Age of Global History?” California Italian Studies Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2011). Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0z94n9hq.Google Scholar
Waddell, David Alan Gilmour. “British Neutrality and Spanish-American Independence: The Problem of Foreign Enlistment.” Journal of Latin American Studies 19, no. 1 (May 1987): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, Barbara. “História sem causa? A nova história cultural, a grande narrativa e o dilema pós-colonial.” História (São Paulo) 22, no. 2 (2003): 185–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zachs, William, Isaac, Peter, Fraser, Angus, and Lister, William. “Murray Family.” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, edited by Harrison, Brian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Aberdeen Journal Google Scholar
Course of the Exchange Google Scholar
The Economist Google Scholar
Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Chronicle Google Scholar
Journal du Palais: jurisprudence française Google Scholar
Kentish Weekly Post Google Scholar
London Gazette Google Scholar
Missionary Register Google Scholar
Morning Chronicle Google Scholar
Morning Post Google Scholar
Public Ledger Google Scholar
Quarterly Review Google Scholar
ScotsmanGoogle Scholar
The Times Google Scholar
Archives Départementales de la Dordogne, PérigueuxGoogle Scholar
Archives Nationales, ParisGoogle Scholar
Belize State Records and Archives Service, BelmopanGoogle Scholar
British Library, LondonGoogle Scholar
Guildhall Library, LondonGoogle Scholar
John Carter Brown Library, ProvidenceGoogle Scholar
Hansard, LondonGoogle Scholar
Lloyds Banking Group Archives, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
National Records of Scotland, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Rothschild Archive, LondonGoogle Scholar
Royal Commonwealth Society Library, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Staffordshire County Record Office, StaffordGoogle Scholar
The National Archive, KewGoogle Scholar
Adelman, Jeremy. Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Alexander, Alexander. The Life of Alexander Alexander, Vol 2., edited by Howell, John. Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1830.Google Scholar
Anderson, Jennifer L. Mahogany: The Costs of Luxury in Early America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arends, Tulio. Sir Gregor Mac Gregor: Un Escocés Tras la Aventura de América. Tiempo de Venezuela. Caracas: Monte Avila Editores, 1991.Google Scholar
Armitage, David, and Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, eds. The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760–1840. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baeza, Andrés. Contacts, Collisions and Relationships: Britons and Chileans in the Independence Era, 1806-1831. Liverpool Latin American Studies 19. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Balleisen, Edward J. Fraud: An American History from Barnum to Madoff. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Bashford, Alison, and Chaplin, Joyce E.. The New Worlds of Thomas Robert Malthus: Rereading the Principle of Population. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Belaubre, Christophe, Dym, Jordana, and Savage, John, eds. Napoleon’s Atlantic: The Impact of Napoleonic Empire in the Atlantic World. Vol. 20 of Atlantic World. Leiden: Brill, 2010.Google Scholar
Bennett, Charles E. General MacGregor: Hero or Rogue? Jacksonville, FL: Mid Nite Books, 2001.Google Scholar
Blake, Robert. Disraeli, 4th ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Broughton, E. C. Memoirs of the 65th Regiment, 1st Battn. the New York & Lancaster Regt. London: W. Clowes & sons, 1914.Google Scholar
Brown, Matthew. Adventuring through Spanish Colonies: Simón Bolívar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Matthew. ed. Informal Empire in Latin America: Culture, Commerce and Capital. Bulletin of Latin American Research. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burdon, John Alder, ed. Archives of British Honduras, Vol. 2. London: Sifton Praed & Co, 1934.Google Scholar
Campbell, Mavis Christine. Becoming Belize: A History of an Outpost of Empire Searching for Identity, 1528–1823. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Cassis, Youssef. Capitals of Capital: A History of International Financial Centres, 1780–2005. Translated by Collier, Jacqueline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Codd, Edward. Proceedings of an Inquiry and Investigation: Instituted by Major General Codd, His Majesty’s Superintendent and Commander-in-Chief at Belize, Honduras, Relative to Poyais, &c. &c. &c. London: Lawler and Quick, 1824.Google Scholar
Committee for General Purposes of the London Stock Exchange. Rules and Regulations. London: Stephen Couchman, 1812.Google Scholar
Costeloe, Michael P. Bonds and Bondholders : British Investors and Mexico’s Foreign Debt, 1824–1888. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.Google Scholar
Darnton, Robert. The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History. New York: Basic Books, 2009.Google Scholar
Dawson, Frank Griffith. The First Latin American Debt Crisis : The City of London and the 1822-25 Loan Bubble. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Douglas, James. “In Medical Charge of the Poyais Settlement on the Coast of Honduras.” In Journals and Reminiscences of James Douglas, M.D., edited by Douglas, James (Junior), 85–120. New York: The Torch Press, 1910.Google Scholar
Dumas, Alexandre. Le capitaine Pamphile. Paris: Dumont, 1839.Google Scholar
Flandreau, Marc. Anthropologists in the Stock Exchange: A Financial History of Victorian Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkman, David I. The Nicaragua Route. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Friend To Poyais. Some Account of the Poyais Country: Shewing from Undoubted Authority the Certain Advantages to Be Derived from the Establishment of Colonial and Commercial Companies for Trading with That Country and Working Its Gold Mines with Hints Regarding the Prejudices Which Have Created by Its Opponents, &c. London: Effingham Wilson, 1825.Google Scholar
Fuligni, Bruno. Royaumes d’aventure: Ils ont fondé leur propre Etat. Paris: Les Arènes, 2016.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, Carlo. Il formaggio e i vermi : il cosmo di un mugnaio del ’500. Torino: G. Einaudi, 1976.Google Scholar
Gregg, Richard T. Gregor MacGregor, Cazique of Poyais, 1786–1845…or, Gregor MacGregor: On the Trail of the Gullible! Scripophily Library 1. London: International Bond & Share Society, 1999.Google Scholar
Griffith, William J. Empires in the Wilderness: Foreign Colonization and Development in Guatemala, 1834–1844. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Hackett, James. Narrative of the Expedition Which Sailed from England in 1817, to Join the South American Patriots. London: John Murray, 1818.Google Scholar
Hastie, James. Narrative of a Voyage in the Ship Kennersley Castle from Leith Roads to Poyais with Some Account of the Proceedings of the Workmen on Their Arrival at Black River, in That Territory, and of Their Subsequent Removal to Belize. Edinburgh: Printed for the author, 1823.Google Scholar
Head, David. Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic. Early American Places. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendriks, Herman. A Plain Narrative of Facts. London: Stephen Couchman, 1824.Google Scholar
Hippisley, Gustavus Butler. Acts of Oppression, Committed Under the Administration of M. de Villéle, Prime Minister of Charles X in the Years 1825–6. In a Series of Letters. London: Alfred Miller, 1831.Google Scholar
Hippisley, Gustavus Matthias. A Narrative of the Expedition to the Rivers Orinoco and Apuré, in South America: Which Sailed from England in November 1817, and Joined the Patriotic Forces in Venezuela and Caráccas. London: John Murray, 1819.Google Scholar
Hodgson, Robert. Some Account of the Mosquito Territory, 2nd ed., edited by Hodgson, Robert. Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1822.Google Scholar
Inhabitants of Honduras. The Defence of the Settlers of Honduras against the Unjust and Unfounded Representations of Colonel George Arthur, Late Superintendent of That Settlement. Jamaica: Alex Aikman junior, 1824.Google Scholar
Jasanoff, Maya. The Dawn Watch: Joseph Conrad in a Global World. New York: Penguin Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Johnston, H. J. M. British Emigration Policy 1815–1830: Shoveling out Paupers. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Jonsson, Fredrik Albritton. Enlightenment’s Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism. The Lewis Walpole Series in Eighteenth-Century Culture and History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaus, Ian. Forging Capitalism: Rogues, Swindlers, Frauds, and the Rise of Modern Finance. Yale Series in Economic and Financial History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Lambert, David, and Lester, Alan, eds. Colonial Lives across the British Empire: Imperial Careering in the Long Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. Pandora’s Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Low, George Augustus. The Belise Merchants Unmasked, or, A Review of Their Late Proceedings against Poyais: From Information and Authentic Documents Gained on the Spot, during a Visit to Those Parts in the Months of August and September, 1823. London: D. S. Maurice, 1824.Google Scholar
MacGregor, Gregor. Exposición documentada que el General Mac-Gregor dirijió al Gobierno de Venezuela y resolución que a ella recayó. Caracas: A. Damiron, 1839. http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ciencia-militar/exposicion-documentada-que-el-general-mac-gregor-dirijio-al-gobierno-de-venezuela.Google Scholar
Marichal, Carlos. A Century of Debt Crises in Latin America: From Independence to the Great Depression, 1820–1930. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Mérilhou, Joseph. Précis pour le Général Sir Grégor Mac-Grégor, Cacique de Poyais, dans l’Amérique centrale. Paris: Porthmann, 1825.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Alida C. Go-Betweens and the Colonization of Brazil, 1500–1600. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Morillo, Pablo. Mémoires du général Morillo, comte de Carthagène, marquis de la Puerta, relatifs aux principaux événemens de ses campagnes en Amérique de 1815 à 1821. Paris: P. Dufart, 1826.Google Scholar
Narrative of a Voyage to the Spanish Main: In the Ship ‘Two Friends’; the Occupation of Amelia Island. London: John Miller, 1819.Google Scholar
Naylor, Robert Arthur. Penny Ante Imperialism : The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600-1914; a Case Study in British Informal Empire. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Platt, Desmond Christopher Martin, ed. Business Imperialism 1840–1930: An Inquiry Based on British Experience in Latin America. Reprint. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Potthast, Barbara. Die Mosquitoküste im Spannungsfeld britischer und spanischer Politik 1502-1821. Lateinamerikanische Forschungen 16. Colonge: Böhlau, 1988.Google Scholar
Press, Steven. Rogue Empires: Contracts and Conmen in Europe’s Scramble for Africa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafter, Michael. Memoirs of Gregor McGregor Comprising a Sketch of the Revolution in New Granada and Venezuela with Biographical Notices of Generals Miranda, Bolivar, Morillo and Horé and a Narrative of the Expeditions to Amelia Island, Porto Bello and Rio de La Hache Interspersed with Revolutionary Anecdotes. London: J. J. Stockdale, 1820.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Moises Enrique. Freedom’s Mercenaries: British Volunteers in the Wars of Independence of Latin America, Vol. 1. Lanham, UK: Hamilton Books, 2006.Google Scholar
Sandage, Scott A. Born Losers: A History of Failure in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, Drusilla. Mary English: A Friend of Bolivar. Lewes, UK: Book guild, 1991.Google Scholar
Secretan, John James. Epitome of Foreign Stocks, Most Currently Bought and Sold in London. London: W. and S. Graves, 1824.Google Scholar
Shaw, A. G. L. Sir George Arthur, Bart., 1784–1854: Superintendent of British Honduras, Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen’s Land and of Upper Canada, Governor of the Bombay Presidency. Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Sinclair, David. The Land That Never Was: Sir Gregor MacGregor and the Most Audacious Fraud in History. London: Review, 2003.Google Scholar
Smiles, Samuel. A Publisher and His Friends: Memoir and Correspondence of John Murray 1768–1843. London: John Murray, 1911.Google Scholar
Stock, Eugene. The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its Men and Its Work. London: Church Missionary Society, 1899.Google Scholar
Strangeways, Thomas. Sketch of the Mosquito Shore, Including the Territory of Poyais: Descriptive of the Country ; with Some Information as to Its Production, the Best Mode of Culture, &c. … Chiefly Intended for the Use of Settlers. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1822.Google Scholar
Summerhill, William Roderick. Inglorious Revolution: Political Institutions, Sovereign Debt, and Financial Underdevelopment in Imperial Brazil. Yale Series in Economic and Financial History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Taylor, James. Boardroom Scandal: The Criminalization of Company Fraud in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomz, Michael. Reputation and International Cooperation: Sovereign Debt across Three Centuries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Vale, Brian. Independence or Death!: British Sailors and Brazilian Independence, 1822–25. International Library of Historical Studies 5. London: Tauris Academic, 1996.Google Scholar
Vittorino, Antonio. Relaciones colombo-británicas de 1823 a 1825: según los documentos del Foreign Office. Barranquilla: Ediciones Uninorte, 1990.Google Scholar
Wilmot-Horton, Robert. Letters Containing Observations on Colonial Policy. London: J. Cunningham, 1839.Google Scholar
Wilmot-Horton, Robert. Observations upon the Outline of a Plan of Emigration to Upper Canada. London: W. Clowes, 1823.Google Scholar
Weyman, Stanley John. Ovington’s Bank. New York: Longman’s, Green and Co., 1922.Google Scholar
White, Richard. Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. New York: W. W. Norton, 2012.Google Scholar
Woodcroft, Bennet. “Gilman Sowerby 13th April 1825.” In Titles of Patents of Invention, Vol. 2. London: G. E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode, 1854.Google Scholar
Wright, John. Memoir of the Mosquito Territory, as Respecting the Voluntary Cession of It to the Crown of Great Britain. London: J. Hatchard, 1808.Google Scholar
Allan, Victor. “The Prince of Poyais.” History Today 2 (1952): 53–58.Google Scholar
Bertrand, Romain, and Calafat, Guillaume. “La microhistoire globale: affaire(s) à suivre.” Annales Histoire, Sciences Sociales 73, no. 1 (2018): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Matthew. “British Informal Empire and the Origins of Association Football in South America.” Soccer & Society 16, no. 2–3 (May 4, 2015): 169–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Matthew. “Gregor MacGregor : Clansman, Conquistador and Coloniser on the Fringes of the British Empire.” In Colonial Lives across the British Empire: Imperial Careering in the Long Nineteenth Century, edited by Lambert, David and Lester, Alan, 32–57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Brown, Matthew. “Inca, Sailor, Soldier, King: Gregor MacGregor and the Early Nineteenth-Century Caribbean.” Bulletin of Latin American Research, no. 1 (2005): 44–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, Frank Griffith. “MacGregor, Gregor (1786–1845).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, edited by Harrison, Brian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Dawson, Frank Griffith. “The Evacuation of the Mosquito Shore and the English Who Stayed Behind, 1786–1800.” The Americas 55, no. 1 (July 1998): 63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, Frank Griffith. “William Pitt’s Settlement at Black River on the Mosquito Shore: A Challenge to Spain in Central America, 1732-87.” Hispanic American Historical Review 63, no. 4 (November 1983): 677–706.Google Scholar
Dennis, Philip A., and Olien, Michael D.. “Kingship among the Miskito.” American Ethnologist 11, no. 4 (November 1984): 718–737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dziennik, Matthew P. “The Miskitu, Military Labour, and the San Juan Expedition of 1780.” Historical Journal, no. 1 (March 2018): 155–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caballero, Jesús Díaz. “Incaísmo as the First Guiding Fiction in the Emergence of the Creole Nation in the United Provinces of Río de La Plata.” Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 17, no. 1 (2008): 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Deborah. “Love and Money in the Informal Empire: The British in Argentina, 1830–1930.” Past & Present 245, no. 1 (November 2019): 79–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, T. Frederick. “MacGregor’s Invasion of Florida, 1817.” Florida Historical Society Quarterly 7, no. 1 (July 1928): 2–71.Google Scholar
Feierman, Steven. “Colonizers, Scholars, and the Creation of Invisible Histories.” In Beyond the Cultural Turn: New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture, edited by Bonnell, Victoria E. and Hunt, Lynn, 182–216. Studies on the History of Society and Culture 34. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flandreau, Marc, and Flores, Juan H.. “Bonds and Brands: Foundations of Sovereign Debt Markets, 1820–1830.” Journal of Economic History 69, no. 03 (2009): 646–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, Giorgio. “The Boom That Never Was? Latin American Loans in London 1822-1825.” Discussion Paper No. 5. Trento: Universita’ degli studi – Dipartimento di economia, 2002.Google Scholar
Friede, Juan. “La Expedición de Mac-Gregor a Riohacha–Año 1819.” Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico 10, no. 9 (1967): 69–85.Google Scholar
Gabbert, Wolfgang. “‘God Save the King of the Mosquito Nation!’ Indigenous Leaders on the Fringe of the Spanish Empire.” Ethnohistory 63, no. 1 (January 2016): 71–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, John, and Robinson, Ronald. “The Imperialism of Free Trade.” Economic History Review, n.s. 6, no. 1 (1953): 1–15.Google Scholar
Ghobrial, John-Paul A. “Introduction: Seeing the World like a Microhistorian.” Past & Present 242, no. Supplement 14 (November 2019): 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghobrial, John-Paul A. “The Secret Life of Elias of Babylon and the Uses of Global Microhistory.” Past & Present 222, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 51–93.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, Carlo. “Microhistory and World History.” In The Cambridge World History, edited by Bentley, Jerry H., Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, and Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E., 446–473. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasbrouck, Alfred. “Gregor McGregor and the Colonization of Poyais, between 1820 and 1824.” Hispanic American Historical Review 7, no. 4 (November 1927): 438–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helms, Mary W. “Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population.” Journal of Anthropological Research 39, no. 2 (1983): 179–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helms, Mary W. “The Cultural Ecology of a Colonial Tribe.” Ethnology 8, no. 1 (January 1969): 76–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, A. G. “Informal Empire in Argentina: An Alternative View.” Journal of Latin American Studies 26, no. 2 (1994): 469–484.Google Scholar
Humphreys, Robert Arthur. “British Merchants and South American Independence.” In Tradition and Revolt in Latin American and Other Essays, 106–29. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Jones, Charles. “‘Business Imperialism’ and Argentina, 1875–1900: A Theoretical Note.” Journal of Latin American Studies 12, no. 2 (1980): 437–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaukiainen, Yrjö. “Shrinking the World: Improvements in the Speed of Information Transmission, c. 1820-1870.” European Review of Economic History 5, no. 1 (April 2001): 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamont, Stephen Peter. “Robert Wilmot Horton and Liberal Toryism.” PhD diss., University of Nottingham, 2015.Google Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi R. “Rethinking Microhistory: A Comment.” Journal of the Early Republic 26, no. 4 (December 2006): 555–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llorca-Jaña, Manuel. “The Economic Activities of a Global Merchant-Banker in Chile: Huth & Co. of London, 1820s-1850s.” Historia (Santiago) 45, no. 2 (December 2012): 399–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowe, John. “A Letter to the Rt. Hon. George Canning, MP on the Policy of Recognising the Independence of the South American States.” In The Pamphleteer, 21:401–413. 42. London: Sherwood and Co., 1823.Google Scholar
Lowe, John. “Mr. John Lowe to the Marquess of Londonderry.” In Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, edited by Vane, Charles William, Vol. 4:476–82. London: John Murray, 1853.Google Scholar
Mathew, W. M. “The First Anglo-Peruvian Debt and Its Settlement, 1822–49.” Journal of Latin American Studies 2, no. 1 (May 1970): 81–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neal, Larry. “The Financial Crisis of 1825 and the Restructuring of the British Financial System.” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 80, no. 3 (May 1998): 53–76.Google Scholar
Neal, Larry. “The London Stock Exchange in the First Age of Globalization, 1801–1914.” Paper presented at the European Historical Economics Society Conference, Istanbul, September 2005.Google Scholar
Nicholls, Kit. “‘All Abbotsford to an Acre of Poyais’: Highlandry and the Revolutionary Atlantic.” European Romantic Review 22, no. 6 (2011): 727–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noveck, Daniel. “Class, Culture, and the Miskito Indians: A Historical Perspective.” Dialectical Anthropology 13, no. 1 (January 1988): 17–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Offen, Karl H. “British Logwood Extraction from the Mosquitia: The Origin of a Myth.” Hispanic American Historical Review 80, no. 1 (2000): 113–135.Google Scholar
Olien, Michael D. “E. G. Squier and the Miskito: Anthropological Scholarship and Political Propaganda.” Ethnohistory 32, no. 2 (April 1985): 111–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paquette, Gabriel. “The Intellectual Context of British Diplomatic Recognition of the South American Republics, C. 1800-1830.” Journal of Transatlantic Studies 2, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 75–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, Desmond Christopher Martin. “British Bondholders in Nineteenth Century Latin America: Injury and Remedy.” In Foreign Investment in Latin America: Cases and Attitudes, edited by Bernstein, Marvin D., 81–102. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966.Google Scholar
Platt, Desmond Christopher Martin. “Further Objections to an ‘Imperialism of Free Trade,’ 1830-60.” Economic History Review 26, no. 1 (February 1973): 77–91.Google Scholar
Platt, Desmond Christopher Martin. “The Imperialism of Free Trade: Some Reservations.” Economic History Review, n.s. 21, no. 2 (August 1968): 296–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pro Ruiz, Juan. “Figure du cacique, figure du caudillo: les langages de la construction nationale en Espagne et en Argentine, 1808–1930.” Genèses 62, no. 1 (March 2006): 27–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, Lara. “To Study the Fragments/Whole: Microhistory and the Atlantic World.” Journal of Social History 39, no. 3 (March 2006): 615–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revels, Craig S. “Timber, Trade, and Transformation: A Historical Geography of Mahogany in Honduras.” PhD diss., Louisiana State University, 2002.Google Scholar
Richter, Daniel K. “To ‘Clear the King’s and Indians’ Title’: Seventeenth-Century Origins of North American Land Cession Treaties.” In Empire by Treaty: Negotiating European Expansion, 1600–1900, edited by Belmessous, Saliha, 45–77. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Rippy, Fred J. “Latin America and the British Investment ‘Boom’ of the 1820s.” Journal of Modern History 19, no. 2 (June 1947): 122–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robb, George. ‘Before Madoff and Ponzi: 19th-Century Business Frauds’. Phi Kappa Phi Forum 92, no. 1 (Spring 2012): 7–9.Google Scholar
Safier, Neil. “Global Knowledge on the Move: Itineraries, Amerindian Narratives, and Deep Histories of Science.” Isis 101, no. 1 (2010): 133–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schorsch, Jonathan. “Sephardic Business: Early Modern Atlantic Style.” Jewish Quarterly Review 100, no. 3 (2010): 483–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Alison K. “A Microhistory of the Global Empire of Cotton: Ivanovo, the ‘Russian Manchester.’” Past & Present 244, no. 1 (2019): 163–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivellato, Francesca. “Is There a Future for Italian Microhistory in the Age of Global History?” California Italian Studies Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2011). Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0z94n9hq.Google Scholar
Waddell, David Alan Gilmour. “British Neutrality and Spanish-American Independence: The Problem of Foreign Enlistment.” Journal of Latin American Studies 19, no. 1 (May 1987): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, Barbara. “História sem causa? A nova história cultural, a grande narrativa e o dilema pós-colonial.” História (São Paulo) 22, no. 2 (2003): 185–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zachs, William, Isaac, Peter, Fraser, Angus, and Lister, William. “Murray Family.” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, edited by Harrison, Brian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Aberdeen Journal Google Scholar
Course of the Exchange Google Scholar
The Economist Google Scholar
Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Chronicle Google Scholar
Journal du Palais: jurisprudence française Google Scholar
Kentish Weekly Post Google Scholar
London Gazette Google Scholar
Missionary Register Google Scholar
Morning Chronicle Google Scholar
Morning Post Google Scholar
Public Ledger Google Scholar
Quarterly Review Google Scholar
ScotsmanGoogle Scholar
The Times Google Scholar
Archives Départementales de la Dordogne, PérigueuxGoogle Scholar
Archives Nationales, ParisGoogle Scholar
Belize State Records and Archives Service, BelmopanGoogle Scholar
British Library, LondonGoogle Scholar
Guildhall Library, LondonGoogle Scholar
John Carter Brown Library, ProvidenceGoogle Scholar
Hansard, LondonGoogle Scholar
Lloyds Banking Group Archives, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
National Records of Scotland, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Rothschild Archive, LondonGoogle Scholar
Royal Commonwealth Society Library, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Staffordshire County Record Office, StaffordGoogle Scholar
The National Archive, KewGoogle Scholar