Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T21:14:52.227Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Foreign Direct Investment and Intellectual Property Rights: International Intangible Assets in Spain over the Long Term

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2017

PATRICIO SÁIZ  and
RAFAEL CASTRO
PATRICIO SÁIZ
Affiliation:
Patricio Sáiz is Associate Professor of Economic and Business History at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, where he conducts research on patent and trademark management in backward economies, especially in Spain and Latin America. Since 1999, he has been the lead of a research agreement between the university and the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. Recent publications include Cliometrica, Business History Review, Historical Social Research, and in Routledge International Studies of Business History. See www.ibcnetwork.org/patricio_saiz for further information. Departamento de Análisis Económico, Teoría Económica e Historia Económica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), C/ Francisco Tomas y Valiente 5, 28049, Madrid, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]
RAFAEL CASTRO
Affiliation:
Rafael Castro completed his doctoral training at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Paris3-Sorbonne-Nouvelle. Recently he was appointed as Lecturer in Global and Spanish Economic History at the University Autónoma de Madrid. His research includes extensive work on business history, foreign direct investments, international relations, political economy of the enterprise, and public economics. His publications include articles in Industrial and Corporate Change, Journal of Macromarketing, Enterprise & Society, and Business History Review. See www.ibcnetwork.org/rafael_castro and https://uam.academia.edu/rafaelcastrobalaguer.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article reflects on foreign direct investment (FDI) and intellectual property rights (IPRs) over the long term, and analyzes the case of Spain during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although the interactions between IPRs and FDI have attracted significant research efforts in distinct economic and business areas, the results lack permanent answers. Our findings demonstrate that, from a macro-level perspective: (1) FDI and IPRs are effectively related over the long term; (2) weak IPR protection does not seem to have stopped FDI; and (3) the countries with major FDI in Spain were less worried about IPR management than were other countries with less FDI.

Type
Articles
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 18 , Issue 4 , December 2017 , pp. 846 - 892
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2017. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved. 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Aldcroft, Derek. The European Economy 1914–2000. London: Routledge, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boldrin, Michele, and Levine, David K.. Against Intellectual Monopoly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Bonin, Hubert, and Goey, Ferry de, eds. American Firms in Europe: Strategy, Identity, Perception and Performance (1880–1980). Geneva: Librairie Droz, 2009.Google Scholar
Cameron, Rondo E. La France et le developpement économique de l’Europe, 1800–1914. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1971.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred Dupont. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Chang, Ha-Joon. Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Chastagnaret, Gérard. L’Espagne, puissance minière: dans l’Europe du XIXe siècle. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2000.Google Scholar
Cho, Kang Rae. Multinational Banks: Their Identities and Determinants. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Comín, Francisco. 150 años de historia de los ferrocarriles españoles: La nacionalización de las redes: RENFE y los ferrocarriles autonómicos. Madrid: Anaya, 1998.Google Scholar
Costa, María Teresa. La financiación exterior del capitalismo español en el s.XIX. Barcelona: Edicions Universitat Barcelona, 1983.Google Scholar
Dosi, Giovanni, Nelson, Richard R., and Winter, Sidney G.. The Nature and Dynamics of Organizational Capabilities. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Dunning, John H. International Production and the Multinational Enterprise. London: Allen & Unwin, 1981.Google Scholar
Hymer, Stephen. The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment. Boston, MA: MIT Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty First Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Khan, B. Zorina. The Democratization of Invention: Patents and Copyrights in American Economic Development, 1790–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Kindleberger, Charles Poor. American Business Abroad: Six Lectures on Direct Investment. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Kindleberger, Charles Poor. The World in Depression, 1929–1939. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Lopes, Teresa da Silva. Global Brands: The Evolution of Multinationals in Alcoholic Beverages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Lopes, Teresa da Silva, and Duguid, Paul, eds. Trademarks, Brands, and Competitiveness. New York: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
López-Morell, Miguel Ángel. The House of Rothschild in Spain, 1812-1941. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishers, 2013.Google Scholar
MacLeod, Christine. Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Nadal, Jordi. El fracaso de la primera revolución industrial en España, 1814–1913. Barcelona: Crítica, 2009.Google Scholar
Nadal, Jordi, and Carreras, Albert. Pautas regionales de la industrialización española (siglos XIX y XX). Barcelona: Ariel, 1990.Google Scholar
Nelson, Richard R., and Winter, Sidney G.. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy. Boston, MA: MIT Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Penrose, Edith T. The Economics of the International Patent System. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1951.Google Scholar
Plasseraud, Yves, and Savignon, François. Paris 1883: Genèse Du Droit Unioniste Des Brevets. Paris: Litec, 1983.Google Scholar
Sardà, Joan. La política monetaria y las fluctuaciones de la economía española en el siglo XIX. Barcelona: Editorial Alta Fulla, 1998.Google Scholar
Schenk, Catherine R. International Economic Relations since 1945. Abindong, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2011.Google Scholar
Schiff, Eric. Industrialization without National Patents: The Netherlands, 1869–1912; Switzerland, 1850–1907. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Schmookler, Jacob. Invention and Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Sureda, José Luis. El caso de “Barcelona Traction.” Barcelona: Grafesa, 1959.Google Scholar
Tascón, Julio. La inversión extranjera en España. Madrid: Minerva, 2008.Google Scholar
Torres, Eugenio, ed. Cien empresarios españoles del siglo XX. Madrid: LID Editorial, 2000.Google Scholar
Tortella, Gabriel. Los orígenes del capitalismo en España: banca, industria y ferrocarriles en el siglo XIX. Madrid: Tecnos, 1995.Google Scholar
Tortella, Teresa. A Guide to Sources of Information on Foreign Investment in Spain 1780–1914. Amsterdam: International Institute of Social History, 2000.Google Scholar
Viñas, Ángel. Franco, Hitler y el estallido de la guerra civil: antecendentes y consecuencias. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2001.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. The Maturing of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from 1914 to 1970. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Zamagni, Vera. Historia económica de la Europa contemporánea: de la revolución industrial a la integración europea. Barcelona: Crítica, 2011.Google Scholar
Adams, Samuel. “Intellectual Property Rights, Investment Climate and FDI in Developing Countries.” International Business Research 3, no. 3 (2010): 201–209.Google Scholar
Álvaro, Adoración. “Hízose el milagro: La inversión directa estadounidense y la empresa española (c. 1900–1975).” Investigaciones de Historia Económica 7, no. 3 (2011): 358–368.Google Scholar
Álvaro, Adoración. “Inversión directa extranjera y formación de capacidades organizativas locales: un análisis del impacto de Estados Unidos en la empresa española (1918–1975).” Dissertation, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2011. http://eprints.ucm.es/12327.Google Scholar
Arrow, Kenneth J. “Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention.” In The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, edited by Universities-National Bureau Committee for Economic Research and Committee on Economic Growth of the Social Science Research Council, 609–626. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Boldrin, Michele, and Levine, David K.. “Market Size and Intellectual Property Protection.” International Economic Review 50, no. 3 (2009): 855–881. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2354.2009.00551.x.Google Scholar
Boldrin, Michele, and Levine, David K.. “What’s Intellectual Property Good For?” Revue Économique 64, no. 1 (2013): 29–53. doi:10.3917/reco.641.0029.Google Scholar
Broder, Albert. “Le rôle des intérêts étrangers dans la croissance économique de l’Espagne, 1815–1913: Etat-entreprise et histoire”. Dissertation, Université de Lilles, 1982.Google Scholar
Broder, Albert. “Les investissements étrangers en Espagne au XIXe siècle.” Revue d’histoire économique et sociale 54, no. 1 (1976): 29–63.Google Scholar
Bruland, Kristine. “Managing Foreign Operations: Babcock & Wilcox in Europe, c. 1870–1920.” In Essays on Industrialization in France, Norway and Spain, edited by Bruland, Kristine and Olivier, Jean-Marc, 93–112. Oslo: Unipub, 2005.Google Scholar
Carreras, Albert, and Tafunell, Xavier. “Spain: Big Manufacturing Firms between State and Market, 1917–1990.” In Big Business and the Wealth of Nations, edited by Chandler, Alfred Dupont, Amatori, Franco, and Hikino, Takashi, 277–308. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Cebrián, Mar. “The Structure of Payments as a Way to Alleviate Contractual Hazards in International Technology Licensing.” Industrial and Corporate Change 18, no. 6 (2009): 1135–1160. doi:10.1093/icc/dtp016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duguid, Paul, Mercer, John, and da Silva Lopes, Teresa. “Reading Registrations: An Overview of 100 Years of Trademark Registrations in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States.” In Trademarks, Brands, and Competitiveness, edited by Duguid, Paul and Lopes, Teresa da Silva, 9–30. New York: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
Dunning, John H., and Narula, Rajneesh. “The Investment Development Path Revisited. Some Emerging Issues.” In Foreign Direct Investment and Governments: Catalysts for Economic Restructuring, edited by Dunning, John H. and Narula, Rajneesh, 1–40. London: Routledge, 1996.Google Scholar
Federico, P. J. “Historical Patent Statistics.” Journal of the Patent Office Society 46, no. 2 (1964): 89–171.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Richard, and Shapiro, Carl. “Optimal Patent Length and Breadth.” RAND Journal of Economics 21, no. 1 (1990): 106–112. doi:10.2307/2555497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helpman, Elhanan. “Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights.” Econometrica 61, no. 6 (1993): 1247–1280. doi:10.2307/2951642.Google Scholar
Higgins, David M., and Tweedale, Geoffrey. “Asset or Liability? Trade Marks in the Sheffield Cutlery and Tool Trades.” Business History 37 (1995): 1–27. doi:10.1080/00076799500000088.Google Scholar
Kondo, Edson K. “The Effect of Patent Protection on Foreign Direct Investment.” Journal of World Trade 29, no. 6 (1995): 97–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kranakis, Eda. “Patents and Power: European Patent-System Integration in the Context of Globalization.” Technology and Culture 48, no. 4 (2007): 689–728.Google Scholar
Lee, Jeong-Yeon, and Mansfield, Edwin. “Intellectual Property Protection and U.S. Foreign Direct Investment.” Review of Economics and Statistics 78, no. 2 (1996): 181–186.Google Scholar
Lesser, William. “The Effects of Intellectual Property Rights on Foreign Direct Investment and Imports into Developing Countries in the Post TRIPs Era.” IP Strategy Today 5 (2002): 1–16.Google Scholar
Lubar, S. “The Transformation of Antebellum Patent Law.” Technology and Culture 32, no. 4 (1991): 932–959.Google Scholar
MacLeod, Christine, Tann, Jennifer, Andrew, James, and Stein, Jeremy. “Evaluating Inventive Activity: The Cost of Nineteenth-Century UK Patents and the Fallibility of Renewal Data.” Economic History Review 56, no. 3 (2003): 537–562. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2003.00261.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Petra. “How Do Patent Laws Influence Innovation? Evidence from Nineteenth-Century World’s Fairs.” American Economic Review 95, no. 4 (2005): 1214–1236. doi:10.1257/0002828054825501.Google Scholar
Nagaoka, Sadao. “Does Strong Patent Protection Facilitate International Technology Transfer? Some Evidence from Licensing Contracts of Japanese Firms.” Journal of Technology Transfer 34, no. 2 (2009): 128–144.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Michael W. “The Impact of Industry Characteristics and IPR Policy on Foreign Direct Investment.” Review of World Economics 143, no. 1 (2007): 27–54. doi:10.1007/s10290-007-0097-9.Google Scholar
Nunnenkamp, Peter, and Spatz, Julius. “Intellectual Property Rights and Foreign Direct Investment: A Disaggregated Analysis.” Review of World Economics 140, no. 3 (2004): 393–414.Google Scholar
Park, Walter G., and Lippoldt, Douglas C.. “International Licensing and the Strengthening of Intellectual Property Rights in Developing Countries during the 1990s.” OECD Economic Studies 40, no. 1 (2005): 7–48.Google Scholar
Primo-Braga, Carlos A., and Fink, Carsten. “The Relationship between Intellectual Property Rights and Foreign Direct Investment.” Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 9, no. 1 (1998): 163–188.Google Scholar
Puig, Núria, and Álvaro, Adoración. “¿Misión imposible?: La expropiación de las empresas alemanas en España (1945–1975).” Investigaciones de Historia Económica 3, no. 7 (2007): 101–130.Google Scholar
Puig, Núria, and Castro, Rafael. “Patterns of International Investment in Spain, 1850–2005.” Business History Review 83, no. 3 (2009): 505–537. doi:10.1017/S0007680500002981.Google Scholar
Puig, Núria, and Loscertales, Javier. “Las estrategias de crecimiento de la industria química alemana en España, 1880–1936: exportación e inversión directa.” Revista de Historia Económica/Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 19, no. 2 (2001): 345–382.Google Scholar
Sáiz, Patricio. “Did Patents of Introduction Encourage Technology Transfer? Long-Term Evidence from the Spanish Innovation System.” Cliometrica 8, no. 1 (2014): 49–78. doi:10.1007/s11698-013-0094-2.Google Scholar
Sáiz, Patricio. “The Spanish Patent System (1770–1907).” History of Technology 24 (2002): 45–79.Google Scholar
Sáiz, Patricio, and Fernández-Pérez, Paloma. “Catalonian Trademarks and the Development of Marketing Knowledge in Spain, 1850–1946.” Business History Review 86, no. 2 (2012): 239–260. doi:10.1017/S0007680512000396.Google Scholar
Sáiz, Patricio, and Pretel, David. “Why Did Multinationals Patent in Spain? Several Historical Inquiries.” In Organizing Global Technology Flows: Institutions, Actors, and Processes, edited by Donzé, Pierre-Yves and Nishimura, Shigehiro, 39–59. New York: Routledge, 2014.Google Scholar
Schankerman, Mark, and Pakes, Ariel. “Estimates of the Value of Patent Rights in European Countries during the Post-1950 Period.” Economic Journal 96, no. 384 (1986): 1052–1076.Google Scholar
Seyoum, Belay. “Patent Protection and Foreign Direct Investment.” Thunderbird International Business Review 48, no. 3 (2006): 389–404. doi:10.1002/tie.20101.Google Scholar
Seyoum, Belay. “The Impact of Intellectual Property Rights on Foreign Direct Investment.” Columbia Journal of World Business 31, no. 1 (1996): 50–59. doi:10.1016/S0022-5428(96)90006-X.Google Scholar
Smarzynska, Beata. “The Composition of Foreign Direct Investment and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights: Evidence from Transition Economies.” European Economic Review 48, no. 1 (2004): 39–62.Google Scholar
Toca, Angel. “Electra del Besaya (1899–1911): la malograda introducción de la industria electrolítica en Cantabria.” Catedra Nova 17 (2003): 325–332.Google Scholar
Waterson, Michael. “The Economics of Product Patents.” American Economic Review 80, no. 4 (1990): 860–869.Google Scholar
Wernerfelt, Birger. “A Resource-Based View of the Firm.” Strategic Management Journal 5, no. 2 (1984): 171–180.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. “US Business in Europe: An American Perspective.” In American Firms in Europe: Strategy, Identity, Perception and Performance (1880–1980), edited by Bonin, Hubert and de Goey, Ferry, 35–67. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 2009.Google Scholar
Diebolt, Claude, and Pellier, Karine. Measuring the “Ideas”: Evidence from a New International Patent Database. AFC Working Papers, Association Française de Cliométrie, 2011. http://ideas.repec.org/p/afc/wpaper/11-04.html.Google Scholar
Fear, Jeffrey R. Cartels and Competition: Neither Markets nor Hierarchies. Working Paper. Boston, MA: Division of Research, Harvard Business School, 2006.Google Scholar
Mansfield, Edwin. Intellectual Property Protection, Direct Investment, and Technology Transfer: Germany, Japan, and the United States. IFC Discussion Papers. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, 1995.Google Scholar
Park, Walter G., and Lippoldt, Douglas C.. The Impact of Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights on Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries. OECD Papers: Special Issue on Trade Policy, 2003.Google Scholar
Boletín Oficial del Estado (Spain), 1986–2015.Google Scholar
Colección de los Decretos y Órdenes Generales de la Primera Legislatura de las Cortes Ordinarias de 1820 y 1821 (Spain), T. VI.Google Scholar
Colección Legislativa de España (Spain), T. LI, T. CXIX, and T. CXXXIII.Google Scholar
Colección Legislativa de España, Nueva Serie (Spain), T. XII, T. CXV.Google Scholar
Decretos del Rey Nuestro Señor Fernando VII y Reales Órdenes , Resoluciones y Reglamentos Generales Expedidos por las Secretarías del Despacho Universal y Consejo de S. M. (Spain), T. X.Google Scholar
Gaceta de Madrid (Spain), 1820–1879.Google Scholar
WIPO. International Patent Classification, 1971–2017.Google Scholar
WIPO. Nice International Classification of Goods and Services, 1957–2017.Google Scholar
WIPO. Trademark Applications by Office, WIPO Statistics Database, December 2008.Google Scholar
Archivo de la Cámara de Comercio Francesa de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar
Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar
Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas (OEPM), Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar
Thomas A. Edison Papers, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, http://edison.rutgers.edu/list.htm.Google Scholar
Aldcroft, Derek. The European Economy 1914–2000. London: Routledge, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boldrin, Michele, and Levine, David K.. Against Intellectual Monopoly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Bonin, Hubert, and Goey, Ferry de, eds. American Firms in Europe: Strategy, Identity, Perception and Performance (1880–1980). Geneva: Librairie Droz, 2009.Google Scholar
Cameron, Rondo E. La France et le developpement économique de l’Europe, 1800–1914. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1971.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred Dupont. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Chang, Ha-Joon. Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Chastagnaret, Gérard. L’Espagne, puissance minière: dans l’Europe du XIXe siècle. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2000.Google Scholar
Cho, Kang Rae. Multinational Banks: Their Identities and Determinants. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Comín, Francisco. 150 años de historia de los ferrocarriles españoles: La nacionalización de las redes: RENFE y los ferrocarriles autonómicos. Madrid: Anaya, 1998.Google Scholar
Costa, María Teresa. La financiación exterior del capitalismo español en el s.XIX. Barcelona: Edicions Universitat Barcelona, 1983.Google Scholar
Dosi, Giovanni, Nelson, Richard R., and Winter, Sidney G.. The Nature and Dynamics of Organizational Capabilities. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Dunning, John H. International Production and the Multinational Enterprise. London: Allen & Unwin, 1981.Google Scholar
Hymer, Stephen. The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment. Boston, MA: MIT Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty First Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Khan, B. Zorina. The Democratization of Invention: Patents and Copyrights in American Economic Development, 1790–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Kindleberger, Charles Poor. American Business Abroad: Six Lectures on Direct Investment. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Kindleberger, Charles Poor. The World in Depression, 1929–1939. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Lopes, Teresa da Silva. Global Brands: The Evolution of Multinationals in Alcoholic Beverages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Lopes, Teresa da Silva, and Duguid, Paul, eds. Trademarks, Brands, and Competitiveness. New York: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
López-Morell, Miguel Ángel. The House of Rothschild in Spain, 1812-1941. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishers, 2013.Google Scholar
MacLeod, Christine. Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Nadal, Jordi. El fracaso de la primera revolución industrial en España, 1814–1913. Barcelona: Crítica, 2009.Google Scholar
Nadal, Jordi, and Carreras, Albert. Pautas regionales de la industrialización española (siglos XIX y XX). Barcelona: Ariel, 1990.Google Scholar
Nelson, Richard R., and Winter, Sidney G.. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy. Boston, MA: MIT Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Penrose, Edith T. The Economics of the International Patent System. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1951.Google Scholar
Plasseraud, Yves, and Savignon, François. Paris 1883: Genèse Du Droit Unioniste Des Brevets. Paris: Litec, 1983.Google Scholar
Sardà, Joan. La política monetaria y las fluctuaciones de la economía española en el siglo XIX. Barcelona: Editorial Alta Fulla, 1998.Google Scholar
Schenk, Catherine R. International Economic Relations since 1945. Abindong, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2011.Google Scholar
Schiff, Eric. Industrialization without National Patents: The Netherlands, 1869–1912; Switzerland, 1850–1907. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Schmookler, Jacob. Invention and Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Sureda, José Luis. El caso de “Barcelona Traction.” Barcelona: Grafesa, 1959.Google Scholar
Tascón, Julio. La inversión extranjera en España. Madrid: Minerva, 2008.Google Scholar
Torres, Eugenio, ed. Cien empresarios españoles del siglo XX. Madrid: LID Editorial, 2000.Google Scholar
Tortella, Gabriel. Los orígenes del capitalismo en España: banca, industria y ferrocarriles en el siglo XIX. Madrid: Tecnos, 1995.Google Scholar
Tortella, Teresa. A Guide to Sources of Information on Foreign Investment in Spain 1780–1914. Amsterdam: International Institute of Social History, 2000.Google Scholar
Viñas, Ángel. Franco, Hitler y el estallido de la guerra civil: antecendentes y consecuencias. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2001.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. The Maturing of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from 1914 to 1970. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Zamagni, Vera. Historia económica de la Europa contemporánea: de la revolución industrial a la integración europea. Barcelona: Crítica, 2011.Google Scholar
Adams, Samuel. “Intellectual Property Rights, Investment Climate and FDI in Developing Countries.” International Business Research 3, no. 3 (2010): 201–209.Google Scholar
Álvaro, Adoración. “Hízose el milagro: La inversión directa estadounidense y la empresa española (c. 1900–1975).” Investigaciones de Historia Económica 7, no. 3 (2011): 358–368.Google Scholar
Álvaro, Adoración. “Inversión directa extranjera y formación de capacidades organizativas locales: un análisis del impacto de Estados Unidos en la empresa española (1918–1975).” Dissertation, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2011. http://eprints.ucm.es/12327.Google Scholar
Arrow, Kenneth J. “Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention.” In The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, edited by Universities-National Bureau Committee for Economic Research and Committee on Economic Growth of the Social Science Research Council, 609–626. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Boldrin, Michele, and Levine, David K.. “Market Size and Intellectual Property Protection.” International Economic Review 50, no. 3 (2009): 855–881. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2354.2009.00551.x.Google Scholar
Boldrin, Michele, and Levine, David K.. “What’s Intellectual Property Good For?” Revue Économique 64, no. 1 (2013): 29–53. doi:10.3917/reco.641.0029.Google Scholar
Broder, Albert. “Le rôle des intérêts étrangers dans la croissance économique de l’Espagne, 1815–1913: Etat-entreprise et histoire”. Dissertation, Université de Lilles, 1982.Google Scholar
Broder, Albert. “Les investissements étrangers en Espagne au XIXe siècle.” Revue d’histoire économique et sociale 54, no. 1 (1976): 29–63.Google Scholar
Bruland, Kristine. “Managing Foreign Operations: Babcock & Wilcox in Europe, c. 1870–1920.” In Essays on Industrialization in France, Norway and Spain, edited by Bruland, Kristine and Olivier, Jean-Marc, 93–112. Oslo: Unipub, 2005.Google Scholar
Carreras, Albert, and Tafunell, Xavier. “Spain: Big Manufacturing Firms between State and Market, 1917–1990.” In Big Business and the Wealth of Nations, edited by Chandler, Alfred Dupont, Amatori, Franco, and Hikino, Takashi, 277–308. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Cebrián, Mar. “The Structure of Payments as a Way to Alleviate Contractual Hazards in International Technology Licensing.” Industrial and Corporate Change 18, no. 6 (2009): 1135–1160. doi:10.1093/icc/dtp016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duguid, Paul, Mercer, John, and da Silva Lopes, Teresa. “Reading Registrations: An Overview of 100 Years of Trademark Registrations in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States.” In Trademarks, Brands, and Competitiveness, edited by Duguid, Paul and Lopes, Teresa da Silva, 9–30. New York: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
Dunning, John H., and Narula, Rajneesh. “The Investment Development Path Revisited. Some Emerging Issues.” In Foreign Direct Investment and Governments: Catalysts for Economic Restructuring, edited by Dunning, John H. and Narula, Rajneesh, 1–40. London: Routledge, 1996.Google Scholar
Federico, P. J. “Historical Patent Statistics.” Journal of the Patent Office Society 46, no. 2 (1964): 89–171.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Richard, and Shapiro, Carl. “Optimal Patent Length and Breadth.” RAND Journal of Economics 21, no. 1 (1990): 106–112. doi:10.2307/2555497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helpman, Elhanan. “Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights.” Econometrica 61, no. 6 (1993): 1247–1280. doi:10.2307/2951642.Google Scholar
Higgins, David M., and Tweedale, Geoffrey. “Asset or Liability? Trade Marks in the Sheffield Cutlery and Tool Trades.” Business History 37 (1995): 1–27. doi:10.1080/00076799500000088.Google Scholar
Kondo, Edson K. “The Effect of Patent Protection on Foreign Direct Investment.” Journal of World Trade 29, no. 6 (1995): 97–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kranakis, Eda. “Patents and Power: European Patent-System Integration in the Context of Globalization.” Technology and Culture 48, no. 4 (2007): 689–728.Google Scholar
Lee, Jeong-Yeon, and Mansfield, Edwin. “Intellectual Property Protection and U.S. Foreign Direct Investment.” Review of Economics and Statistics 78, no. 2 (1996): 181–186.Google Scholar
Lesser, William. “The Effects of Intellectual Property Rights on Foreign Direct Investment and Imports into Developing Countries in the Post TRIPs Era.” IP Strategy Today 5 (2002): 1–16.Google Scholar
Lubar, S. “The Transformation of Antebellum Patent Law.” Technology and Culture 32, no. 4 (1991): 932–959.Google Scholar
MacLeod, Christine, Tann, Jennifer, Andrew, James, and Stein, Jeremy. “Evaluating Inventive Activity: The Cost of Nineteenth-Century UK Patents and the Fallibility of Renewal Data.” Economic History Review 56, no. 3 (2003): 537–562. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2003.00261.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Petra. “How Do Patent Laws Influence Innovation? Evidence from Nineteenth-Century World’s Fairs.” American Economic Review 95, no. 4 (2005): 1214–1236. doi:10.1257/0002828054825501.Google Scholar
Nagaoka, Sadao. “Does Strong Patent Protection Facilitate International Technology Transfer? Some Evidence from Licensing Contracts of Japanese Firms.” Journal of Technology Transfer 34, no. 2 (2009): 128–144.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Michael W. “The Impact of Industry Characteristics and IPR Policy on Foreign Direct Investment.” Review of World Economics 143, no. 1 (2007): 27–54. doi:10.1007/s10290-007-0097-9.Google Scholar
Nunnenkamp, Peter, and Spatz, Julius. “Intellectual Property Rights and Foreign Direct Investment: A Disaggregated Analysis.” Review of World Economics 140, no. 3 (2004): 393–414.Google Scholar
Park, Walter G., and Lippoldt, Douglas C.. “International Licensing and the Strengthening of Intellectual Property Rights in Developing Countries during the 1990s.” OECD Economic Studies 40, no. 1 (2005): 7–48.Google Scholar
Primo-Braga, Carlos A., and Fink, Carsten. “The Relationship between Intellectual Property Rights and Foreign Direct Investment.” Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 9, no. 1 (1998): 163–188.Google Scholar
Puig, Núria, and Álvaro, Adoración. “¿Misión imposible?: La expropiación de las empresas alemanas en España (1945–1975).” Investigaciones de Historia Económica 3, no. 7 (2007): 101–130.Google Scholar
Puig, Núria, and Castro, Rafael. “Patterns of International Investment in Spain, 1850–2005.” Business History Review 83, no. 3 (2009): 505–537. doi:10.1017/S0007680500002981.Google Scholar
Puig, Núria, and Loscertales, Javier. “Las estrategias de crecimiento de la industria química alemana en España, 1880–1936: exportación e inversión directa.” Revista de Historia Económica/Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 19, no. 2 (2001): 345–382.Google Scholar
Sáiz, Patricio. “Did Patents of Introduction Encourage Technology Transfer? Long-Term Evidence from the Spanish Innovation System.” Cliometrica 8, no. 1 (2014): 49–78. doi:10.1007/s11698-013-0094-2.Google Scholar
Sáiz, Patricio. “The Spanish Patent System (1770–1907).” History of Technology 24 (2002): 45–79.Google Scholar
Sáiz, Patricio, and Fernández-Pérez, Paloma. “Catalonian Trademarks and the Development of Marketing Knowledge in Spain, 1850–1946.” Business History Review 86, no. 2 (2012): 239–260. doi:10.1017/S0007680512000396.Google Scholar
Sáiz, Patricio, and Pretel, David. “Why Did Multinationals Patent in Spain? Several Historical Inquiries.” In Organizing Global Technology Flows: Institutions, Actors, and Processes, edited by Donzé, Pierre-Yves and Nishimura, Shigehiro, 39–59. New York: Routledge, 2014.Google Scholar
Schankerman, Mark, and Pakes, Ariel. “Estimates of the Value of Patent Rights in European Countries during the Post-1950 Period.” Economic Journal 96, no. 384 (1986): 1052–1076.Google Scholar
Seyoum, Belay. “Patent Protection and Foreign Direct Investment.” Thunderbird International Business Review 48, no. 3 (2006): 389–404. doi:10.1002/tie.20101.Google Scholar
Seyoum, Belay. “The Impact of Intellectual Property Rights on Foreign Direct Investment.” Columbia Journal of World Business 31, no. 1 (1996): 50–59. doi:10.1016/S0022-5428(96)90006-X.Google Scholar
Smarzynska, Beata. “The Composition of Foreign Direct Investment and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights: Evidence from Transition Economies.” European Economic Review 48, no. 1 (2004): 39–62.Google Scholar
Toca, Angel. “Electra del Besaya (1899–1911): la malograda introducción de la industria electrolítica en Cantabria.” Catedra Nova 17 (2003): 325–332.Google Scholar
Waterson, Michael. “The Economics of Product Patents.” American Economic Review 80, no. 4 (1990): 860–869.Google Scholar
Wernerfelt, Birger. “A Resource-Based View of the Firm.” Strategic Management Journal 5, no. 2 (1984): 171–180.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. “US Business in Europe: An American Perspective.” In American Firms in Europe: Strategy, Identity, Perception and Performance (1880–1980), edited by Bonin, Hubert and de Goey, Ferry, 35–67. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 2009.Google Scholar
Diebolt, Claude, and Pellier, Karine. Measuring the “Ideas”: Evidence from a New International Patent Database. AFC Working Papers, Association Française de Cliométrie, 2011. http://ideas.repec.org/p/afc/wpaper/11-04.html.Google Scholar
Fear, Jeffrey R. Cartels and Competition: Neither Markets nor Hierarchies. Working Paper. Boston, MA: Division of Research, Harvard Business School, 2006.Google Scholar
Mansfield, Edwin. Intellectual Property Protection, Direct Investment, and Technology Transfer: Germany, Japan, and the United States. IFC Discussion Papers. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, 1995.Google Scholar
Park, Walter G., and Lippoldt, Douglas C.. The Impact of Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights on Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries. OECD Papers: Special Issue on Trade Policy, 2003.Google Scholar
Boletín Oficial del Estado (Spain), 1986–2015.Google Scholar
Colección de los Decretos y Órdenes Generales de la Primera Legislatura de las Cortes Ordinarias de 1820 y 1821 (Spain), T. VI.Google Scholar
Colección Legislativa de España (Spain), T. LI, T. CXIX, and T. CXXXIII.Google Scholar
Colección Legislativa de España, Nueva Serie (Spain), T. XII, T. CXV.Google Scholar
Decretos del Rey Nuestro Señor Fernando VII y Reales Órdenes , Resoluciones y Reglamentos Generales Expedidos por las Secretarías del Despacho Universal y Consejo de S. M. (Spain), T. X.Google Scholar
Gaceta de Madrid (Spain), 1820–1879.Google Scholar
WIPO. International Patent Classification, 1971–2017.Google Scholar
WIPO. Nice International Classification of Goods and Services, 1957–2017.Google Scholar
WIPO. Trademark Applications by Office, WIPO Statistics Database, December 2008.Google Scholar
Archivo de la Cámara de Comercio Francesa de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar
Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar
Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas (OEPM), Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar
Thomas A. Edison Papers, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, http://edison.rutgers.edu/list.htm.Google Scholar